Dialect of the Polish language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Masovian dialect group (Polish: dialekt mazowiecki), also Mazovian, is a dialect group of the Polish language spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland.[1] It is the most distinct of the Polish dialects and the most expansive.[1]
Masovian dialect (B3) among languages of Central Europe
Mazovian dialects may exhibit such features as mazurzenie, sandhi (intervocalic voicing of obstruents on word boundaries), and asynchronous palatal pronunciation of labial consonants (so-called softening). Characteristics include:
Depalatalization of velars before /ɛ/ and palatalization of velars before historical /ɛ̃/; e.g. standard Polishrękę, nogę ('arm', 'leg', in the accusative case) is rendered [ˈrɛŋkʲɛ], [ˈnɔɡʲɛ] respectively instead of [ˈrɛŋkɛ], [ˈnɔɡɛ];
/li/ sequences realized [lɪ] instead of [lʲi];
merger of the retroflex series sz, ż, cz, dż into the alveolar s, z, c, dz;
/ɨ/ > /i/ before certain consonants;
the Old Polish dual number marker -wa continues to be attached to verbs;
Standard Polish /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ merged with /u/ and /a/ respectively, in most situations;
certain instances of a > e;
[mʲ] > [ɲ]
Masovian dialects also contain certain vocabulary that is distinct from the standard Polish language and shares common characteristics with the Kashubian language.[2]
Descended from the language of the Mazovians,[3][4] the dialects are:[5]
Simplification of resulting clusters containing labials: ołóš́, źara (wiara), niasto
śř, źř > śr, źr, środa, źrėbåk
penultimate stress
Loss aje> ā, grai̯e > grā
preference for pochylone ȯ (kłȯtka, skȯlni)
ir > ėr, sėrce
*y > i, sin, dim, dwa ribi (compare decomposition of bilabials)
Fronting of Old Polish short ă, even softening velars, pråvdä, ḱäńå täg vołå, sometimes merging with e
a > ä > e in some Old Polish texts
i̯a- > i̯ä- > i̯e-: i̯epko
ra- > rä- > re-: reno
-ar- > -är- > -er-: umer, derń (compare also umárł)
frequent and common *ěT > ä > e: osierze (ofiara)
ăN > äN > śäno
á > a: dobra trawä
loss of the phonemically short nasal in short syllables into a front, middle noasal between a and e, indifferent to the width of the opening of ą̈: zą̈bi, sometimes going to ą (ćąsko) or ę (ćęsko), or sometimes denazalisation in unstressed codas or before sibilants (i̯azik, i̯ėnzik)
lost of the phonemically long nasal vowel ą̄ > ǫ and in regions touching Małopolska > ų, with frequent denasalization as above (kśůska)
-išče > -isko
spread of -isty, -asty
replacement of -’ev in soft stems with -’ov in the 16th century, and occasional hypercorrection to adding -’ev after hard stems: synev́i
establishment of od(-) (<*otъ) before vowels and liquids, od okna, odnaleźć in the 15th century
loss via analogy of mobile e: do Suvȧłk
spread of -ywać
replacement of neuter nouns ending in -ę with -ak: ćelȧk
replacement of -eć infinitives with -ić/-yć: lezyć
replacement of the superlative nȧ- with nai̯-
establishment of voiced z(-) before vowels and liquids: zleźć, z ńim
replacement of the locative plural -’eχ with -aχ in the middle of the 16th century
mixing of the dative endings -ov́i with -u > -ov́u: bratoźu, χłopakoɣ́u, wołoju
replacement of the genitive singular soft-stem ending -’e (<*-ě₃) with -i: z źä(m)ńi
replacement of the nominative/accusative neuter ending -ē < *-ьje with -ĕ with declensions from *-jo-: zboze
replacement of the genitive/locative adjective/pronoun plural ending -iχ with -ėχ
sporadic use of adjective/pronoun endings for some nouns
replacement of neuter/feminine dv́e with dva: dva krovi, dva okna
replacement of the ending -i for numerals from 5-10 with -u: z dvu, seśću, or ṕę̇ćuχ
replacement of ā < *ěja in preterite forms with the reflex of *ě by analogy: mńāł, mńăłă, mńeli
loss of -ui̯e, -ovać (-ivać) in some verbs: kupać, zlatać
loss of the dual with the dual form -ta replacing the second person plural: ńeśeta, ńeśta with -će being used for formal forms: ńeśeće
in some subdialects spread of the first person dual -va in the present: ńeśeva
in some subdialects replacement of the first person imperative -m with -my: ńeśmi or more often with -va: ńeźva, and occasional contamination of the two with -ma: neśma
in the first person compound past (nosił(a) + jeśḿ) > -eśḿ > -(e)m: nosiłem/uśatem
first person past: ńeśli(je)sm > neśliśmy, and also replacement with the dual: bẏliźva or -śma: nośiliśma
merger of masculine personal with masculine animal endings by spread of -y and -e
regional replacement of -li with -ły: spałi (for m.pr and m.an)
regional replacement of -ły with -li: spali (for m.pr and m.an)
