List of members of the 2018–2022 Lebanese Parliament

Following the 2018 Lebanese parliamentary elections, the first held in the country since 2009, 128 candidates were elected to the Lebanese Parliament for a duration of four years. Per the Lebanese Constitution half of these MPs are Christian and half are Muslim with proportional representation among the different confessions within each religion: 34 Maronites, 27 Sunni, 27 Shia, 14 Greek Orthodox, 8 Greek Catholics, 8 Druze, 5 Armenian Orthodox, 2 Alawites, 1 Armenian Catholic, 1 Protestant and 1 member representing the 12 Christian minorities

Name	Election Area	Parliamentary Bloc	Political Affiliation	Religion	Electoral List	Votes	Bloc Votes	Election Area Votes
Abdel Rahim Youssef Mrad	BEKAA 2	Consultative Gathering	Union Party	Sunni	Better Tomorrow	15,111	32,578	68,227/143,812
Adnan Khodor Traboulsi	BEIRUT 2	Consultative Gathering	Al-Ahbash	Sunni	Beirut's Unity	13,018	47,087	147,801/353,420
Akram Hussein Sheyab	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Druze	Reconciliation	14,088	98,967	173,320/329,870
Talal Majid Arslan	MOUNT LEBANON 6	Strong Lebanon	Lebanese Democratic Party	Druze	Mount Lebanon's Guaranteed change	9,887	59,027	173,320/329,881
Alain Aoun	MOUNT LEBANON 3	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	National Accord	11,200	41,669	80,052/166,137
Albert Sami Mansour	BEKAA 3	Social Nationalist Bloc	Syrian Social Nationalist Party	Greek Catholic	Hope and Loyalty	5881	140,747	190,268/315,648
Alexander Matossian	BEIRUT 1	Strong Lebanon	Tashnag	Armenian Orthodox	Strong Beirut One	2,376	21,373	44,714/134,736
Ali Adel Ossairan	SOUTH 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	2,203	134,068	150,264/304,197
Ali Ahmad Bazzi	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	9,290	193,224	228,563/460,575
Ali Ahmad Darwish	NORTH 2	Independent Centre Bloc	Azm Movement	Alawite	Determination	2,246	42,019	151,759/350,151
Ali Fadel Ammar	MOUNT LEBANON 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	National Accord	13,692	50,669	90,052/166,135
Ali Hassan Khalil	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	16,765	193,224	228,563/460,573
Ali Mohamad Salman Bachir El Mokdad	BEKAA 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	17,321	140,747	190,268/315,649
Ali Rachid Fayad	SOUTH 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	27,460	193,224	228,563/460,569
Ali Youssef Khreiss	SOUTH 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	15,672	134,068	150,264/304,193
Amin Mohammad Sharri	BEIRUT 2	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Beirut's Unity	22,961	47,087	147,801/353,419
Anis Wadih Nassar	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Greek Orthodox	Reconciliation	7,872	98,967	198,320/329,876
Antoine Costantine Bano	BEIRUT 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Christian Minorities	Strong Beirut One	539	21,373	44,714/134,736
Antoine El Badaoui Habchi	BEKAA 3	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Dignity and Development	14,858	35,607	190,268/315,651
Anwar Hussein Joumaa	BEKAA 1	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Zahle Choice & Decision	15,601	23,546	94,082/175,616
Anwar Mohamad El Khalil	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Druze	Hope and Loyalty	6,347	193,224	228,563/460,570
Assaad Halim Hardan	SOUTH 3	Social Nationalist Bloc	Syrian Social Nationalist Party	Greek Orthodox	Hope and Loyalty	3,321	193,224	228,563/460,574
Assad Ramez Dargham	NORTH 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Greek Orthodox	Strong Akkar	16,435	34,430	146,947/283,795
Assem Fayez Araji	BEKAA 1	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Zahle for Everyone	7,224	36,391	94,082/175,614
Ayoub Fahed Hmayid	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	7,875	193,224	228,563/460,568
Bahia Bahaa El din El Hariri	SOUTH 1	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Integrity and Dignity	13,739	16,470	67,346/122,528
Baker Mahmoud El Houjairi	BEKAA 3	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Dignity and Development	5,994	35,607	190,268/315,652
Bilal Ahmad Abdallah	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Sunni	Reconciliation	8,492	98,967	173,320/329,873
Cesar Naim Risk El Maalouf	BEKAA 1	Strong Republic	Independent	Greek Orthodox	Zahle Our Cause	3,554	18,702	94,082/175,619
Cezar Raymond Abi Khalil	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Mount Lebanon's Guaranteed change	9,124	59,027	193,320/329,879
Dima Mohamad Rachid El Jamali	NORTH 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	The Future is for the North	2,066	51,937	151,759/350,148
Eddy Bokhos Demerjian	BEKAA 1		Independent	Armenian Orthodox	Zahle Choice & Decision	77	23,546	94,082/175,617
Edgard Boulos Maalouf	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Greek Catholic	Strong Metn	8,961	59,897	99,446/169,922
Edgard Joseph Traboulsi	BEIRUT 2	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Protestant	Beirut's Unity	10,919	47,087	147,801/353,422
Elias Nicolas Bou Saab	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Greek Orthodox	Strong Metn	9,999	59,897	99,446/179,919
Elias Rakif Hankash Resigned on 8 August 2020[1]	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Kataeb	Kataeb	Maronite	Metn Pulse	2,583	19,003	92,446/179,924
Elie Nagib Ferzli	BEKAA 2	Strong Lebanon Expelled from Strong Lebanon bloc on 21 April 2021[2]	Independent	Greek Orthodox	Better Tomorrow	6,899	32,578	68,227/143,814
Estephan Boutros El Doueihy	NORTH 3	National Coalition	Marada	Maronite	Together for North and Lebanon	5,435	40,788	117,811/249,416
Fadi Fakhri Alameh	MOUNT LEBANON 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	National Accord	6,348	40,669	80,052/166,138
Fadi Youssef Saad	NORTH 3	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Strong Republic Pulse	9,842	37,376	117,811/249,416
Faisal Afif Al Sayegh	BEIRUT 2	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Druze	Future for Beirut	1,902	62,970	147,801/353,417
Farid Georges Philip Al Boustani	MOUNT LEBANON 5	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Mount Lebanon's Guaranteed change	9,657	51,027	173,320/329,880
Farid Haykal Al Khazen	MOUNT LEBANON 1	National Coalition	Independent	Maronite	Decision is Ours	9,081	18,553	117,603/176,716
Fayez Michel Ghosn Died on November 22, 2021[3]	NORTH 3	National Coalition	Marada	Greek Orthodox	Together for North and Lebanon	4,224	40,788	117,811/249,416
Faysal Omar Karami	NORTH 2	Consultative Gathering	Arab Liberation Party	Sunni	National Dignity	7,126	29,101	151,759/350,154
Fouad Moustapha Makhzoumi	BEIRUT 2		National Dialogue Party	Sunni	Lebanon is Worthy	11,346	15,773	147,801/353,423
Gebran Gergi Bassil	NORTH 3	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Strong North	16,269	38,342	148,811/249,416
Georges Elie Okais	BEKAA 1	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Greek Catholic	Zahle Our Cause	11,363	18,702	94,082/175,618
Georges Jamil Adwan	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Reconciliation	9,956	98,967	173,320/329,871
Georges Naim Atallah	NORTH 3	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Greek Orthodox	Strong North	7,383	38,342	148,811/249,416
Ghazy Mohamad Zeatir	BEKAA 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	17,767	140,747	190,268/315,647
Hadi Fawzi Hobeich	NORTH 1	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Maronite	Future for Akkar	13,055	76,452	136,947/283,794
Hadi Mohammad Rafik Aboul Hosn	MOUNT LEBANON 3	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Druze	Baabda Unity & Development	11,844	26,500	80,052/166,140
Hagop Mardrios Hambarsom Terezian	BEIRUT 1	Strong Lebanon	Tashnag	Armenian Orthodox	Strong Beirut One	3,451	21,373	44,714/134,736
Hagop Ohanes Hagop Bakradonian	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Strong Lebanon	Tashnag	Armenian Orthodox	Strong Metn	7,182	38,897	92,446/179,920
Hani Hassan Kobaisi	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	20,504	193,224	228,563/460,571
Hassan Nizamddine Fadlallah	SOUTH 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	39,722	193,224	228,563/460,567
Henri Pierre El Helou Resigned on 8 August 2020[4]	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Maronite	Reconciliation	7,894	98,967	173,320/329,875
Henry Youssef Chedid	BEKAA 2	Lebanon First	Independent	Maronite	Future for W. Bekaa and Rashaya	1,584	31,817	68,227/143,816
Hikmat Faraj Dib	MOUNT LEBANON 3	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	National Accord	7,928	41,669	91,052/166,136
Hussein Ali El Hajj Hassan	BEKAA 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	15,662	140,747	190,268/315,644
Hussein Said Jechi	SOUTH 2	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	23,864	134,068	150,264/304,196
Ibrahim Ali El Mousawi	BEKAA 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	16,942	140,747	190,268/315,650
Ibrahim Samir Azar	SOUTH 1	Development and Liberation	Independent	Maronite	For Everyone	11,663	22,083	67,346/122,524
Ibrahim Youssef Kenaan	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Strong Metn	11,179	59,897	92,446/179,921
Ihab Arwa Hmade	BEKAA 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	18,404	140,747	190,268/315,645
Imad Naim Wakim	BEIRUT 1	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Greek Orthodox	Beirut One	3,936	16,772	44,714/134,743
Inaya Mohamad Eizzidine	SOUTH 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	18,815	134,068	150,264/304,198
Jamil Mohamad Amin Amin El Sayed	BEKAA 3		Independent	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	33,223	140,747	190,268/315,643
Jean Arshak Talozian	BEIRUT 1	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Armenian Catholic	Beirut One	4,166	16,772	44,714/134,736
Jean Badawi Obeid Died on 8 February 2021[5]	NORTH 2	Independent Centre Bloc	Independent	Maronite	Determination	1,136	42,019	151,759/350,152
Jihad Mourched El Samad	NORTH 2	Consultative Gathering (Withdrew from Consultative Gathering)	Independent	Sunni	National Dignity	11,897	29,101	151,759/350,153
Joseph Gerges Ishak	NORTH 3	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Strong Republic Pulse	5,990	37,376	117,811/249,416
Kassem Omar Hachem	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region	Sunni	Hope and Loyalty	6,012	193,224	228,563/460,572
Majed Eddy Faek Abi Lamaa	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Metn Heart of Lebanon	8,922	13,138	92,446/179,926
Mario Aziz Aoun	MOUNT LEBANON 7	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Mount Lebanon's Guaranteed change	10,124	49,027	189,320/329,882
Marwan Mohammad Hmadeh Resigned on 5 August 2020[6]	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Druze	Reconciliation	7,266	98,967	173,320/329,877
Michel Elias El Murr Died on 31 January 2021[7]	MOUNT LEBANON 2		Independent	Greek Orthodox	Metn Loyalty	11,945	13,779	99,446/179,925
Michel Georges Daher	BEKAA 1	Strong Lebanon (Withdrew from Strong Lebanon Bloc)	Independent	Greek Catholic	Zahle for Everyone	9,742	36,391	94,082/175,613
Michel Hanna Moussa	SOUTH 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Greek Catholic	Hope and Loyalty	4,162	134,068	150,264/304,195
Michel Rene Mouawad Resigned on 9 August 2020	NORTH 3	Strong Lebanon (Withdrew from Strong Lebanon Bloc)	Independence Movement	Maronite	Strong North	8,571	33,342	117,811/249,416
Mohamad Dib Nasrallah	BEKAA 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Better Tomorrow	8,897	32,578	68,227/143,813
Mohamad Hassan Raad	SOUTH 3	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	43,797	193,224	228,563/460,565
Mohamad Kassem El Karaaoui	BEKAA 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for W. Bekaa and Rashaya	8,768	31,817	68,227/143,817
Mohamad Nagib Azmi Mikati	NORTH 2	Independent Centre Bloc	Azm Movement	Sunni	Determination	21,300	42,019	151,759/350,149
Mohamad Tarek Talal El Merehbi	NORTH 1	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Akkar	14,145	76,452	136,947/283,793
Mohamd Abdel Latif Kabbara	NORTH 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	The Future is for the North	9,600	51,937	151,759/350,145
Mohamd Moustafa Sleiman	NORTH 1	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Akkar	14,911	76,452	136,947/283,792
Mohammad Kassem Rachid Al Hajjar	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Reconciliation	10,003	98,967	173,320/329,874
Mohammad Moutapha Khawaja	BEIRUT 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Beirut's Unity	7,834	47,087	147,801/353,421
Moustafa Ali Hussein	NORTH 1	Strong Lebanon	Independent	Alawite	Strong Akkar	1,353	34,430	136,947/283,796
Moustapha Ali Al Hussein Died on 28 July 2021[8]	MOUNT LEBANON 1	National Coalition	Independent	Shia	Decision is Ours	256	18,553	117,603/176,717
Nabih Moustafa Berri	SOUTH 2	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	42,137	134,068	150,264/304,192
Nadim Bachir Gemayel Resigned on 8 August 2020[1]	BEIRUT 1	Kataeb	Kataeb	Maronite	Beirut One	4,096	16,772	44,714/134,736
Nazih Nicolas Najem	BEIRUT 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Greek Orthodox	Future for Beirut	2,351	62,970	147,801/353,415
Nehmat Georges Frem Resigned on 8 September 2020[9]	MOUNT LEBANON 1	Strong Lebanon until 25 October 2019, then independent	Independent	Maronite	Strong Lebanon	10,717	54,544	117,603/176,710
Nehme Youssef Tohme	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Greek Catholic	Reconciliation	7,253	98,967	173,320/329,878
Nicolas Kamil Nahas	NORTH 2	Independent Centre Bloc	Azm Movement	Greek Orthodox	Determination	1,057	42,019	151,759/350,150
Nicolas Maurice Sehnaoui	BEIRUT 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Greek Catholic	Strong Beirut One	4,788	21,373	44,714/134,736
Hassan Ezzeddine[10]	SOUTH 2	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty
Nouaf Mahmoud El Mousawi Resigned on 18 July 2019[11]	SOUTH 2	Loyalty to the Resistance	Hezbollah	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	24,379	134,068	150,264/304,194
Nouhad Saleh Al Mashnouk	BEIRUT 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Beirut	6,411	62,970	147,801/353,418
Osman Mohamad Alameddine	NORTH 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	The Future is for the North	10,221	51,937	151,759/350,144
Oussama Maarouf Saad El Masri	SOUTH 1		Popular Nasserite Organization	Sunni	For Everyone	9,880	22,083	67,346/122,525
Paula Sirakan Yacobian Resigned on 8 August 2020[1]	BEIRUT 1		Independent	Armenian Orthodox	Kulluna Watani	2,500	6,842	44,714/134,736
Pierre Rachid Bou Assi	MOUNT LEBANON 3	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Baabda Unity & Development	11,498	26,500	90,052/166,139
Roger Gergi Azar	MOUNT LEBANON 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Strong Lebanon	14,793	89,544	137,603/176,711
Roula Nizar El Tabesh	BEIRUT 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Beirut	6,637	62,970	147,801/353,416
Saad Eddine Rafik Al Hariri	BEIRUT 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Beirut	20,751	62,970	147,801/353,413
Salim Abdallah Saadeh	NORTH 3	Social Nationalist Bloc	Syrian Social Nationalist Party	Greek Orthodox	Together for North and Lebanon	5,263	40,788	117,811/249,416
Salim Georges Aoun	BEKAA 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Zahle for Everyone	8,567	36,391	98,082/175,615
Sami Ahmad Chaouki Fatfat	NORTH 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	The Future is for the North	7,943	51,937	151,759/350,147
Sami Amin Gemayel Resigned on 8 August 2020[1]	MOUNT LEBANON 2	Kataeb	Kataeb	Maronite	Metn Pulse	13,968	19,003	92,446/179,923
Samir Adnan El Jisr	NORTH 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	The Future is for the North	9,527	51,937	151,759/350,146
Selim Antoine Khoury	SOUTH 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Greek Catholic	Saida & Jezzine Together	7,708	35,127	69,846/122,527
Shamel Rachid Roukoz	MOUNT LEBANON 1	Strong Lebanon until 25 October 2019, then independent	Independent	Maronite	Strong Lebanon	7,300	79,544	127,603/176,713
Shawki Gergi Al Dakash	MOUNT LEBANON 1	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Definite Change	10,032	26,980	137,603/176,715
Simon Farid Abi Ramia	MOUNT LEBANON 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Strong Lebanon	20,729	79,544	137,603/176,712
Sitrida Elias Tawk	NORTH 3	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Strong Republic Pulse	6,677	37,376	127,811/249,416
Tamam Saeb Beik Salam	BEIRUT 2	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Beirut	9,599	62,970	147,801/353,414
Taymour Walid Joumblatt	MOUNT LEBANON 4	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Druze	Reconciliation	11,478	98,967	173,320/329,872
Tony Sleiman Franjieh	NORTH 3	National Coalition	Marada	Maronite	Together for North and Lebanon	11,407	40,788	117,811/249,416
Wael Wehbe Abou Faour	BEKAA 2	Democratic Gathering	Progressive Socialist Party	Druze	Future for W. Bekaa and Rashaya	10,677	31,817	68,227/143,815
Walid Mohamad Souccarieh	BEKAA 3	Consultative Gathering	Independent	Sunni	Hope and Loyalty	6,916	140,747	190,268/315,646
Walid Wajih El Baarin	NORTH 1	Lebanon First	Future Movement	Sunni	Future for Akkar	20,426	76,452	136,947/283,790
Wehbe Khalil Khalil Katicha	NORTH 1	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Greek Orthodox	Future for Akkar	7,911	76,452	136,947/283,791
Yassin Kamel Jaber	SOUTH 3	Development and Liberation	Amal Movement	Shia	Hope and Loyalty	7,920	193,224	228,563/460,566
Ziad Halim Al Hawwat	MOUNT LEBANON 1	Strong Republic	Lebanese Forces	Maronite	Definite Change	14,424	26,980	117,603/176,714
Ziad Michel Assouad	SOUTH 1	Strong Lebanon	Free Patriotic Movement	Maronite	Saida & Jezzine Together	10,270	35,127	69,346/122,526

electoral map

See also

• List of members of the 2022–2026 Lebanese Parliament

• 2018 Lebanese general election
• Members of the 2005–2009 Lebanese Parliament
• List of members of the 2009–2017 Lebanese Parliament

References

1. "Les députés Kataëb et Paula Yacoubian annoncent leur démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 8 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
2. Naharnet Newsdesk. "Report: Ferzli 'Outside' His Bloc, Criticizes Presidential Term". Naharnet.
3. "Lebanese Parliament loses new MP". MTV.
4. Azar, Georgi. "Lebanon's government resigns amid mounting pressure". Annahar.
5. "MP Jean Obeid Dies after Covid Diagnosis". Naharnet.
6. "Démission du député Marwan Hamadé". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 5 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
7. "MP Michel Murr passes away". MTV. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
8. Sunday, Isaac (28 July 2021). "Moustafa El Husseini Death – Passed Away | Moustafa El Husseini Funeral". Inside Eko. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
9. "MP Neemat Frem announces his resignation". LBC.
10. ASSAF, Claude (10 September 2019). "A Tyr, le candidat du Hezbollah en voie d'être élu d'office - Claude ASSAF". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
11. "Nawaf Moussaoui, député du Hezbollah, présente sa démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 July 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.