Origanum syriacum; syn. Majorana syriaca (also Origanum maru, although this primarily refers to a hybrid of O. syriacum),[3] bible hyssop,[4] Biblical-hyssop,[1] Lebanese oregano[1] or Syrian oregano,[1] is an aromatic perennial herb in the mint family, Lamiaceae.
| Origanum syriacum | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Origanum |
| Species: | O. syriacum |
| Binomial name | |
| Origanum syriacum | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Majorana syriaca (L.) Raf. | |
It is a preferred primary ingredient in the spice mixture za'atar.
Etymology
The plant may be called za'atar by association with its use in an herb-spice mixture. In, both, Modern ِArabic and in Classical Arabic the plant is called za'atar, which was formerly used in ceremonial functions, such as for sprinkling the waters of purification on those persons defiled by the dead.[5][6] In many English translations of the Bible, ezov is rendered as hyssop, hence the common name for bible hyssop, believed to be a different plant generally identified with Hyssopus officinalis.[7]
The problems with identification arise from Jewish oral tradition where it expressly prohibits Greek hyssop, and where the biblical plant is said to have been identical to the Arabic word, zaatar (Origanum syriacum), and which word is not to be associated with other types of ezov that often bear an additional epithet, such as zaatar farsi = Persian-hyssop (Thymus capitatus) and zaatar rumi = Roman-hyssop (Satureja thymbra) and zaatar mani = calamint (Calamintha incana).[8]
Description
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Origanum syriacum grows to a height of 1 meter. The plant is pollinated by bees.[4] Flowers are small and white or pale pink.[9]
Distribution
Origanum syriacum is native to the Middle East.[1] In Egypt, Origanum syriacum subsp. sinaicum is a very rare plant that grows on stony ground in Sinai Peninsula including the coastal Mediterranean strip.[10] Wild hyssop and sage are protected under Israeli law as endangered plants, but no major studies on their status have been conducted since 1977. Foraging for Za’atar is illegal under Israeli law.
Use
Food
Origanum syriacum is harvested in the wild for use in preparing za'atar, a mixture of dried herbs, sesame and sumac for flavoring and garnish. For example, in Lebanon, a typical za'atar blend often consists of dried leaves from Origanum syriacum and Thymbra spicata. This blend is complemented with ground fruits of Rhus coriaria (sumac), toasted sesame seeds, and salt. It is a common practice to mix za'atar with olive oil at home, creating a spread that is then applied to flatbreads called manakish.[11]
Folk medicine
In Lebanon, dried organicum is used against gastrointestinal issues such as pharyngitis, stomach aches and cough.[11]
Collection and restrictive measures
So precious is this herb that in the Levant, native Palestinians will forage and gather it. However, following the implementation of protective laws, those caught collecting wild hyssop can be prosecuted and face large fines.[12] It has recently entered cultivation due to high levels of demand.[13][failed verification]
Further reading
- Fleisher, Alexander; Fleisher, Zhenia (1988). "Identification of Biblical Hyssop and Origin of the Traditional Use of Oregano-Group Herbs in the Mediterranean Region". Economic Botany. 42 (2). Springer: 232–241. doi:10.1007/BF02858924. JSTOR 4255069. S2CID 45220405.
- Paton, Alan (1994). "Three Membranous-bracted Species of Origanum". The Kew Magazine. 11 (3). Wiley: 109–117. JSTOR 45067209.
References
External links
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