The Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (Spanish: Municipios Autónomos Rebeldes Zapatistas, MAREZ) were the basic governmental units utilized until 2023 within the de facto autonomous territories controlled by neo-Zapatista support bases in the Mexican state of Chiapas. They were founded following the Zapatista uprising which took place in 1994[8] and were part of the wider Chiapas conflict. Despite attempts at negotiation with the Mexican government which resulted in the San Andrés Accords in 1996, the region's autonomy remains unrecognized by that government.[9]
| Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities | |
|---|---|
| Autonomous governmental units of Mexico | |
| 1994–2023 | |
 Flag
| |
 Territory controlled by the Zapatistas in Chiapas at their peak | |
| Anthem | |
| Himno Zapatista | |
| Capital | None (de jure) Oventik (Tiamnal, Larráinzar) (de facto)[1] |
| Demonym | Zapatista |
| Area | |
| • Coordinates | 16°55′33″N 92°45′37″W |
• 2018 | 24,403 km2 (9,422 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2018 | 300,000[2][3] |
| Status | Former de facto autonomous region of Chiapas |
| Government | Councils of Good Government |
| • Type | Municipal council |
| • Motto | Aquí manda el Pueblo y el Gobierno Obedece (Spanish) "Here the people rule and the government obeys" |
| History | |
| 1 January 1994 | |
• Caracoles established[4] | 9 August 2003 |
• Sixth Declaration of the Selva Lacandona[5] | 30 June 2005 |
• Dissolved[6] | 5 November 2023 |
• Reorganised as Local Autonomous Governments[7] | 12 November 2023 |
The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) does not hold formal political power in Zapatista governance. According to its constitution, no commander or member of the Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Committee may take positions of authority or government in these spaces.[10]
The MAREZ were found within the official municipalities, and several were even within the same municipality, as in the case of San Andrés Larráinzar and Ocosingo. The MAREZ were coordinated by autonomous Zapatista Councils of Good Government (Spanish: Juntas de Buen Gobierno) and their main objectives were to promote education and health in their territories. They also fought for land rights, labor and trade, housing, and fuel-supply issues, promoting arts (especially indigenous language and traditions), and administering justice.[11]
On 17 August 2019, the Zapatistas announced a significant increase of autonomous municipalities, and a new term for centers of Zapatista autonomy. In most cases these Centers of Autonomous Resistance and Zapatista Rebellion (Spanish: Centros de Resistencia Autónoma y Rebeldía Zapatista, CRAREZ) include a Caracol (English: "Snail"), a Council of Good Government, and a Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipality (MAREZ). The Zapatistas credited this growth primarily to the efforts of "women, men, children, and elders of the Zapatista bases of support" and secondarily to a backfiring counter-insurgency strategy of the Mexican state, which "generate[s] conflict and demoralization" among non-Zapatistas.[12] Eleven new Centers of Autonomous Resistance and Zapatista Rebellion (CRAREZ) were declared; specifically, four new autonomous municipalities and seven new Caracoles (each accompanied by a Council of Good Government). This raised the total number of Caracoles from five to twelve, and brought the total number of autonomous Zapatistas centers to 43, including 27 original autonomous Zapatista municipalities, 5 original Caracoles, and the 11 autonomous Zapatista centers newly declared.[12]
In November 2023, after increased cartel violence, the EZLN announced the reorganization of Zapatista autonomy and dissolution of the MAREZ, with only the Caracoles remaining open to locals. Later that month, they announced the reorganisation of the MAREZ into thousands of "Local Autonomous Governments" (GAL) which form area-wide "Zapatista Autonomous Government Collectives" (CGAZ) and zone-wide "Assemblies of Collectives of Zapatista Autonomous Governments" (ACGAZ).[7]
Background
On 1 January 1994, thousands of EZLN members occupied towns and cities in Chiapas, burning down police stations, occupying government buildings, and skirmishing with the Mexican army. The EZLN demanded "work, land, housing, food, health care, education, independence, freedom, democracy, justice, and peace" in their communities.[13] The Zapatistas seized over a million acres from large landowners during their revolution.[14]
Distribution
Since 2003, the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (MAREZ) coordinated in very small groups called caracoles (English: "snails" or "seashells"). Before that, the Neo-Zapatistas used the title of Aguascalientes after the site of the EZLN-organized National Democratic Convention on 8 August 1994;[15] this name alluded to the Convention of Aguascalientes during the Mexican Revolution where Emiliano Zapata and other leaders met in 1914 and Zapata made an alliance with Francisco Villa.
| MAREZ | Caracol | Former Name (Aguascalientes) | Indigenous Groups | Area and municipalities in which they were found |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mother of the sea snails of our dreams | La Realidad | Tojolabales, Tzeltales, and Mames | Selva Fronteriza. "Ocosingo, Marques de Comillas" |
|
Whirlwind of our words | Morelia | Tzeltales, Tzotziles, and Tojolabales | Tzots Choj Altamirano, Comitán |
|
Resistance toward a new dawn | La Garrucha | Tzeltales | Selva Tzeltal "Ocosingo, Altamirano" |
|
That speaks for all | Roberto Barrios | Choles, Zoques, and Tzeltales | Zona Norte de Chiapas San Andrés Larrainzar, El Bosque, Simojovel de allende |
|
Resistance and rebellion for humanity | Oventic | Tzotziles, and Tzeltales | Altos de Chiapas, San Andrés Larrainzar, Teopisca. |
| Hope of Humanity | Ejido Santa María | Chicomuselo | ||
| Ernesto Che Guevara | El Belén | Motozintla | ||
| Planting consciousness in order to harvest revolutions for life | Tulan Ka’u | Amatenango del Valle | ||
| December 21 | K’anal Hulub | Chilón | ||
| CRAREZ | Caracol | Former Name (Aguascalientes) | Area and municipalities in which they were found |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steps of History, for the life of Humanity | The heart of rebellious seeds collective, memory of Comrade Galeano | La Unión | San Quintín |
| Seed that flourishes with the conscience of those who struggle forever | Dignified spiral weaving the colors of humanity in memory of the fallen ones | ||
| New Dawn in resistance and rebellion for life and humanity | Flourishing the rebellious seed | El Poblado Patria Nueva | Ocosingo |
| The rebellious thinking of the original peoples | In honor of the memory of Comrade Manuel | Dolores Hidalgo | Ocosingo |
| The light that shines on the world | Resistance and rebellion, a new horizon | El Poblado Nuevo Jerusalén | Ocosingo |
| Heart of our lives for the new future | Root of the resistances and the rebellions for humanity | Ejido Jolj’a | Tila |
| Flower of our word and light of our people that reflects for all | Jacinto Canek | Comunidad del CIDECI-Unitierra | San Cristóbal de las Casas |
Governance
Within the MAREZ, popular assemblies each consisted of around 300 families in which anyone over the age of twelve could participate in decision-making. These assemblies strove to reach a consensus, but were willing to fall back to a majority vote. The communities formed a federation with other communities to create an autonomous municipality, which formed further federations with other municipalities to create a region.[18] Each community had three main administrative structures: (1) the commissariat, in charge of day-to-day administration; (2) the council for land control, which dealt with forestry and disputes with neighboring communities; and (3) the agencia, a community police agency.[19]
Public services
After the dissolution of the MAREZ, Subcomandante Moises said in an official statement that the Caracoles (Zapatista community centres) would continue providing their services to locals, but would be "closed to outsiders".[6][20][21][22]
Education
The Zapatistas run hundreds of schools with thousands of teachers. They are modeled around the principles of democratic education in which students and communities collectively decide on school curriculum and students aren't graded.[23]
Healthcare
The Zapatistas maintain a universal healthcare service which is provided free of charge. However, patients still have to pay for medications to cover restocking costs.[24] The Zapatistas built two new hospitals and 18 health clinics in the region by the mid-1990s.[23] One 2014 study indicated the following achievements in Zapatista healthcare:
- In 2005, 84.2% of Zapatista children were fully vaccinated, while that figure stood at 74.8% in pro-government communities.[25]
- In regions where there were previously significantly high rates of death during childbirth, there has now been a period of eight years or more where no maternal deaths have been recorded.
- The manufacture and consumption of alcohol has been banned, which is directly linked to the reduction in many illnesses and infections including ulcers, cirrhosis, malnutrition, and surgical wounds.[26] Banning the consumption of alcohol was a collective decision. Nayely, a Zapatista representative, stated that alcohol is “not good for one’s health, and just wastes money”.[27]
According to one account of Oventic from 2016:
In Oventic, there was a small yet seemingly fully-functional medical clinic, which appeared to offer basic healthcare. A sign on the door said general consultations, gynecology, optometry and laboratory services were all available five days a week. Emergency services were available 24 hours, seven days a week. They appeared to have a shiny new ambulance at their disposal. Other services offered a few days a week included dentistry and ultrasounds.[28]
Water
Many Zapatista communities are in rural areas with little access to running water. Projects were undertaken to supply Zapatista communities with fresh water. In one case, Roberto Arenas, a small Tzeltal community, built its own water service with the help of solidarity activists. Such projects were coordinated democratically. An account by Ramor Ryan noted:[29]: 10
The good government committee of the autonomous municipality refer the case to their elected water commission and the options are weighed. The commission consults various parties including the local EZLN commander and clandestine committee members, and so, in the end, after the issue has been bandied around what seems like half the inhabitants of this particular region of the jungle, the community of Roberto Arenas is notified about the eligibility of their request. It’s a process similar to what happens anywhere in the world at a local council level, except for one significant difference: the state authorities have no involvement whatsoever; this is an autonomous process overseen by the communities’ people. There is no separation between who is governed and who is governing—they are one and the same.
Ryan described the process of finishing the water project:[29]: 179
We’re getting lots of little bits and pieces done, fine tuning this and that. Helping people construct their family tap stands, digging here and there, testing the pressure, tightening valves. A group of women come together during the morning to put together a tap stand for the collective clothes washing area. We earmark a bag of cement—the very last one—for the later construction of a large concrete washbasin. The day is punctuated by minor moments of crisis—people coming up and saying that the water isn’t arriving to their house—but it is usually just a blocked pipe or a faulty connection. Really, the system is almost flawless and works perfectly fine; it’s been an exemplary project.
2023 Zapatista Autonomy Reform
In early November 2023, a communique signed by Subcomandante Moises announced the dissolution of the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities,[6][20][21][22] along with their Councils of Good Government.[20][21][22] The announcement declared that, effective immediately, all positions and documents related to the MAREZ would be considered invalid.[21] The statement clarified that the Caracoles (Zapatista community centres) would continue providing their services to locals, but would be "closed to outsiders".[6][20][21][22]
Although he did not describe specific reasons for the dissolution, Moises cited rising cartel violence along the Guatemala–Mexico border, where many of its municipalities are located.[6][20][21] The state of Chiapas had already been experiencing a rise in people smuggling, drug trafficking and open conflict between the Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel.[6][21] In September 2021, the EZLN had described the situation in the state as a "civil war".[22] The Zapatistas reported that the cartels, which they linked with the Mexican government, had carried out "road blockades, robberies, kidnappings, extortion, forced recruitment, [and] shootouts" in the region.[6][20][21][22] The statement described the cities of Chiapas as being in "complete chaos",[20][21][22] and that many (including San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, Las Margaritas and Palenque) were controlled by the cartels.[20][21] They also reported that the Mexican Army and National Guard, which had deployed thousands of troops to the region, had not combatted criminal violence; they claimed that the Mexican state's troops were only there to prevent illegal immigration to the United States.[6][20][21][22]
According to the statement, the decision to dissolve the MAREZ had been discussed for months prior to the announcement.[20][21] It has been speculated that the decision had been taken due to the upcoming 2024 Mexican general election. According to Mexican anthropologist Gaspar Morquecho, the Zapatistas had also become "increasingly isolated", cutting ties with other organisations. Morquecho claimed this had caused many in the younger generation to leave the Zapatista municipalities, in order to seek work or education.[6] Moises promised that future statements would clarify the reasons for the decision, as well as details on the restructuring of "Zapatista autonomy". The statement also stated the Zapatistas' intention to celebrate the 30th anniversary of their uprising, inviting people to come, while also warning that Chiapas was no longer safe.[6][20]
In the middle of the month, EZLN issued a declaration that announced the new structure for the autonomous region. The new structure is more decentralized and would replace the previously dissolved Municipalities, allowing the base communities to better unite and act.[30][31]
See also
References
Bibliography
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