Max Planck Society

The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society,^[1][3] it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.^[2][1]

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
Logo
Abbreviation	MPG
Predecessor	Kaiser Wilhelm Society[1]
Formation	1911; 113 years ago (1911)[1]
Type	Non-profit research organization[1]
Legal status	eingetragener Verein (e. V.)
Headquarters	Munich, Germany[1]
Coordinates	48.14115510°N 11.58207790°E / 48.14115510; 11.58207790
President	Patrick Cramer
Main organ	Senate[2]
Budget	€1.8 billion (2018)[2]
Staff	23,767 (2018)[2]
Website	www.mpg.de/en

Max Planck, after whom the society is named

Mission

According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural, life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 86 (as of December 2018)^[2] Max Planck Institutes.^[1][3] The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests.^[2] The society's budget for 2018 was about €1.8 billion.^[2] As of 31 December 2018, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom 15,650 were scientists. 44.4% were female employees and 31.5% of all of the employees were foreign nationals.^[4]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2020, the Nature Index placed the Max Planck Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in Nature journals (after the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harvard University).^[5] In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.^[6] The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.^[7]

The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein.

The Max Planck Society also hosts the Cornell, Maryland, and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School, an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events.

History

The society's logo features Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom.

The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, or Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In 1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) Max Planck, who died in 1947.^[8]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings^[9] of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States).

The domain mpg.de attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.^[10]

List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG

• Adolf von Harnack (1911–1930)
• Max Planck (1930–1937)
• Carl Bosch (1937–1940)
• Albert Vögler (1941–1945)
• Max Planck (16 May 1945 – 31 March 1946)
• Otto Hahn (as President of the KWG 1946 and then as Founder and President of the MPG 1948–1960)
• Adolf Butenandt (1960–1972)
• Reimar Lüst (1972–1984)
• Heinz Staab (1984–1990)
• Hans F. Zacher (1990–1996)
• Hubert Markl (1996–2002)
• Peter Gruss (2002–2014)
• Martin Stratmann (2014–2023)
• Patrick Cramer (2023–present)

Max Planck Research Award

From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.

From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.^[11]

Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.^{[12][13][14][15]}

Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals

Year	Award	Name	Institution	Field
2023	Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award	Rotem Sorek	Weizmann Institute of Science	Bacterial defense mechanisms against viruses
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Amy Buck	University of Edinburgh	Inter-species RNA communication
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Kandice Tanner	National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda	Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer
2022	Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award	Margaret Roberts	UCSD	Censorship and Disinformation
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Vanessa Ogle	Yale University	Social Sciences
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Wim Decock	Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége	Social Sciences
2021	Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award	Pablo Jarillo-Herrero	MIT	Quantum Materials
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Anastassia Alexandrova	UCLA	Theoretical Chemistry
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Sumit Gulwani	Microsoft	Automated Programming
2020	Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award	Roberto Bonasio	University of Pennsylvania	Life sciences
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Luciano Marraffini	Rockefeller University	Life sciences
2019	Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award	Ufuk Akcigit	University of Chicago	Macroeconomics
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Elliot Tucker-Drob	University of Texas at Austin	Personality and developmental psychology
2018	Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award	Catherine Heymans	University of Edinburgh	Dark energy
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Robert Wood	Harvard University	Soft robotics
	Max Planck-Humboldt Medal	Sam Payne	University of Texas at Austin	Tropical geometry

Max Planck Research Award

Year	Name	Institution	Field
2016	Bonnie Bassler	Princeton University	Sensory perception of organisms
	Martin Wikelski [de]	Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
2015	Bryan Stanley Turner	City University of New York	Religion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism
	Hans Joas	Humboldt University of Berlin
2014	Robert J. Schoelkopf	Yale University	Quantum nanoscience
	Jörg Wrachtrup	University of Stuttgart
2013	Chris Field	Carnegie Institution for Science & Stanford University	Influence of climate change on ecosystems
	Markus Reichstein [de]	Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
2012	Katharina Pistor [de]	Columbia University Law School	Regulating international financial markets
	Martin Hellwig	Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
2011	Sebastian Thrun	Stanford University	Intelligent systems
	Bernhard Schölkopf	Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
2010	Timothy George Bromage [de]	New York University College of Dentistry	Evolution
	Michael Tomasello	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2009	Karl Galinsky	University of Texas at Austin	History of memory
	Aleida Assmann	University of Konstanz
2008	Robert S. Langer	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Biomaterials
	Peter Fratzl	Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
2007	Raymond Joseph Dolan	University College London & Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging	Neuromodulation and behaviour
	Hans-Christian Pape [de]	University of Münster
2006	Alina Payne	Harvard University	Art history
	Horst Bredekamp	Humboldt University of Berlin
2005	Christopher Carilli	National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro	Astrophysics
	Christof Wetterich	Heidelberg University
2004	Eugene W. Myers	University of California, Berkeley	Bioinformatics
	Martin Vingron	Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics

Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation

See Max-Planck-Forschungspreis ^[de]

Organization

Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in Munich

The Max Planck Society is formally an eingetragener Verein, a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.^[16] The society has its registered seat in Berlin, while the administrative headquarters are located in Munich. Since June 2014, materials scientist Martin Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck Society.^[17]

Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern (Duke in Bavaria). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.

Max Planck Institutes and research groups

Main article: List of Max Planck Institutes

The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.^[18] In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.

The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience.^[19][20]

The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.

Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.^[21]

In addition, there are several associated institutes:^[18]

Name	City	Country	Section
Center of Advanced European Studies and Research	Bonn	Germany	Biology & Medicine
Ernst Strüngmann Institute	Frankfurt am Main	Germany	Biology & Medicine

Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University—Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics—located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the U.S.^[22] The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean.

International Max Planck Research Schools

Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists:

• Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research, Cologne^[23]
• International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems, at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems located in Tübingen and Stuttgart^[24]
• International Max Planck Research School on Adapting Behavior in a Fundamentally Uncertain World (Uncertainty School), at the Max Planck Institutes for Economics, for Human Development, and/or Research on Collective Goods
• International Max Planck Research School for Analysis, Design and Optimization in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering, Magdeburg^[25]
• International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics, Heidelberg at the MPI for Astronomy
• International Max Planck Research School for Astrophysics, Garching at the MPI for Astrophysics
• International Max Planck Research School for Complex Surfaces in Material Sciences, Berlin^[26]
• International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science, Saarbrücken^[27]
• International Max Planck Research School for Earth System Modeling, Hamburg^[28]
• International Max Planck Research School for Elementary Particle Physics, Munich, at the MPI for Physics^[29]
• International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Marburg at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology
• International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology, Plön at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology^[30]
• International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Tübingen at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology^[31]
• International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Jena at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry^[32]
• International Max Planck Research School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Hannover and Potsdam MPI for Gravitational Physics^[33]
• International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim at the Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research^[34]
• International Max Planck Research School for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Berlin at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology^[35][36]
• International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen^[37]
• International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Göttingen^[38]
• International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Tübingen^[39]
• International Max Planck Research School for Marine Microbiology (MarMic), joint program of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen, the University of Bremen, the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, and the Jacobs University Bremen^[40]
• International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg^[41]
• International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Freiburg
• International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences, Munich^[42]
• International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen^[43]
• International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Dresden^[44]
• International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine, program combined with the 'Graduate Programm Cell Dynamics And Disease' at the University of Münster and the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine^[45]
• International Max Planck Research School on Multiscale Bio-Systems, Potsdam^[46]
• International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, at the University of Konstanz and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology^[47][48]
• International Max Planck Research School on Reactive Structure Analysis for Chemical Reactions (IMPRS RECHARGE), Mülheim an der Ruhr, at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion^[49]
• International Max Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano-Systems, Halle at Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics
• International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science^[50] at the University of Göttingen^[51] hosted by MPI for Solar System Research^[52]
• International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Bonn, at the MPI for Radio Astronomy (formerly the International Max Planck Research School for Radio and Infrared Astronomy)^[53]
• International Max Planck Research School for the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, Cologne^[54]
• International Max Planck Research School for Surface and Interface Engineering in Advanced Materials, Düsseldorf at Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH
• International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics, Hamburg^[55]

Max Planck Schools

• Max Planck School of Cognition^[56]
• Max Planck School Matter to Life^[57]
• Max Planck School of Photonics^[58]

Max Planck Center

• The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), POSTECH Pohang
• The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang

Max Planck Institutes

Among others:

• Kunsthistorische Institut in Florenz – Max-Planck-Institut, Florence, Italy
• Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience
• Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar, Bonn
• Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in Katlenburg-Lindau was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in 2004;
• Max Planck Institute for Biology in Tübingen was closed in 2005;
• Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology in Ladenburg b. Heidelberg was closed in 2003;
• Max Planck Institute for Economics in Jena was renamed to the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in 2014;
• Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in Katlenburg-Lindau was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in 1958;
• Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart
• Max Planck Institute of Oceanic Biology in Wilhelmshaven was renamed to Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology in 1968 and moved to Ladenburg 1977;
• Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich merged into the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in 2004;
• Max Planck Institute for Protein and Leather Research in Regensburg moved to Munich 1957 and was united with the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in 1977;
• Max Planck Institute for Virus Research in Tübingen was renamed as Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in 1985;
• Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in Starnberg (from 1970 until 1981 (closed)) directed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Jürgen Habermas.
• Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology
• Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology
• Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law
• Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics
• Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
• Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam
• Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim

Open access publishing

See also: Open access in Germany

The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".^[59] Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as “encouraging the holders of cultural heritage” to provide open access to their resources.^[60]

The Max Planck Society continues to support open access in Germany and mandates institutional self-archiving of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in open access journals within 12 months.^[61] To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck open access repository.^[62]

Criticism

Pay for PhD students

In 2008, the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".^[63]

In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students not being given employment contracts. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.^[64] According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a proper scientist; it’s during the process itself that you become a proper scientist... a PhD is an apprenticeship in the lab, and as such it is usually not paid like a proper job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".^[65] The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the German Parliament.^[66]

Freedom of expression

In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of Lebanese-Australian professor Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, citing his social media posts on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as incompatible with the society's core values.^[67] This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations, who argued it infringed on Hage's freedom of expression. German newspaper Welt am Sonntag initially reported on Hage's posts.^[68][69] Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli scholars,^[70] the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,^[71] the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies,^[72] the European Association of Social Anthropologists,^[73] the American Anthropological Association,^[74] the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the Australian Anthropological Society,^[75] the Canadian Anthropology Society,^[76] a Japanese group of scholars,^[77] the Australian Sociological Association,^[78] rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024. ^[79][80] The Max Planck Society's has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the Israel–Hamas war.^[81][82]

Nobel Laureates

Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)

1. Ferenc Krausz, Nobel Prize, physics, 2023
2. Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize, medicine 2022
3. Benjamin List, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2021
4. Klaus Hasselmann, Nobel Prize, physics 2021
5. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2020
6. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize, physics 2020
7. Stefan W. Hell, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014
8. Gerhard Ertl, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007
9. Theodor W. Hänsch, Nobel Prize, physics 2005
10. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995
11. Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995
12. Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
13. Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
14. Robert Huber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
15. Hartmut Michel, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
16. Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
17. Ernst Ruska, Nobel Prize, physics 1986
18. Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize, physics 1985
19. Georges Köhler, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984
20. Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973
21. Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967
22. Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964
23. Karl Ziegler, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963
24. Walter Bothe, Nobel Prize, physics 1954

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)

1. Otto Hahn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944
2. Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939
3. Richard Kuhn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938
4. Peter J. W. Debye, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936
5. Hans Spemann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935
6. Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize, physics 1932
7. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931
8. Carl Bosch, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931
9. James Franck, Nobel Prize, physics 1925
10. Otto Meyerhof, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922
11. Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, physics 1921
12. Max Planck, Nobel Prize, physics 1918
13. Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918
14. Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915
15. Max von Laue, Nobel Prize, physics 1914

See also

• Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community
• Harnack medal
• Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
• Schloss Ringberg
• Ultrabright electron

References

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Sources

• Alison Abbott: German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia, in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), p. 474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism)
• Gretchen Vogel: Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment, in: Science Vol. 326, 6 November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)

External links

• Official website