List of Ash'aris

Ash'aris are those who adhere to Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari in his school of theology. Ashʿarism or Ashʿarī theology^[1] (/æʃəˈriː/;^[2] Arabic: الأشعرية: al-ʾAshʿarīyah)^[3] is one of the main Sunnī schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, and scholastic theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century.^[1][3][4] It established an orthodox guideline^[5][6] based on scriptural authority,^[7] rationality.^[8][9][10]

Al-Ashʿarī established a middle way between the doctrines of the Atharī and Muʿtazila schools of Islamic theology, based both on reliance on the sacred scriptures of Islam and theological rationalism concerning the agency and attributes of God.^[1][4][7] Ashʿarism eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunnī Islam,^[3][4][11] and is regarded as the single most important school of Islamic theology in the history of Islam.^[3]

Two popular sources for Asharism creeds are Maqalat al-Islamiyyin and Ibana'an Usul al-Diyana.^[12] Asharism adheres to Theological voluntarism (Divine command theory), thus right and wrong can not be determined intuitively or naturally, since they are not objective realities, but God commands – as revealed in the Quran and the ḥadīth — what is right and wrong.^[13] Good is what God commands and is by definition just; evil is what God forbids and is likewise unjust.^[14]

Malikis

• Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani^[15][16] (d. 386 AH)
• Al-Baqillani (d. 403 AH)
• Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 430 AH)
• Abu Dharr al-Harawi (d. 434 AH)
• Ibn Battal (d. 449 AH)
• Ibn Sidah (d. 458 AH)
• Abu al-Walid al-Baji (d. 474 AH)
• Abu Bakr al-Turtushi (d. 520 AH)
• Al-Maziri (d. 536 AH)
• Ibn Barrajan (d. 536 AH)
• Ibn 'Atiyya (d. 541 AH)
• Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543 AH)
• Al-Qadi 'Ayyad (d. 544 AH)
• Al-Suhayli (d. 581 AH)
• Ibn al-Qattan (d. 628 AH)
• Al-Qurtubi (d. 671 AH)
• Ibn Malik (d. 672 AH)
• Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684 AH)
• Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari (d. 709 AH)
• Ibn Manzur (d. 711-12 AH)
• Ibn Adjurrum (d. 723 AH)
• Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari (d. 737 AH)
• Ibn Juzayy (d. 741 AH)
• Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi (d. 776 AH)
• Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d. 790 AH)
• Ibn 'Arafa (d. 803 AH)
• Ibn Khaldun (d. 808 AH)
• Taqi al-Din al-Fasi (d. 832 AH)
• Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (d. 876 AH)
• Ahmad Zarruq (d. 899 AH)
• Muhammad al-Maghili (d. 909 AH)
• Ahmad al-Wansharisi (d. 914 AH)
• Al-Akhdari (d. 953 AH)
• Al-Hattab (d. 954 AH)
• Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti (d. 1036 AH)
• Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani (d. 1041 AH)
• Ibrahim al-Laqani (d. 1041 AH)
• Muhammad Mayyara (d. 1072 AH)
• Ibn 'Ashir (d. 1090 AH)
• Al-Hasan al-Yusi (d. 1102 AH)
• Muhammad al-Zurqani (d. 1122 AH)
• Ahmad al-Dardir (d. 1201 AH)
• Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (d. 1224 AH)
• Ahmad al-Tijani (d. 1230 AH)
• Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki (d. 1230 AH)
• Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Darqawi (d. 1239 AH)
• Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1276 AH)
• Muhammad 'Ilish (d. 1299 AH)
• Ahmad al-Ghumari (d. 1380 AH)
• Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani (d. 1390 AH)
• Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (d. 1393 AH)
• Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (d. 1397 AH)
• 'Abdullah al-Ghumari (d. 1413 AH)
• Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi (d. 1419 AH)
• Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (d. 1425 AH)
• Ahmad al-Tayyeb
• Ahmad Karima
• Hamza Yusuf
• Muhammad al-Yaqoubi
• Ahmed Saad Al-Azhari

Shafi'is

• Ibn Hibban (d. 354 AH)
• Ibn Khafif (d. 371 AH)
• Al-Daraqutni^[17][18] (d. 385 AH)
• Al-Khattabi (d. 388 AH)
• Al-Halimi (d. 403 AH)
• Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri^[19] (d. 405 AH)
• Ibn Furak (d. 406 AH)
• Al-Sulami (d. 414 AH)
• Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini (d. 418 AH)
• Al-Tha'labi (d. 427 AH)
• Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d.429 AH)
• Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (d.430 AH)
• Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni (d. 438 AH)
• Abu Uthman al-Sabuni (d. 449 AH)
• Abu al-Tayyib al-Tabari (d. 450 AH)
• Al-Mawardi (d. 450 AH)
• Al-Bayhaqi (d. 458 AH)
• Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463 AH)
• Al-Qushayri (d. 465 AH)
• Al-Wahidi (d. 468 AH)
• Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH)
• Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (d. 476 AH)
• Al-Juwayni (d. 478 AH)
• Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH)
• Al-Kiya al-Harrasi (d. 504 AH)
• Al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH)
• Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari (d. 512 AH)
• Al-Shahrastani (d. 548 AH)
• Diya' al-Din al-Makki (d. 550 AH)
• Ibn al-Sam'ani (d. 562 AH)
• Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571 AH)
• Abu Tahir al-Silafi (d. 576 AH)
• Ahmad al-Rifa'i (d. 578 AH)
• Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606 AH)
• Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i (d. 623 AH)
• Ibn al-Athir (d. 630 AH)
• Ibn al-Dubaythi (d. 637 AH)
• Ibn al-Salah (d. 643 AH)
• Ibn al-Najjar (d. 643 AH)
• Al-Mundhiri (d. 656 AH)
• Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (d. 660 AH)
• Al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH)
• Ibn Khallikan (d. 681 AH)
• Al-Baydawi (d. 685 AH)
• Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH)
• Al-Dimyati (d. 705 AH)
• Ibn al-Rif'ah (d. 710 AH)
• 'Ala al-Din al-Baji (d. 714 AH)
• Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 715 AH)
• Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri (d. 728 AH)
• Adud al-Din al-Iji (d. 756 AH)
• Taqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756 AH)
• Al-Safadi (d. 764 AH)
• Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771 AH)
• Jamal al-Din al-Isnawi (d. 772 AH)
• Shams al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 786 AH)
• Al-Zarkashi (d. 794 AH)
• Ibn al-Mulaqqin (d. 804 AH)
• Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (d. 805 AH)
• Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (d. 806 AH)
• Nur al-Din al-Haythami (d. 807 AH)
• Al-Damiri (d. 808 AH)
• Firuzabadi (d. 817 AH)
• Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH)
• Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani^[20][21][22] (d. 852 AH)
• Al-Sakhawi (d. 902 AH)
• Al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH)
• Nur al-Din al-Samhudi (d. 911 AH)
• Jalal al-Din al-Dawani (d. 918 AH)
• Al-Qastallani (d. 923 AH)
• Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926 AH)
• Shihab al-Din al-Ramli (d. 957 AH)
• Al-Sha'rani (d. 973 AH)
• Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974 AH)
• Al-Khatib al-Shirbini (d. 977 AH)
• Shams al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1004 AH)
• Al-Munawi (d. 1031 AH)
• 'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (d. 1132 AH)
• Hasan al-Attar (d. 1230 AH)
• Ibrahim al-Bajuri (d. 1276 AH)
• Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1304 AH)
• Yusuf al-Nabhani (d. 1350 AH)
• Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1379 AH)
• Ahmad Kaftaru (d. 1425 AH)
• Noah al-Qudah (d. 1432 AH)
• 'Abdallah al-Harari (d. 1432 AH)
• Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti (d. 1434 AH)
• Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
• Ahmad Badreddin Hassoun
• Ali Gomaa
• Ali al-Jifri
• Umar bin Hafiz
• Gibril Fouad Haddad
• Nuh Ha Mim Keller
• Sa'id Foudah

Hanbalis

• Ibn 'Aqil^[23] (d. 508 AH)
• Ibn al-Jawzi^[24] (d. 534 AH)

Zahiris

• Ibn Tumart (d. 524 AH)
• Ibn Mada' (d. 592 AH)
• Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi (d. 745 AH)

Hanafi

Some of the Hanafis follow the Ash'ari school of thought, such as:

• Al-Taftazani (d. 792 AH)
• Al-Sharif al-Jurjani (d. 816 AH)
• Shah Waliullah Dehlawi^[25] (d. 1176 AH)
• Mohammed al-Ghazali (d. 1416 AH)

Ash'ari leaders

• Nizam al-Mulk (d. 485 AH)
• 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali (d. 558 AH)
• Saladin (d. 589 AH)
• Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub (d. 615 AH)
• Al-Kamil (d. 635 AH)
• Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH)
• Qutuz (d. 658 AH)
• Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH)
• Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH)
• Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH)
• Abd el-Krim al-Khattabi (d. 1382 AH)
• Al-Muwahhidun
• Ayyubid dynasty
• Wali Sanga
• Lumpang Basih or Seven Ba 'Alawi sada that brought Islam to the Philippines
• Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu
• Sultanate of Sulu
• Sultanate of Maguindanao

References

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2. "al-Ashʿari". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
3. Javad Anvari, Mohammad (2015). "al-Ashʿarī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300. ISSN 1875-9823.
4. Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3. LCCN 2016935488.
5. Frank, Richard M. (January–March 1989). "Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (1). American Oriental Society: 37–62. doi:10.2307/604336. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604336. LCCN 12032032.
6. Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003) [1989]. "Ashʿarī". The New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd Revised ed.). California and Maryland: AltaMira Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6. OCLC 1291928025.
7. Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī. Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām. Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 978-0-86078-978-9. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034.
8. Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357.
9. Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781137473578.
10. Weeks, Douglas. "The Ideology of Al Muhajiroun." Al Muhajiroun. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020. 103-140.
11. Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. New York: SUNY Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.
12. Richard McCarthy The theology of al-ash'ari 1953 Appendix IV
13. Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
14. John L. Esposito The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-199-88041-6 p. 281
15. Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. Islamic Supreme Council of America. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781930409033.
16. Aaron Spevack, The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri, p 55. State University of New York Press, 1 Oct 2014. ISBN 143845371X
17. "Ahl al-Sunna: The Ash'aris - The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars". almostaneer.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
18. "Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari Center for Doctrinal Studies and Research" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 20 January 2018.
19. Bulliet, Richard (1970). "A quantitative approach to medieval Muslim biographical dictionaries". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 13 (1): 195–211. doi:10.1163/156852070X00123. The great Ash'ari theological school was flourishing under Abu at-Tayyib as-Su'laki (d. 398), Ibn Furak (d. 406), al-Hakim an-Naisaburi (d. 405) and Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
20. Namira Nahouza (2018). Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9781838609832.
21. Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki. "The Ash'ari School". As-Sunnah Foundation of America. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449; Rahimahullah), the mentor of Hadith scholars and author of the book "Fath al-Bari bi-Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari", which not a single Islamic scholar can dispense with, was Ash'ari. The shaykh of the scholars of Sunni Islam, Imam al-Nawawi (d. 676/1277; Rahimahullah), author of "Sharh Sahih Muslim" and many other famous works, was Ash'ari. The master of Qur'anic exegetes, Imam al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1273; Rahimahullah), author of "al-Jami' li-Ahkam al-Qur'an", was Ash'ari. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974/1567; Rahimahullah), who wrote "al-Zawajir 'an Iqtiraf al-Kaba'ir", was Ash'ari. The Shaykh of Sacred Law and Hadith, the conclusive definitive Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520; Rahimahullah), was Ash'ari. Imam Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (d. 403/1013; Rahimahullah), Imam al-'Asqalani; Imam al-Nasafi (d. 710/1310; Rahimahullah); Imam al-Shirbini (d. 977/1570; Rahimahullah); Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, author of the Qur'anic commentary "al-Bahr al-Muhit"; Imam Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340; Rahimahullah); author of "al-Tashil fi 'Ulum al-Tanzil"; and others – all of these were Imams of the Ash'aris.
22. "Ahl al-Sunna: The Ash'aris - The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars". almostaneer.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
23. Louis Massignon (2019). The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 2: The Survival of Al-Hallaj. Translated by Herbert Mason. Princeton University Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780691657219.
24. Boyle, J.A. (January 1, 1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods (Volume 5). Cambridge University Press. p. 299. Talbis Iblis, by the Ash'ari theologian Ibn al-Jauzi, contains strong attacks on the Sufis, though the author makes a distinction between an older purer Sufism and the "modern" one,
25. Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem (1994). Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. Ashish Publishing House - APH Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9788170246237.