Marikina Valley fault system

The Marikina Valley fault system, also known as the Valley fault system (VFS), is a dominantly right-lateral strike-slip fault system in Luzon, Philippines.^[2] It extends from Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan in the north, running through the provinces of Rizal, the Metro Manila cities of Quezon, Marikina, Pasig, Taguig and Muntinlupa, and the provinces of Cavite and Laguna, before ending in Canlubang in the south.^[1]

Marikina Valley fault system
Lower and upper fault plain along the West Valley Fault in Carmona, Cavite
Map of the Marikina Valley fault system, showing relative motion and deformation
Etymology	Marikina
Named by	Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Year defined	2010
Coordinates	14°38′N 121°5′E
Country	Philippines
Region	Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Calabarzon
Cities	West: Marikina, Quezon City, Pasig, Taguig, Muntinlupa, General Mariano Alvarez, Carmona, Silang, San Pedro, Biñan, Santa Rosa, Cabuyao, Calamba East: Rodriguez, San Mateo
Characteristics
Segments	West Valley Fault, East Valley Fault
Length	146 km (91 mi)[1]
Displacement	10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in)/yr
Tectonics
Plate	Philippine Sea plate and Sunda plate
Status	Active
Earthquakes	1658[citation needed], 1771[citation needed]
Type	Strike-slip fault
Movement	Dextral
Age	Gelasian
Orogeny	Luzon-Mindoro-Palawan Orogeny
Volcanic arc/belt	Macolod Corridor

Fault segments

Relief map of Metro Manila and nearby provinces showing the surface traces of the West and East Valley Faults

The fault contains two major segments: the West Valley Fault (WVF) and the East Valley Fault (EVF).

West Valley Fault

The western segment, known as the West Valley Fault (WVF), is one of the two major fault segments of the Valley Fault System, which runs through the cities of Marikina, Quezon City, Pasig, Taguig and Muntinlupa in Metro Manila^[1] and moves in a dominantly dextral strike-slip motion.^[2] The West Valley Fault segment extends from Doña Remedios Trinidad to Calamba and is 129.47 kilometers (80.45 mi) long.^[1]

The West Valley Fault is capable of producing large-scale earthquakes during its active phases with a magnitude of 7 or higher.^[3]

East Valley Fault

The eastern segment, known as the East Valley Fault (EVF), moves in an oblique dextral motion.^[2] It extends about 17.24 kilometers (10.71 mi) from Rodriguez to San Mateo in the province of Rizal.^[1]

Threat

See also: List of earthquakes in the Philippines

Buildings traversed by the West Valley Fault Line in Pasig with 5-meter buffer zone. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31921.07526

Based on kinematic block models that utilize GPS, actual fault geometry, and earthquake focal mechanisms, the western segment of the Marikina Valley fault system was resolved to be almost fully locked, meaning it is currently accumulating and loading elastic strain at a rate of 10 to 12 mm/yr.^[4] The fault poses a threat of a large-scale earthquake with an estimated magnitude between 6–7 and as high as 7.6^[5] to Metro Manila and surrounding provinces, with a death toll predicted to be as high as 35,000^[6][7] and some 120,000 or higher^[6] injured^[7] and more than three million needed to be evacuated.^[3]

There are 99 private villages and subdivisions inside 80 barangays traversed directly by the fault,^[8] and it endangers 6,331 buildings in a span of 2,964.10 square kilometers (1,144.45 sq mi), where the majority are houses with 19 schools included in the list.^[1]