The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is governed by a set of political tenets laid down in its state constitution. Legislative power is held by the bicameral General Court, which is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The governor exercises executive power with other independently elected officers: the Attorney General, Secretary of the Commonwealth, and Auditor. The state's judicial power rests in the Supreme Judicial Court, which manages its court system. Cities and towns act through local governmental bodies to the extent that they are authorized by the Commonwealth on local issues, including limited home-rule authority. Although most county governments were abolished during the 1990s and 2000s, a handful remain.
Government of Massachusetts | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Polity type | Presidential republic Federated state |
| Constitution | Constitution of Massachusetts |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | General Court |
| Type | Bicameral |
| Meeting place | Massachusetts State House |
| Upper house | |
| Name | Senate |
| Presiding officer | Karen Spilka, President |
| Lower house | |
| Name | House of Representatives |
| Presiding officer | Ronald Mariano, Speaker |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of state and government | |
| Title | Governor |
| Currently | Maura Healey |
| Appointer | Election |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | 9 Executive Agencies |
| Leader | Governor |
| Deputy leader | Lieutenant Governor |
| Headquarters | State House |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Judiciary of Massachusetts |
| Courts | Courts of Massachusetts |
| Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court | |
| Chief judge | Kimberly S. Budd |
| Seat | Suffolk County Courthouse, Boston |
Massachusetts' capital city is Boston. The seat of power is in Beacon Hill, home of the legislative and executive branches. The Supreme Judicial Court is in nearby Pemberton Hill.
Federal government
Congressional delegation
For Congressional representation outlined in the United States Constitution, Massachusetts elects two senators to the Senate, as well as a number of Representatives to the House of Representatives proportional to the state's population in the US Census. From the 2010 Census, Massachusetts has nine representatives. As of the 2020 election, all these officials have been from the Democratic Party. This makes the Massachusetts federal delegation the largest single-party federal delegation in the United States.
 Congressional delegation of Massachusetts | ||||||
| Chamber | District | Official | Party | Term began | Term expires | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senate | At-Large | Elizabeth Warren | Democratic | 2019 | 2025 | |
| Ed Markey | Democratic | 2021 | 2027 | |||
| House of Representatives | 1st | Richard Neal | Democratic | 2023 | 2025 | |
| 2nd | Jim McGovern | Democratic | ||||
| 3rd | Lori Trahan | Democratic | ||||
| 4th | Jake Auchincloss | Democratic | ||||
| 5th | Katherine Clark | Democratic | ||||
| 6th | Seth Moulton | Democratic | ||||
| 7th | Ayanna Pressley | Democratic | ||||
| 8th | Stephen Lynch | Democratic | ||||
| 9th | Bill Keating | Democratic | ||||
Federal courts
For federal court cases the State falls within the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and appeals to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Electoral College
Massachusetts has 11 votes in the electoral college for election of the President, which are given on a winner-take-all basis. The state joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact in 2009, though the Compact has not yet achieved sufficient national support to be activated.
Executive
Massachusetts has 151 departments or agencies and over 700 independent boards and commissions.[1] The head of the state's Executive Branch is by law the Governor, but it also has two types of executive officials that do not fall in the Governor's control. Constitutional officers are the elected officials specified by the state constitution, while independent agencies are created by statute and the governor exercises only indirect control through appointments.[2]
Constitutional officers
Constitutional officers | ||||||
| Incumbent | Office | Status | Ex officio | Departments | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Officers | ||||||
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Her Excellency Maura Healey (born 1971) |
Governor | Head of state Head of government |
Cabinet Governor's Council Commander-in-chief of the National Guard |
|
5 January 2023 |
.jpg) |
Her Honor Kim Driscoll (born 1966) |
Lieutenant Governor | Deputy officer | Cabinet Chair of the Governor's Council |
|
5 January 2023 |
 |
His Honor William F. Galvin (born 1950) |
Secretary of the Commonwealth | Chief administrator Keeper of the Seal Registrar of deeds Records officer Chief Elections Officer |
Head of the Massachusetts Archives Chair of the Massachusetts Historical Commission |
|
1 January 1995 |
.jpg) |
The Honorable Andrea Campbell (born 1982) |
Attorney General | Chief legal officer | — |
|
18 January 2023 |
 |
The Honorable Deb Goldberg (born 1954) |
Treasurer and Receiver-General | Treasurer | Chair of the Massachusetts School Building Authority Chair of the Massachusetts Lottery Chair of the State Board of Retirement |
|
21 January 2015 |
 |
The Honorable Diana DiZoglio (born 1983) |
State Auditor | Auditor general | — |
|
18 January 2023 |
Governor's Council
The Governor's Council consists of eight councilors elected from districts every two years, as well as the lieutenant governor. The council provides for advice and consent for judicial appointments, appointment of certain public officials including notaries public and justices of the peace, pardons and commutations, and certain payments from the state treasury.[3] The governor is the nonvoting president of the council, but is chaired by the Lieutenant Governor in their absence.
| District | Councilor | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chairperson, at-large | Kim Driscoll | Democrat | |
| District 1 | Joseph Ferreira | Democrat | |
| District 2 | Vacant | -- | |
| District 3 | Marilyn M. Petitto Devaney | Democrat | |
| District 4 | Christopher A. Iannella | Democrat | |
| District 5 | Eileen R. Duff | Democrat | |
| District 6 | Terrence W. Kennedy | Democrat | |
| District 7 | Paul DePalo | Democrat | |
| District 8 | Tara J. Jacobs | Democrat |
- District attorneys and Sheriffs - Independently elected by district
Some executive agencies are tasked by the legislature with formulating regulations by following a prescribed procedure. Most of these are collected in the Code of Massachusetts Regulations.
Cabinet and government agencies
The governor has a cabinet of eleven secretaries. They supervise the state agencies, which are under the direct control of the governor.[4] Nine of the secretaries preside over the executive office of their respective areas.[5]
| Executive departments of Massachusetts | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Office | Secretary[6] | Departments | Website |
| Executive Office of Administration and Finance | Matthew Gorzkowicz | Appellate Tax Board | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-for-administration-and-finance |
| Bureau of the State House | |||
| Civil Service Commission | |||
| Department of Revenue | |||
| Developmental Disabilities Council | |||
| Division of Administrative Law Appeals | |||
| Division of Capital Asset Management | |||
| State Library | |||
| Group Insurance Commission | |||
| Healthy Policy Commission | |||
| Health Resources Division | |||
| Office on Disability | |||
| Operational Services Division | |||
| Public Employee Retirement Administration Commission | |||
| Teacher's Retirement Board | |||
| Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs | Rebecca Tepper | Department of Agricultural Resources | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-energy-and-environmental-affairs |
| Department of Conservation and Recreation | |||
| Department of Energy Resources | |||
| Department of Environmental Protection | |||
| Department of Fish and Game | |||
| Department of Public Utilities | |||
| State Reclamation Board | |||
| Environmental Police | |||
| Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance | |||
| Executive Office of Health and Human Services | Kate Walsh | Massachusetts Department of Children and Families | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-health-and-human-services |
| Department of Developmental Services | |||
| Department of Elder Affairs | |||
| Department of Mental Health | |||
| Department of Public Health | |||
| Department of Transitional Assistance | |||
| Department of Veterans' Services | |||
| Department of Youth Services | |||
| Department of Public Health | |||
| Office of Refugees and Immigrants | |||
| Commission for the Blind | |||
| Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing | |||
| Rehabilitation Commission | |||
| MassHealth | |||
| Soldiers Homes in Chelsea and Holyoke | |||
| Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development | Yvonne Hao | Consumers Affairs and Business Regulation | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-housing-and-economic-development |
| Department of Business Development | |||
| Department of Housing and Community Development | |||
| Department of Telecommunications and Cable | |||
| Division of Banks | |||
| Division of Insurance | |||
| Division of Professional Licensure | |||
| Division of Standards | |||
| Massachusetts Marketing Partnership | |||
| Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development | Lauren Jones | Department of Career Services | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-labor-and-workforce-development |
| Department of Industrial Accidents | |||
| Department of Labor Relations | |||
| Department of Labor Standards | |||
| Department of Unemployment Assistance | |||
| Executive Office of Public Safety and Security | Terrence Reidy | Department of Criminal Justice Information Systems | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-public-safety-and-security |
| Department of Correction | |||
| Department of Fire Services | |||
| Department of Public Safety | |||
| Department of State Police | |||
| Emergency Management Agency | |||
| Merit Rating Board | |||
| Massachusetts Organized Militia | |||
| Municipal Police Training Committee | |||
| Office of the Chief Medical Examiner | |||
| Parole Board | |||
| Sex Offender Registry Board | |||
| Executive Office of Technology Services and Security | Jason Snyder | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-technology-services-and-security | |
| Executive Office of Education | Patrick Tutwiler | Department of Early Education and Care | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-education |
| Department of Elementary and Secondary Education | |||
| Department of Higher Education | |||
| Public Colleges and Universities | |||
| Executive Office of Transportation and Public Works | Gina Fiandaca | https://www.mass.gov/orgs/massachusetts-department-of-transportation | |
Legislature
The state legislature is formally known as the Massachusetts General Court, reflecting its colonial-era judicial duties. It has two houses: the 40-member Senate and the 160-member House of Representatives. Members of both houses have two-year terms. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives and controls the flow of legislation. The President is the presiding officer of the Senate.
The General Court is responsible for enacting the state's laws. A bill signed by the governor, or passed by two-thirds of both houses over his or her veto, becomes law. Its session laws are published in the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts, which are codified as the General Laws of Massachusetts. On June 9, 2017, S&P Global Ratings downgraded Massachusetts' bond rating to AA (the third-highest tier) due to the legislature's inability to replenish the state's rainy day fund in the face of above-average economic growth.[7]
| Senate leadership | House leadership | ||
|---|---|---|---|
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President ▌Karen Spilka (D - Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Middlesex and Norfolk district) |
 |
Speaker of the House ▌Ronald Mariano (D - 3rd Norfolk) |
.jpg) |
President pro tempore ▌Will Brownsberger (D - 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex) |
.jpg) |
Speaker pro tempore ▌Kate Hogan (D - 3rd Middlesex) |
.jpg) |
Majority Leader ▌Cynthia Stone Creem (D - 1st Middlesex and Norfolk) |
 |
Majority Leader Michael Moran (D - 18th Suffolk) |
.jpg) |
Minority Leader ▌Bruce Tarr (R - 1st Essex and Middlesex) |
.jpg) |
Minority Leader ▌Bradley Jones Jr. (R - 20th Middlesex) |
Judiciary
The judiciary is the branch of the government that interprets and applies state law, ensures equal justice under law, and provides a mechanism for dispute resolution. The Massachusetts court system consists of the Supreme Judicial Court, the Appeals Court, and seven trial-court departments.
Supreme Judicial Court
Judicial power is centered in the Supreme Judicial Court, which oversees the court system. In addition to its appellate functions, the Supreme Judicial Court is responsible for the governance of the judiciary and the bar, makes (or approves) rules for the operation of the courts and, on request, provides advisory opinions to the governor and legislature on legal issues. The Supreme Judicial Court also oversees affiliated judicial agencies, including the Board of Bar Overseers, the Board of Bar Examiners, the Clients' Security Board, the Massachusetts Mental Health Legal Advisors Committee, and Massachusetts Correctional Legal Services.
| Position | Name | Born | Began service | Mandatory retirement | Appointed by | Law school |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chief Justice | Kimberly S. Budd | October 23, 1966 | December 1, 2020[a] | 2036 | Charlie Baker | Harvard |
| Senior Associate Justice | Frank Gaziano | September 8, 1963 | August 18, 2016 | 2034 | Charlie Baker | Suffolk |
| Associate Justice | Scott L. Kafker | April 24, 1959 | August 21, 2017 | 2029 | Charlie Baker | Chicago |
| Associate Justice | Dalila Argaez Wendlandt | 1968 or 1969 (age 55–56) | December 4, 2020 | 2038/2039 | Charlie Baker | Stanford |
| Associate Justice | Serge Georges Jr. | 1969 or 1970 (age 54–55)[8] | December 16, 2020 | 2039/2040 | Charlie Baker | Suffolk |
| Associate Justice | Bessie Dewar | July 4, 1980 | January 16, 2024 | 2050 | Maura Healey | Yale |
| Associate Justice | Gabrielle Wolohojian | December 16, 1960 | April 22, 2024[9] | 2030 | Maura Healey | Columbia |
Appeals Court
The Appeals Court the state appellate court, which means that the justices review decisions made in the Trial Courts. The Appeals Court also has jurisdiction over appeals from final decisions of three State agencies: the Appellate Tax Board, the Industrial Accident Board and the Commonwealth Employment Relations Board. The Appeals Court consists of a chief justice and twenty-four associate justices.[10]
Trial courts
County government
Only the southeastern third of the state has county governments; in western, central, and northeastern Massachusetts, traditional county-level government was eliminated during the late 1990s. District attorneys and sheriffs are elected by constituencies which mainly follow county boundaries, and are funded by the state budget.[11][12] Sheriff's departments operate correctional facilities and perform service of process in the county.
Sheriffs
| County | Sheriff[13] | Party | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barnstable | Donna D. Buckley | Democrat | Link |
| Berkshire | Thomas Bowler | Democrat | Link |
| Bristol | Paul Heroux | Democrat | Link |
| Dukes | Robert Ogden | Democrat | Link |
| Essex | Kevin Coppinger | Democrat | Link |
| Franklin | Christopher Donelan | Democrat | Link |
| Hampden | Nick Cocchi | Democrat | Link |
| Hampshire | Patrick Cahillane | Democrat | Link |
| Middlesex | Peter Koutoujian | Democrat | Link |
| Nantucket | James Perelman | Democrat | Link |
| Norfolk | Patrick W. McDermott | Democrat | Link |
| Plymouth | Joseph McDonald, Jr. | Republican | Link |
| Suffolk | Steven Tompkins | Democrat | Link |
| Worcester | Lewis Evangelidis | Republican | Link |
District attorney
District attorneys are elected in 11 districts and serve as a public prosecutor representing the Commonwealth during criminal prosecutions. Most district attorneys are elected within the boundaries of a single county, and the district courts they operate in are within that county. The exception is Hampshire and Franklin Counties and the Town of Athol which make up the Northwestern District; and Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket Counties which make up the Cape and Islands District. Some districts that follow traditional county lines are officially known by a different name than the county, but they may also informally be called by the county name.
| District (Counties) | District attorney[14] | Party | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berkshire District | Andrea Harrington | Democrat | Link |
| Bristol District | Thomas Quinn, III | Democrat | Link |
| Cape and Islands District (Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket) | Michael O'Keefe | Republican | Link |
| Eastern District (Essex) | Jonathan Blodget | Democrat | Link |
| Hampden District | Anthony Gulluni | Democrat | Link |
| Middle District (Worcester) | Joseph Early | Democrat | Link |
| Norfolk | Michael Morrissey | Democrat | Link |
| Northern (Middlesex) | Marian Ryan | Democrat | Link |
| Northwestern (Hampshire, Franklin) | David Sullivan | Democrat | Link |
| Plymouth | Timothy Cruz | Republican | Link |
| Suffolk | Kevin Hayden | Democrat | Link |
Registry of deeds
All counties in Massachusetts have at least one registry of deeds, which is responsible for recording and holding copies of deeds, titles, and other land records within their district.[15] Each registry is run by an elected register of deeds, who serves for 6 year terms. Most counties have one registry, but some are divided into separate districts with their own registry. There are 21 registries.
| County | Registry | Register[16] | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barnstable | Barnstable | ▌John F. Mead (R) | |
| Berkshire | North Berkshire | ▌Maria T. Ziemba (D) | |
| Middle Berkshire | ▌Patsy Harris (D) | ||
| South Berkshire | ▌Michelle L. Laramee-Jenney (I) | ||
| Bristol | North Bristol | ▌Barry J. Amaral (D) | |
| Fall River | ▌Bernard J. McDonald, III (D) | ||
| South Bristol | Sherrilynn M. Mello | ||
| Dukes | Dukes | ▌Paulo C. Deoliveiria (D) | |
| Essex | North Essex | ▌M. Paul Iannuccillo (D) | |
| South Essex | ▌John L. O'Brien, Jr. (D) | ||
| Franklin | Franklin | ▌Scott A. Cote (D) | |
| Hampden | Hampden | ▌Cheryl A. Coakley-Rivera (D) | |
| Hampshire | Hampshire | ▌Mary K. Olberding (D) | |
| Middlesex | North Middlesex | ▌Richard P. Howe, Jr. (D) | |
| South Middlesex | ▌Maria C. Curatone (D) | ||
| Nantucket | Nantucket | ▌Jennifer H. Ferreira (I) | |
| Norfolk | Norfolk | ▌William P. O'Donnell (D) | |
| Plymouth | Plymouth | ▌John R. Buckley, Jr. (D) | |
| Suffolk | Suffolk | ▌Stephen J. Murphy (D) | |
| Worcester | North Worcester | ▌Kathleen Reynolds Daigneault (D) | |
| South Worcester | ▌Kathryn A. Toomey (D) |
Municipal government
Massachusetts shares with the five other New England states the New England town form of government. All land in Massachusetts is divided among cities and towns and there are no unincorporated areas, population centers, or townships. Massachusetts has four kinds of public-school districts: local schools, regional schools, vocational-technical schools, and charter schools.
Amendment Article 89 (LXXXIX) of the Massachusetts Constitution defines the powers of self-government that municipalities are entitled to. Additional powers, such as the ability to collect certain taxes, are delegated to municipalities under state law. The article requires that General Laws passed by the General Court apply to at least two municipalities. Special Laws that apply to only one municipality must be enacted in response to a home rule petition from that city or town, or with a two-thirds majority in the General Court, or for the purpose of establishing, disestablishing, or modifying municipal boundaries.[17]
Proposition 2½ gives municipalities the right to state payment of municipal costs incurred as a result of any new state mandates implemented after January 1, 1981. Cities and towns can vote to accept a new mandate, or ask the Massachusetts State Auditor to determine the amount of funding owed; if the legislature does not provide that amount then ask the Massachusetts Superior Court for a ruling that grants the municipality an exemption from complying with unfunded mandates.[18]
Elections and politics
Massachusetts is known for its progressive politics, and is a stronghold of American Liberalism and the Democratic Party. In a 2018 Gallup poll Massachusetts was the state with the highest percentage of its population identifying as liberal and the lowest percentage identifying as conservative, at 35% and 21% respectively.[19] This and the high profile of well known politicians from Massachusetts such as the Kennedy family has led to the derogatory political phrase "Massachusetts Liberal".
Ratings and rankings
- 48 out of 50 for transparency of electoral candidate financial conflicts of interest (Pioneer Institute, 2019)[20]
- B- for online access to government spending data (Public Interest Research Group, 2018)[21]
- Corruption, out of 50 (higher numbers are better): 16 for convictions, 22 for convictions per capita, 49 as ranked by reporters, 39 in lacking stringent laws (2015)[22]
- D+ for integrity (Center for Public Integrity, 2015)[23]
Transparency
The state has an open-meeting law enforced by the attorney general, and a public-records law enforced by the Secretary of the Commonwealth.[24] A 2008 report by the Better Government Association and National Freedom of Information Coalition ranked Massachusetts 43rd out of the 50 US states in government transparency. It gave the state a grade of "F", based on the time, cost, and comprehensiveness of access to public records.[25] Access to government records and the actions of the Secretary in enforcing the law became an issue in the 2014 campaign for the office. Incumbent William Galvin cited his previous requests that the legislature revise the Public Records Law to facilitate access.[26] According to the governor, he is exempt from the Public Records Law.[24] A reform law was signed on June 3, 2016 and took effect on January 1, 2017, imposing stricter time limits and lower costs.[27]
See also
- Administrative divisions of Massachusetts
- Outline of Massachusetts
- Index of Massachusetts-related articles
- Politics of Massachusetts
- Law of Massachusetts
- Law enforcement in Massachusetts
- Judiciary of Massachusetts
- Courts of Massachusetts
- United States Congress
- United States congressional delegations from Massachusetts
- List of United States senators from Massachusetts
- Massachusetts's congressional districts
- List of United States representatives from Massachusetts
- State governments of the United States (comparison)
References
Further reading
External links
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