Mars trojan

The Mars trojans are a group of trojan objects that share the orbit of the planet Mars around the Sun. They can be found around the two Lagrangian points 60° ahead of and behind Mars. The origin of the Mars trojans is not well understood. One theory suggests that they were primordial objects left over from the formation of Mars that were captured in its Lagrangian points as the Solar System was forming. However, spectral studies of the Mars trojans indicate this may not be the case.^[1][2] Another explanation involves asteroids chaotically wandering into the Mars Lagrangian points later in the Solar System's formation. This is also questionable considering the short dynamical lifetimes of these objects.^[3][4] The spectra of Eureka and two other Mars trojans indicates an olivine-rich composition.^[5] Since olivine-rich objects are rare in the asteroid belt it has been suggested that some of the Mars trojans are captured debris from a large orbit-altering impact on Mars when it encountered a planetary embryo.^[6][3]

The L₅ group (shown in green) and the L₄ group (light blue) of Mars and Jupiter trojan asteroids shown along with the orbits of Jupiter and the inner planets. Mars is shown in red. The outer orbit is that of Jupiter.

Animation of 1999 UJ7 relative to Sun and Mars 1600-2500
   Sun ·   1999 UJ7 ·   Mars

Animation of 2007 NS2 relative to Sun and Mars 1600-2500
   Sun ·   2007 NS2 ·   Mars

Presently, this group contains 17 asteroids confirmed to be stable Mars trojans by long-term numerical simulations but only nine of them are accepted by the Minor Planet Center.^{[7][3][4][8][9][10][11]}

Due to close orbital similarities, most of the smaller members of the L₅ group are hypothesized to be fragments of Eureka that were detached after it was spun up by the YORP effect (Eureka's rotational period is 2.69 h). The L₄ trojan 1999 UJ₇ has a much longer rotational period of ~50 h, apparently due to a chaotic rotation that prevents YORP spinup.^[12] The spectrum of 121514 show a certain resemblance to that of 2023 FW₁₄ and a common origin cannot be discarded.^[13] The spectra of 121514 and 2023 FW₁₄ are very different from those of the Eureka asteroid family members.

List of Mars trojans

Designation	Cloud	Semimajor axis (AU)	Perihelion (AU)	Eccentricity	Inclination (°)	(H)	Diameter (m)
5261 Eureka	L5	1.52356	1.42477	0.06484	20.2820	16.13	1880±230
(101429) 1998 VF31	L5	1.52429	1.37150	0.10024	31.2987	17.26	1210+890 −350
(121514) 1999 UJ7	L4	1.52455	1.46491	0.03912	16.7493	17.19	2450±490
(311999) 2007 NS2	L5	1.52379	1.44155	0.05397	18.6194	18.18	790+580 −230
(385250) 2001 DH47	L5	1.52385	1.47111	0.03461	24.4006	18.89	570+420 −170
2009 SE	L5	1.52451	1.42524	0.06512	20.6263	19.9	360+260 −110
2011 SL25	L5	1.52391	1.34938	0.11453	21.4953	19.5	430+320 −120
2011 SP189	L5	1.52386	1.46247	0.04029	19.8994	20.9	230+160 −70
2011 SC191	L5	1.52390	1.45678	0.04405	18.7451	19.4	450+330 −130
2011 UN63	L5	1.52378	1.42521	0.06469	20.3635	19.7	390+290 −110
2011 UB256	L5	1.52370	1.41550	0.07101	24.3023	19.9	360+260 −110
2016 AA165	L5	1.52299	1.38650	0.08962	18.7202	20.39	290+210 −90
2016 CP31	L5	1.52365	1.43425	0.05867	23.1314	19.4	450+330 −130
2018 EC4	L5	1.52365	1.43138	0.06056	21.8362	20.0	340+250 −100
2018 FC4	L5	1.52388	1.49781	0.01711	22.1466	21.2	200+140 −60
2018 FM29	L5	1.52391	1.45196	0.04722	21.5004	21.11	210+150 −60
2023 FW14	L4	1.52377	1.28284	0.15811	13.27271	21.59	318+493 −199

See also

• Trojan (celestial body)
• Minor planets that orbit near trojan points
  • Earth trojan
  • Jupiter trojan
  • Neptune trojan

References

1. Rivkin, Andrew; Trilling, David; Thomas, Cristina; DeMeo, Fancesca; Spahr, Timoth; Binzel, Richard (2007). "Composition of the L5 Mars Trojans: Neighbors, not siblings". Icarus. 192 (2): 434–441. arXiv:0709.1925. Bibcode:2007Icar..192..434R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.06.026. S2CID 15118710.
2. Trilling, David; Rivking, Andrew; Stansberry, John; Spahr, Timothy; Crudo, Richard; Davies, John (2007). "Albedos and diameters of three Mars Trojan asteroids". Icarus. 192 (2): 442–447. arXiv:0709.1921. Bibcode:2007Icar..192..442T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.002. S2CID 16618044.
3. Scholl, H.; Marzari, F.; Tricarico, P. (2005). "Dynamics of Mars Trojans". Icarus. 175 (2): 397–408. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..397S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.018.
4. Schwarz, R.; Dvorak, R. (2012). "Trojan capture by terrestrial planets". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 113 (1): 23–34. arXiv:1611.07413. Bibcode:2012CeMDA.113...23S. doi:10.1007/s10569-012-9404-4. S2CID 254375599.
5. Borisov, G.; Christou, A.; Bagnulo, S.; Cellino, A.; Kwiatkowski, T.; Dell'Oro, A. (2017). "he olivine-dominated composition of the Eureka family of Mars Trojan asteroids". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 466 (1): 489–495. arXiv:1701.07725. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.466..489B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3075.
6. Polishook, D.; Jacobson, S. A.; Morbidelli, A.; Aharonson, O. (2017). "A Martian origin for the Mars Trojan asteroids". Nature Astronomy. 1 (8): 0179. arXiv:1710.00024. Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E.179P. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0179. S2CID 119432820.
7. "List Of Martian Trojans". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
8. de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (April 2013). "Three new stable L₅ Mars Trojans". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 432 (1): L31–L35. arXiv:1303.0124. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..31D. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt028.
9. Christou, A. A. (2013). "Orbital clustering of Martian Trojans: An asteroid family in the inner solar system?". Icarus. 224 (1): 144–153. arXiv:1303.0420. Bibcode:2013Icar..224..144C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.02.013. S2CID 119186791.
10. Christou, Apostolos A.; Borisov, Galin; Dell'Oro, Aldo; Cellino, Alberto; Devogèle, Maxime (January 2021). "Composition and origin of L₅ Trojan asteroids of Mars: Insights from spectroscopy". Icarus. 354 (1): 113994 (22 pages). arXiv:2010.10947. Bibcode:2021Icar..35413994C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113994. S2CID 224814529.
11. de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (March 2021). "Using Mars co-orbitals to estimate the importance of rotation-induced YORP break-up events in Earth co-orbital space". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 501 (4): 6007–6025. arXiv:2101.02563. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.501.6007D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab062.
12. Lovett, R. (2017-10-20). "Sun's light touch explains asteroids flying in formation behind Mars". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aar2794.
13. de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl; de León, Julia; de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; Alarcon, Miguel R.; Licandro, Javier; Serra-Ricart, Miquel; Geier, Stefan; Cabrera-Lavers, Antonio (2024-03-21). "Dynamics of 2023 FW₁₄, the second L₄ Mars trojan, and a physical characterization using the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias". Astronomy & Astrophysics, Letters to the Editor. 683 (1): L14 (6 pages). arXiv:2403.04061. Bibcode:2024A&A...683L..14D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449688.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)