Loki-Fögrufjöll

Not to be confused with Laki.

The Loki-Fögrufjöll (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈlɔːcɪ-ˈfœɣrʏˌfjœtl̥] ^ⓘ volcanic system;^[2] also known as Hamarinn [ˈhaːmarɪn] after its central volcano or Lokahryggur [ˈlɔːkaˌr̥ɪkːʏr̥]) is a subglacial volcano under the Vatnajökull glacier.

Loki-Fögrufjöll
Hamarinn
Loki-Fögrufjöll
Selected geological features near the Loki-Fögrufjöll (Hamarinn) central volcano and Bárðarbunga volcanic system (red outlines). Other shading shows: '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000006-QINU`"'   calderas, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000007-QINU`"'  central volcanoes and '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000008-QINU`"'  fissure swarms, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000009-QINU`"'  subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), and '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000A-QINU`"'  seismically active areas. Clicking on the image enlarges to full window and enables mouse-over with more detail.
Highest point
Elevation	1,573 m (5,161 ft)[1]
Listing	List of volcanoes in Iceland
Coordinates	64°28′41″N 17°49′18″W[1]
Geology
Mountain type	Subglacial volcano
Last eruption	1910

Hamarinn and Hamarskriki in front of Vatnajökull

The subglacial volcano is found within the Bárðarbunga fissure volcanic system, but is outside the caldera of Bárðarbunga itself.^[3] Earthquake swarms associated with the volcano are separate in time and place from other swarms in the Bárðarbunga system.^[2] The fissure swarm extending south-west towards Torfajökull has not had recent earthquakes or erupted in the Holocene.^[2] A geothermally and seismically active ridge called Lokahryggur or the Loki Ridge,^[2] extends eastward from Hamarinn under the ice to where in 1996 the Gjálp volcanic fissure erupted between Bárðarbunga and Grímsvötn and produced a large jökulhlaup.^[4][a]

The last confirmed eruption was in 1910 when tephra was erupted,^[2] but the system may also have had subglacial eruptions in 1986, 1991,^[7] 2006, 2008^[8] and 2011.^[9]

See also

• Volcanism of Iceland
  • List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
  • List of volcanoes in Iceland

Notes

1. This eruption is usually assigned to the Grímsvötn system.^[5] Seismic studies under the ice cover suggest the eruption was at intersection of three areas of recent seismic activity; Lokahryggur, Bárðarbunga and Grímsvötn.^{[4]: Figure 6.} There was at the time of the 1996 eruption minimal seismic activity in the Lokahryggur region.^[6]

References

1. "National Land Survey of Iceland (Kortasja):Hamarinn". Retrieved 18 March 2024.
2. Björnsson, H.; Einarsson, P. (1990). "Volcanoes beneath Vatnajökull, Iceland: Evidence from radio echo-sounding, earthquakes and jökulhlaups" (PDF). Jökull. 40: 147–168. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.^: 155
3. Larsen, Guðrún; Guðmundsson, Magnús T. (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Bárðarbunga Alternative name: Veiðivötn". Retrieved 18 March 2024.
4. Jakobsdóttir, S.S. (2008). "Seismicity in Iceland: 1994–2007" (PDF). Jökull. 58 (1): 75–100.^: 87
5. "Catalogue of Icelandic volcanoes: Eruption Search". 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
6. Konstantinou, K.I.; Utami, I.W.; Giannopoulos, D; Sokos, E. (2019). "A reappraisal of seismicity recorded during the 1996 Gjálp eruption, Iceland, in light of the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga–Holuhraun lateral dike intrusion". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 177 (6): 2579–2595. Bibcode:2019PApGe.177.2579K. doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02387-x.
7. "Loki-Fögrufjöll Volcano, Iceland | John Seach". volcanolive.com.
8. Iceland volcano and earthquake blog
9. Galeczka, I.; Eiriksdottir, E.S.; Hardardottir, J.; Oelkers, E.H.; Torssander, P.; Gislason, S.R. (2015). "The effect of the 2002 glacial flood on dissolved and suspended chemical fluxes in the Skaftá river, Iceland" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 301: 253–276. Bibcode:2015JVGR..301..253G. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.05.008. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^{[dead link‍]}