Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme

Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, often simply called Vendôme (1 July 1654 – 11 June 1712) was a French general and Marshal of France. One of the great generals of his era, he was one of Louis XIV's most successful commanders in the War of the Grand Alliance and War of the Spanish Succession.

Louis Joseph
Duke of Vendôme
Portrait by Hendrik Scheffer
Born	(1654-07-01)1 July 1654 Paris, France
Died	11 June 1712(1712-06-11) (aged 57) Vinaròs, Spain
Burial	El Escorial, Spain
Spouse	Marie Anne de Bourbon ​ ​ (m. 1710)​
House	Bourbon-Vendôme
Father	Louis, Duke of Vendôme
Mother	Laura Mancini
Signature
Military career
Allegiance	Kingdom of France
Rank	Marshal of France
Battles / wars	Nine Years' War Battle of Steenkerque Battle of Marsaglia Siege of Barcelona War of the Spanish Succession Campaigns in Italy Battle of Santa Vittoria Battle of Luzzara Battle of Cassano Battle of Calcinato Campaign in Flanders Battle of Oudenarde Campaigns in Spain Battle of Brihuega Battle of Villaviciosa

Vendôme joined the French Army and was promoted Lieutenant General in 1688 after his distinguished combat record in the Franco-Dutch War. Further successes entitled him to his first army command in 1695, and soon after, he was rewarded with a promotion to Marshal of France.

Vendôme was one of the most aggressive and successful French army commanders during the wars of Louis XIV. His charisma, courage and skill won him the loyalty of his troops and the Spanish crown for the House of Bourbon.

Biography

Vendôme (left) at the Battle of Villaviciosa

Louis Joseph de Bourbon was born in Paris, the son of Louis, Duke of Vendôme and Laura Mancini.^[1] Orphaned at the age of fifteen, he inherited a vast fortune from his father that had been handed down from his great-grandmother, the duchesse de Mercœur et Penthièvre. Prior to succeeding his father in 1669, he was known as the duc de Penthièvre. He was raised by his aunt, Marie Anne Mancini, duchesse de Bouillon.

Entering the army at the age of eighteen, Vendôme soon distinguished himself by his vigour and personal courage in the Dutch wars, and by 1688, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-general. In the Nine Years' War, he rendered conspicuous service under the duc de Luxembourg at the Battle of Steenkerke, and under Nicolas Catinat at Marsaglia. In 1695, he was placed in command of the army operating in Catalonia, where he took Barcelona in 1697.^[2]

Soon afterwards, Vendome was made a Marshal of France. In 1702, after the first unsuccessful campaign of Catinat and Villeroi, he was placed in command of the Franco-Spanish army in Italy. During three campaigns in that country, he proved himself a worthy antagonist to Prince Eugène of Savoy, whom he at last defeated in 1705 at Cassano in a magnificent show of courage and command over his troops, converting the impending defeat that his indolent brother Philippe had incurred, into a glorious success.^[2]

The next year, after holding his own as before, and gaining another victory at Calcinato, he was sent to Flanders to repair the disaster of Ramillies.^[2] Following the departure of Vendôme to shore up the shattered army in the Flanders, Prince Eugène and the Duke of Savoy inflicted a heavy loss on the French under the duc d'Orléans and Ferdinand de Marsin at the Battle of Turin, driving the French out of Italy by the end of the year. In Flanders, meanwhile, Vendôme quarrelled with the king's unenterprising grandson, Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and was unable to prevent the French defeat at the Battle of Oudenarde.

In disgust, Vendôme retired to his estates. It wasn't long, however, before he was summoned back to take command of the army of his cousin, Philip V of Spain. There, he won his last victories, crowning his work triumphantly in the battles of Brihuega and Villaviciosa. Before the end of the war, he died suddenly at Vinaròs on 11 June 1712^[2] and was buried at El Escorial in Spain.

Assessment

Vendôme was one of the most remarkable soldiers in the history of the French army. He had, besides the skill and the fertile imagination of the true army leader, the brilliant courage of a soldier. The real secret of his continuous success, however, was his extraordinary influence over his men.^[2] He seldom made mistakes, and his opponent Eugene of Savoy praised the brilliance of some of his actions in his memoirs.^[3]

Marriage

Vendôme married Marie Anne de Bourbon, a daughter of Henri Jules, Prince of Condé and granddaughter of Le Grand Condé.

Marie Anne was unmarried at the time of her father’s death, and still had no marriage prospects when her brother, who became the Prince of Condé in 1709, died the next year. She could have married the duc du Maine in 1692, but Maine preferred Marie Anne's sister, Anne Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, and married her instead.

The marriage ceremony occurred at the chapel at the Château de Sceaux on 21 May 1710. Sceaux was the residence of Anne Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon. Louis Joseph was fifty-five years old at the time. He was a Marshal of France and had been designated as the heir of his cousin, King Philip V of Spain^{[verification needed]}. In the event that Philip should die childless, the House of Bourbon had decided that Louis Joseph would become the next king of Spain.

His marriage to Marie Anne remained childless though, perhaps due to the homosexual tendencies of Louis Joseph;^[4] Marie Anne died in 1718 without issue.

Although Louis XIV had given permission for the marriage, the manipulative duc and duchesse du Maine hurriedly arranged the details of the wedding, probably for mercenary reasons. Even though the Dowager Princess of Condé was not informed of the marriage, she was present at the bedding ceremony at Sceaux along with Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, his wife Marie Anne de Bourbon,^[5] the Dowager Princess of Conti, and her children the Prince of Conti and Mademoiselle de La Roche-sur-Yon.

On his death, Louis Joseph left his wife the duchy of Étampes and its lands. She held this title in her own right. When she died, it went to her niece, the Princess of Conti.

Sexuality

The Duke was known to be homosexual.^[6] Other members of his family, including his brother Philippe and his grandfather César, Duke of Vendôme, were also known for their homosexuality/bisexuality, which led to the family mansion on Place Vendôme being called the Hôtel de Sodome in the 17th century.^[6][7] According to Saint-Simon, Louis-Joseph "plunged...more than anyone else" into sodomy, satisfying his desires with "his valets and officers".^[8][9] Saint-Simon wrote of the Duke's relationship with Louis XIV that, although the King "had always a singular horror of the inhabitants of the Cities of the Plain [homosexuals]...M. de Vendôme, though most odiously stained with that vice - so publicly that he treated it as an ordinary gallantry - never found his favor diminished on that account."^[10] Those who wished to curry favor with Vendôme would try and win over his lovers first. One contemporary account alleges that on his estate at the Chateau d'Anet, peasant men from the neighborhood would wait for the Duke in the woods when he went out hunting, hoping to be paid for sexual favors.^[9]

Louis-Joseph suffered from syphilis and lost part of his nose to the disease. He was the first courtier to seek leave from court to be treated for the disease with Mercury salts, known as the "Great Remedy" (le grand remède).^[6][11][12]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme
8. Henry IV of France 4. César, Duke of Vendôme 9. Gabrielle d'Estrées 2. Louis, Duke of Vendôme 10. Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur 5. Françoise de Lorraine 11. Marie de Luxembourg 1. Louis Joseph de Bourbon 12. Francesco Alessandro Paolo Mancini 6. Lorenzo Mancini 13. Vittoria Capocci 3. Laura Mancini 14. Pietro Mazzarini 7. Girolama Mazzarini 15. Ortensia Bufalini

References

1. Orr 2004, p. 19.
2.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duc de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 982.
3. PRINCE EUGENE. SHAND, ALEXANDER INNES. (2014). EUGENE OF SAVOY : marlborough's great military partner-memoirs of prince eugene of savoy & ... prince eugene-soldier of fortune by alexander inne. [Place of publication not identified]: LEONAUR LTD. ISBN 978-1782823070. OCLC 979644965.
4. Aldrich, Robert (2003). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History. Psychology Press. p. 542.
5. niece of Marie Anne as daughter of Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, Dowager Princess of Conti
6. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Jean-François Fitou (2001). Saint-Simon and the Court of Louis XIV. University of Chicago Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780226473208.
7. Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux (1865). Recueil Dit de Maurepas Pièces Libres, Chansons, Epigrammes, Et Autres Vers Satiriques Sur Divers Personnages Des Siècles de Louis XIV Et Louis XV, Accompagnés de Remarques Curieuses Du Temps Volumes 1 & 2 (in French). p. 116.
8. Saint-Simon Memoires 1 (in French). Gallimard. 1990. p. 107.
9. Didier Godard (7 October 2020). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History. Taylor & Francis. p. 542. ISBN 9781000158885.
10. Memoirs of Saint-Simon. Vol. 1. Chatto & Windus. 1876. p. 332.
11. Jeffrey Merrick, Michael Sibalis (2013). Homosexuality in French History. Taylor & Francis. p. 41. ISBN 9781317992585.
12. Saint-Simon Memoires 1 (in French). Gallimard. 1990. pp. 107, 509.

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Vendôme, Louis Joseph" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

Sources

• Orr, Clarissa Campbell, ed. (2004). Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press.

French nobility
Preceded by Louis	Duke of Vendôme 1669–1712	Succeeded by Philippe