People's Majlis

The People's Majlis (Dhivehi: ރައްޔިތުންގެ މަޖިލިސް, romanized: Rayyithunge Majilis) is the unicameral legislative body of Maldives. It has the authority to enact, amend and revise laws, as outlined in the Constitution of the Maldives. It is composed of 93 members as of 2024.^[7]

People's Majlis ރައްޔިތުންގެ މަޖިލިސް Rayyithunge Majilis
20th Parliament of the Maldives
Emblem
Type
Type	Unicameral
Term limits	5 years
History
Founded	22 December 1932 (1932-12-22) (established) 12 January 1933 (1933-01-12)[1] (first session)
New session started	28 May 2024 (2024-05-28)
Leadership
Speaker	Abdul Raheem Abdulla, PNC since 28 May 2024[2][3]
Deputy Speaker	Ahmed Nazim, PNC since 28 May 2024[4][5]
Secretary General	Fathimath Niusha
Majority Leader	Ibrahim Falah, PNC
Minority Leader	Ibrahim Nazil, MDP
Structure
Seats	93[6]
Political groups	Majority (75)   PNC (75) Minority (12)   MDP (12) Others (6)   MDA (2)   JP (1)   MNP (1)   IND (2)
Elections
Voting system	First-past-the-post
Last election	21 April 2024
Next election	2029
Motto
وَأَمْرُهُمْ شُورَىٰ بَيْنَهُمْ (wa amruhum shūrā baynahum) ”Conduct their affairs through mutual consultation”
Meeting place
80 Medhuziyaaraiy Magu, Henveiru, Malé 20080
Website
www.majlis.gov.mv
Constitution
Constitution of the Maldives

Each year on the first Monday or Thursday of February, the Majlis is opened by the President of the Maldives. During the opening ceremony, the president outlines his policies and achievements in his presidential term. The annual state budget is decided here. Its working language is Dhivehi.

Etymology

Majlis is the Arabic word for a sitting room.^[8] It can also refer to a legislature, and is used in the names of legislative councils and assemblies in some states of the Islamic world.^[9][10][11]

History

A council was set up by Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III to draft the Constitution of the Maldives on 9 March 1931. The council completed and implemented the constitution on 22 December 1932. This constitution was the basis for the formation, of the first ever Majlis of the Maldives. The meetings of this Majlis were held in the “Hakura Ganduvaru”. The first president or the speaker of the Majlis was Al Ameer Mohammed Farid Didi. Maldives was then ruled by a sultan and the advent of the new constitution was seen as a threat to the sultanate. Thus, mobs were instigated against the constitution and it was publicly torn up. Since then the constitution of the Maldives has been revised a number of times.

During the era of First Republic of the Maldives from 1953 to 1954, there was a bicameral legislature which included Senate of the Maldives. The Republican constitution was abolished in January 1954 and unicameral legislature was restored.^[12]

Parliament building construction

The present parliamentary building of the People's Majlis was inaugurated on 1 August 1998, with the presence of Pakistan's then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The building was built with the assistance of the Pakistani government, who provided a grant of Rs. 45 million ($4.25 million) for its construction.^[13][14][15]

Incidents

In 2003 after the death of a prison inmate, some rioters set fire to the Parliament building.^[16] In 2024, a group of politicians, including the president, started a fight. The president was later taken to hospital.^[17]

Members and elections

The constitution of the Maldives was re-written in 2008, and the composition, electorates and powers of the Majlis changed drastically. For example, after the change, Majlis had 85 seats, one from each electorate, has an elected speaker from among members, has substantially expanded powers, has been elected in multi-party elections since 2009 and generally resembles the parliament in other liberal democracies.

Two members are elected from each administrative atoll under the present constitution. Another two members are elected from the capital Malé. The president appoints 8 members to the Majlis. In the past the Majlis was fully controlled by the ruling regime but it has changed since the adoption of constitutional reforms in 2008 and the first multi party election in 2009.

The members are elected for a five-year term. Before the ending of the duration for the existing Majlis, a general election is held to elect a new Majlis. Usually a new Majlis is elected thirty days prior to the expiration of the existing Majlis.

Once elected, members begin their parliamentary responsibilities after taking the oath of office, stipulated in article 67 of the constitution. Members are guaranteed parliamentary immunity under the constitution.

Before the 2019 elections, the seat count was increased by two (to 87) after two districts in Male’ were split.

In the 2024 parliamentary election which was conducted on 21 April 2024 included 93 constituencies:

SL No.	CODE	DHAAIRA	TOTAL VOTERS
1	A01	Hoarafushi Dhaaira	3540
2	A02	Ihavandhoo Dhaaira	3457
3	A03	Baarashu Dhaairaa	3483
4	A04	Dhidhoo Dhaaira	3078
5	A05	Kelaa Dhaaira	3188
6	B01	Hanimaadhoo Dhaaira	3128
7	B02	Nolhivaram Dhaaira	3316
8	B03	Vaikaradhoo Dhaaira	2813
9	B04	Kulhudhuffushi Uthuru Dhaira	3559
10	B05	Kulhudhuffushi Dhekunu Dhaira	3514
11	B06	Makunudhoo Dhaira	3457
12	C01	Kanditheemu Dhaaira	3510
13	C02	Milandhoo Dhaaira	3085
14	C03	Komandoo Dhaaira	3412
15	C04	Funadhoo Dhaaira	3400
16	D01	Kendhikulhudhoo Dhaaira	3267
17	D02	Manadhoo Dhaaira	3139
18	D03	Velidhoo Dhaaira	3030
19	D04	Holhudhoo Dhaaira	3063
20	E01	Alifushi Dhaaira	3635
21	E02	Ungoofaaru Dhaaira	3313
22	E03	Dhuvaafaru Dhaairaa	3479
23	E04	Inguraidhoo Dhaaira	3574
24	E05	Maduvvari Dhaaira	3368
25	F01	Thulhaadhoo Dhaaira	3426
26	F02	Eydhafushi Dhaaira	2527
27	F03	Kendhoo Dhaaira	2591
28	F04	Hithaadhoo Dhaaira	2401
29	G01	Hinnavaru Dhaaira	3808
30	G02	Naifaru Dhaairaa	4094
31	G03	Kurendhoo Dhaaira	2089
32	H01	Kaashidhoo Dhaaira	2853
33	H02	Thulusdhoo Dhaaira	2074
34	H03	Maafushi Dhaaira	2825
35	H04	Huraa Dhaaira	2345
36	I01	Maamigili Dhaaira	2878
37	I02	Mahibadhoo Dhaaira	2685
38	I03	Dhangethi Dhaaira	2538
39	J01	Felidhoo Dhaaira	1039
40	J02	Keyodhoo Dhaaira	915
41	K01	Dhiggaru Dhaaira	2698
42	K02	Mulaku Dhaaira	2795
43	L01	Bileydhoo Dhaaira	2459
44	L02	Nilandhoo Dhaaira	1950
45	M01	Meedhoo Dhaaira	2697
46	M02	Kudahuvadhoo Dhaaira	3155
47	N01	Vilufushi Dhaaira	2905
48	N02	Thimarafushi Dhaaira	2874
49	N03	Kinbidhoo Dhaaira	3268
50	N04	Guraidhoo Dhaairaa	2707
51	O01	Isdhoo Dhaaira	3305
52	O02	Gamu Dhaaira	3869
53	O03	Fonadhoo Dhaaira	3064
54	O04	Maavashu Dhaaira	3038
55	P01	Vilingili Dhaaira	2742
56	P02	Dhaandhoo Dhaaira	2623
57	P03	Gemanafushi Dhaaira	2967
58	P04	Kolamaafushi Dhaaira	2358
59	Q01	Thinadhoo Uthuru Dhaairaa	2954
60	Q02	Thinadhoo Dhekunu Dhaairaa	2679
61	Q03	Madaveli Dhaaira	3141
62	Q04	Faresmaathodaa Dhaaira	3494
63	Q05	Gadhdhoo Dhaaira	3455
64	R01	Fuvahmulaku uthuru Dhaairaa	3648
65	R02	Fuvahmulaku medhu Dhaira	3070
66	R03	Fuvahmulaku dhekunu Dhaairaa	2843
67	S01	Hulhudhoo Dhaairaa	2843
68	S02	Feydhoo Dhekunu Dhaairaa	2706
69	S03	Maradhoo Dhaaira	2754
70	S04	Hithadhoo Uthuru Dhaairaa	4028
71	S05	Hithadhoo Medhu Dhaaira	4280
72	S06	Hithadhoo Dhekunu Dhaaira	4071
73	S07	Addu Meedhoo dhaaira	2287
74	S08	Feydhoo Uthuru Dhaairaa	2989
75	T01	Hulhumaale Dhekunu Dhaaira	3193
76	T02	Medhu henveyru Dhaaira	3010
77	T03	Henveyru Dhekunu Dhaaira	2675
78	T04	Henveyru Uthuru Dhaaira	2402
79	T05	Galolhu Uthuru Dhaaira	3914
80	T06	Galolhu Dhekunu Dhaaira	4033
81	T07	Mahchangoalhee Uthuru Dhaira	2842
82	T08	Mahchangoalhee Dhekunu Dhaira	2691
83	T09	Maafannu Uthuru Dhaira	3878
84	T10	Maafannu Hulhangu Dhaaira	3555
85	T11	Maafannu Medhu Dhaaira	3697
86	T12	Maafannu Dhekunu dhaaira	2884
87	T13	Villimale Dhaaira	3227
88	T14	Henveyru Hulhangu Dhaaira	2806
89	T15	Mahchangoalhee Medhu Dhaira	2820
90	T16	Hulhumaale Medhu Dhaaira	4230
91	T17	Hulhumaale Uthuru Dhaaira	3220
92	U01	Mathiveri Dhaaira	2950
93	U02	Thoddoo Dhaaira	3024

Speaker of the People's Majlis

Main article: Speaker of the People's Majlis

A speaker is elected among the Members. The speaker chairs the meetings of the Majlis, is responsible for maintaining order in the chamber and supervises the administrative affairs of the Majlis. The speaker is next in line to be the acting president in case of a vacancy in the president's position, until a new council to govern the state is elected.

A deputy speaker is also chosen to assist the speaker of the Majlis and to run the Majlis, when the Speaker is absent or is not fit to fulfill the responsibilities of the Speaker.

Speakership		Speaker	Party		Deputy Speaker	Notes
1	21 October 1933 – 25 June 1942	Muhammad Fareed Didi		None	Unknown	[18]
2	27 June 1942 – 29 October 1944	Ahmed Kamil Didi		None	Unknown	[18]
3	30 October 1944 – 7 November 1945	Ibrahim Ali Didi		None	Unknown	[18]
4	8 November 1945 – 3 March 1948	Ali Kuda Rannabandeyri Kilegefaanu		None	Unknown	[18]
5	12 April 1948 – 12 April 1952	Muhanmadu Naseeru Maniku		None	Unknown	[18]
6	13 April 1952 – 21 October 1953	Malin Musaa Mafai Kalegefaanu		None	Unknown	[18]
7	1 March 1954 – 3 October 1959	Ibrahim Fareed Didi		None	Unknown	[18]
8	3 October 1959 – 1 August 1972	Ahmed Zaki		None	Unknown	1st term [18]
9	1 October 1972 – 11 November 1982	Ahmed Shathir		None	Unknown	[18]
10	11 November 1982 – 15 January 1988	Ibrahim Shihab		None	Unknown	[18]
11	14 February 1988 – 22 February 1990	Abdulla Hameed		None	Unknown	1st term [18]
12	22 February 1990 – 11 November 1993	Ahmed Zaki		None	Unknown	2nd term [18]
13	11 November 1993 – 13 September 2004	Abdulla Hameed		None	Unknown	2nd term [18]
14	13 September 2004 – 6 August 2008	Ahmed Zahir		Unknown	Unknown	[18]
15	12 August 2008 – 28 May 2009	Mohamed Shihab		Jumhooree Party	Unknown	[18]
16	29 May 2009 – 28 May 2014	Abdulla Shahid		Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party	Ahmed Nazim	[18]
17	29 May 2014 – 1 November 2018	Abdulla Maseeh Mohamed		Progressive Party of Maldives	Moosa Manik	[18]
18	1 November 2018 – 28 May 2019	Qasim Ibrahim		Jumhooree Party	Moosa Manik	[18]
19	29 May 2019 – 13 November 2023	Mohamed Nasheed		Maldivian Democratic Party	Eva Abdulla	[18]
20	13 November 2023 – 28 May 2024	Mohamed Aslam		Maldivian Democratic Party	Ahmed Saleem	[19][20]
21	28 May 2024 – Incumbent	Abdul Raheem Abdulla		People's National Congress	Ahmed Nazim	[21] [22]

Speaker of the Special Majlis

Portrait	Name	Entered office	Left office	Notes
	Abbas Ibrahim	2004	2006	Speaker of Special Majlis

Sittings of the Majlis

The sittings of the Majlis are divided into three sessions a year. The speaker has the authority to assign the dates for the commencing and closing of the Majlis sessions. For a Majlis session to commence, the meeting should be presided by the speaker or the deputy speaker. The quorum of the Majlis is 26 and this number is required to begin a session of the Majlis. If the quorum is not present, the speaker has to adjourn the session. Most Majlis meetings are open to the public.

Committees

There are two types of committees in the Majlis. They are the standing committees and the selected committees. There are eleven standing committees in the Majlis, which is responsible for proposing amendments to bills or matters presented to Majlis floor, researching of the proposed bills or matters presented to the Majlis. Members are elected for a period of two and a half years for the standing committees. The responsibility of the standing committees varies, depending on its purpose.

Unlike the standing committees, the selected committees are temporary and it's dissolved, once the selected purpose is over. Usually selected committees are made to investigate or research matters related to a present circumstance or an incident. All the committees are chaired by the speaker or the deputy speaker or a person appointed by the speaker. The Majlis decides the number of members to assign to each committee.

Majlis Secretariat

The secretariat of the Majlis was established in 1971. Since then it has been the responsibility of the Secretariat to oversee and facilitate the smooth running of the Majlis. Secretariat supports the Majlis with legislative works, manages the administrative affairs and provides technical support to the members of the Majlis. A secretary general is appointed to run the Majlis secretariat. The general supervises the Majlis secretariat.

Legislative functions

Legislative proposals are introduced to the Majlis as bills. The government or the members present the bills to the Majlis floor. Once the bill is presented, the committee stage begins and the members debate on the provisions of the bill. Members may also propose amendments or propose to pass the bill during the debate. The members also have the right to send the bill to any of the related committee for further research and deliberation. If the bill is sent to the committees then there won't be any further debate or voting on the bill, until the committee presents its final findings about the bill.

Once the committee stage is over, members cast their votes to decide whether the bill will pass or not. If an amendment is proposed to the bill, the members votes for the amendment first. When the amendments are passed the members vote on to decide the fate of the bill. Once the bill is passed, it is sent to the president within seven days for presidential assent. The president should give his decree on the bill within thirty days or return it to the Majlis for further consideration or consideration of any amendments proposed by the president.

If the bill was not returned to the Majlis by the president or even if the president did not ratify the bill within the thirty-day period, the bill is deemed to become law. If the bill is sent back to the Majlis, the members can decide to pass the bill as it was before or they can consider the presidents observations.

See also

• List of legislatures by country
• Politics of the Maldives

References

1. Al Suood, Husnu (12 February 2014). The Maldivian Legal System. Malé: Maldives Law Institute. p. 84. ISBN 9789991588605. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
2. "20th Parliament Speaker". People's Majlis. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
3. Abdulla, Aishath Fareeha (28 May 2024). "އަބްދުއްރަހީމް މަޖިލިސް ރައީސަކަށް އިންތިހާބުކޮށްފި" [Abdul Raheem elected Speaker of Parliament]. Dhauru (in Divehi). Retrieved 28 May 2024.
4. "20th Parliament Deputy Speaker". People's Majlis. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
5. Mohamed, Mariyath (28 May 2024). "LIVE: Abdul Raheem elected as Parliament Speaker, Nazim as Deputy Speaker". The Edition. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
6. "މަޖިލިހުގެ މެމްބަރުންގެ އަދަދު މަދުކުރުމާ މެދު ދެކެނީ ކިހިނެއް؟" [Opinions of lowering number of MPs in the People's Majlis?]. Dhauru News (in Divehi). Next Media Group. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
7. "20th Parliament Statistics".
8. "المجلس". Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo. 1998.
9. "عن المجلس". Federal National Council (in Arabic). 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
10. "Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Islamic Consultative Assembly (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 25 September 2017.
11. "See The Majlis Of The Future Today – Leading UAE Interior Designers Set To Reveal Their Visions At INDEX, Sponsored By Al Nakheel". Dubai City Guide. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
12. Daly, Tom Gerald; Samararatne, Dinesha (15 May 2024). Democratic Consolidation and Constitutional Endurance in Asia and Africa: Comparing Uneven Pathways. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-289934-7.
13. H. Rizvi (15 January 1993). Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-230-37984-8. Pakistan offered a grant of Rs 45 million for the parliament building under construction in Male, the capital of the Maldives.
14. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. July 1998. pp. 50, 134. During his stay in Male', the Prime Minister inaugurated the Maldivian Parliament House. The building has been constructed by Pakistan as a gift to the people of Maldives...
15. Foreign Trade: Pattern of Pakistan. Compiled by M. Shabbir Marfani & Muhammad Aslam. Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 1999. p. 497. Prime Minister inaugurated the new parliament building of Maldives which has been constructed by Pakistan at a cost of $ 4.25 million...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
16. Wilson, James; MacDonald, Linda (25 September 2003). "Trouble in paradise: riots and arrests rock the Maldives". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
17. Sarkar, Alisha Rahaman (29 January 2024). "Maldives parliament debate over cabinet appointees descends into mass brawl between MPs". The Independent. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
18. "Past Speakers". People's Majlis. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
19. "19th Parliament Speaker". People's Majlis. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
20. "19th Parliament Deputy Speaker". People's Majlis. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
21. "Speaker of the Parliament – People's Majlis of Maldives". People's Majlis. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
22. "Deputy Speaker of the Parliament – People's Majlis of Maldives". People's Majlis. Retrieved 28 May 2024.

External links

• Official website (in Dhivehi)
• presidencymaldives.gov.mv
• state.gov
• directory.cpahq.org^{[permanent dead link‍]}