List of mayors of New York City

For a list of the Dutch directors-general who governed New Amsterdam as part of New Netherland between 1624 and 1664, see Director-General of New Netherland.

The mayor of New York City is the chief executive of the Government of New York City, as stipulated by New York City's charter. The current officeholder, the 110th in the sequence of regular mayors, is Eric Adams, a member of the Democratic Party.

During the Dutch colonial period from 1624 to 1664, New Amsterdam was governed by the Director of New Netherland. Following the 1664 creation of the British Province of New York, newly renamed New York City was run by the British military governor, Richard Nicolls. The office of Mayor of New York City was established in 1665. Holders were appointed by colonial governors, beginning with Thomas Willett. The position remained appointed until 1777. That year, during the American Revolution, a Council of Appointment was formed by the State of New York. In 1821 the New York City Council – then known as the Common Council – began appointing mayors. Since 1834, mayors have been elected by direct popular vote.^[1]

The city included little beyond the island of Manhattan before 1874, when it annexed the western part of the Bronx, to be followed in 1895 by the rest of the Bronx. The 1898 consolidation created the city as it is today with five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The first mayor of the expanded city was Robert Anderson Van Wyck.

The longest-serving mayors have been Fiorello H. La Guardia (1934–1945), Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1954–1965), Ed Koch (1978–1989) and Michael Bloomberg (2002–2013), each of whom was in office for twelve years (three successive four-year terms). The shortest terms in office since 1834 have been those of acting mayors: William T. Collins served a single day on December 31, 1925, Samuel B. H. Vance served one month (from November 30 to December 31, 1874), and Thomas Coman served five weeks (from Monday, November 30, 1868, to Monday, January 4, 1869).

Colonial mayors (1665–1783)

Before 1680, mayors served one-year terms. From 1680, they served two-year terms. Exceptions are noted thus (*). A dagger (†) indicates mayoralties cut short by death in office. (When the same man served more than one continuous term, his name is lightly shaded purely for clarity, but the tints have no other significance.)

No.[2]	Name	Starting year of office	Ending year of office
1	Thomas Willett (1st term)	1665	1666
2	Thomas Delavall (1st term)	1666	1667
3	Thomas Willett (2nd term)	1667	1668
4	Cornelius Van Steenwyk (1st term)	1668	1671
5	Thomas Delavall (2nd term)	1671	1672
6	Matthias Nicoll	1672	1673
7	John Lawrence (1st term)	1673	1675
8	William Dervall	1675	1676
9	Nicholas De Mayer	1676	1677
10	Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1st term)	1677	1678
11	Thomas Delavall (3rd term)	1678	1679
12	Francis Rombouts	1679	1680
13	William Dyre	1680	1682
14	Cornelius Van Steenwyk (2nd term)	1682	1684
15	Gabriel Minvielle (*)	1684	1685
16	Nicholas Bayard (*)	1685	1686
17	Stephanus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)	1686	1688
18	Peter Delanoy (only popularly-elected mayor before 1834) 1	1689	1691
19	John Lawrence (2nd term *)	1691	1691
20	Abraham de Peyster	1691	1694
21	Charles Lodwik	1694	1695
22	William Merritt	1695	1698
23	Johannes de Peyster	1698	1699
24	David Provost	1699	1700
25	Isaac De Reimer	1700	1701
26	Thomas Noell	1701	1702
27	Phillip French	1702	1703
28	William Peartree	1703	1707
29	Ebenezer Wilson	1707	1710
30	Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1st term)	1710	1711
31	Caleb Heathcote	1711	1714
32	John Johnstone	1714	1719
33	Jacobus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)	1719	1720
34	Robert Walters	1720	1725
35	Johannes Jansen	1725	1726
36	Robert Lurting †	1726	1735
37	Paul Richard	1735	1739
38	John Cruger †	1739	1744
39	Stephen Bayard	1744	1747
40	Edward Holland †	1747	1757
41	John Cruger Jr.	1757	1766
42	Whitehead Hicks	1766	1776
43	David Mathews	1776	1783

Note

1. Peter Delanoy was the first and only directly-elected mayor of New York^[3] until 1834. Appointed mayors resumed in the wake of Leisler's Rebellion.

† died in office

Pre-consolidation mayors (1784–1897)

The mayor continued to be selected by the Government of New York's Council of Appointment until 1821, when Stephen Allen became the first mayor appointed by a local Common Council. Under the Charter of 1834, mayors were elected annually by direct popular vote. Starting in 1849, mayors were elected to serve two-year terms.

#	Portrait	Mayor	Term start	Term end	Terms		Party
44		James Duane	January 1, 1784	1789	5		None
45		Richard Varick	1789	1801	11		Federalist
46		Edward Livingston	1801	1803	2		Democratic-Republican
47		DeWitt Clinton (1st term)	1803	1807	4		Democratic-Republican
48		Marinus Willett	1807	1808	1		Democratic-Republican[4]
49		DeWitt Clinton (2nd term)	1808	1810	2		Democratic-Republican
50		Jacob Radcliff (1st term)	1810	1811	1		Federalist
51		DeWitt Clinton (3rd term)	1811	1815	4		Democratic-Republican
52		John Ferguson	1815	1815	1⁄2		Democratic-Republican
53		Jacob Radcliff (2nd term)	February 13, 1815	1818	3		Federalist
54		Cadwallader D. Colden	1818	1821	3		Federalist
55		Stephen Allen	1821	1824	3		Federalist
56		William Paulding Jr. (1st term)	1825	1826	1		Democratic-Republican
57		Philip Hone	1826	1827	1		National Republican
58		William Paulding Jr. (2nd term)	1827	1829	2		Democratic-Republican
59		Walter Bowne	1829	1832	3		Democratic
60		Gideon Lee	1833	1834	1		Democratic
61		Cornelius Lawrence	1834	1837	3		Democratic
62		Aaron Clark	1837	1839	2		Whig
63		Isaac L. Varian	1839	1841	2		Democratic
64		Robert H. Morris	1841	1844	3		Democratic
65		James Harper	1844	1845	1		American Republican
66		William F. Havemeyer (1st term)	1845	1846	1		Democratic
67		Andrew H. Mickle	1846	1847	1		Democratic
68		William V. Brady	1847	1848	1		Whig
69		William F. Havemeyer (2nd term)	1848	1849	1		Democratic
70		Caleb S. Woodhull	1849	1851	1		Whig
71		Ambrose Kingsland	1851	1853	1		Whig
72		Jacob A. Westervelt	1853	1855	1		Democratic
73		Fernando Wood (1st term)	1855	1858	2		Democratic
74		Daniel F. Tiemann	1858	1860	1		Independent Party[5][6][7]
75		Fernando Wood (2nd term)	1860	1862	1		Democratic
76		George Opdyke	1862	1864	1		Republican
77		Charles G. Gunther	1864	1866	1		Democratic
78		John T. Hoffman1	1866	November 30, 1868	less than 1		Democratic
Acting		Thomas Coman 1	November 30, 1868	January 4, 1869	5 weeks		Democratic
79		Abraham Oakey Hall 2	January 4, 1869	December 31, 1872	1		Democratic
80		William F. Havemeyer 3(3rd term) †	January 1, 1873	November 30, 1874	less than 1		Republican
Acting		Samuel B. H. Vance 3	November 30, 1874	December 31, 1874	1 month		Republican
81		William H. Wickham	January 1, 1875	December 31, 1876	1		Democratic (Reform)
82		Smith Ely Jr.	1877	1878	1		Democratic
83		Edward Cooper	1879	1880	1		Democratic (Reform)
84		William R. Grace (1st term)	1881	1882	1		Democratic (Reform)
85		Franklin Edson	1883	1884	1		Democratic
86		William R. Grace (2nd term)	1885	1886	2		None
87		Abram Hewitt	1887	1888	1		Democratic
88		Hugh J. Grant	1889	1892	2		Democratic
89		Thomas F. Gilroy	1893	1894	1		Democratic
90		William L. Strong 4	January 1, 1895	December 31, 1897	1 (3 years)		Republican

Notes

1. John T. Hoffman resigned after his election as Governor of New York state but before the end of his mayoral term.^[8] Thomas Coman, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Hoffman's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, A. Oakey Hall, took office.^[9]
2. When Hall temporarily retired during the Tweed investigation, the Acting Mayor of New York City was John Cochrane, the President of the New York City Council.
3. William F. Havemeyer died during his last term of office. Samuel B. H. Vance, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Havemeyer's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, William H. Wickham, took office.
4. William L. Strong served an additional year in office because New York City mayoral elections were changed to be held in odd-numbered years due to the impending consolidation of New York City.

† died in office

Post-consolidation mayors (since 1897)

See also: New York City mayoral elections

The 1898–1901 term was for four years. The City Charter was changed to make the mayor's term a two-year one beginning in 1902, but after two such terms was changed back to resume four-year terms in 1906. George B. McClellan Jr. thus served one two-year term from 1904 to 1905, during which he was elected to a four-year term from 1906 to 1909.

The party of the mayor reflects party registration, as opposed to the party lines run under during the general election.

#[2]	Portrait	Name	Term in office	Length of service	Party affiliation		Previous office
91		Robert A. Van Wyck1 (1849–1918; aged 69)	January 1, 1898 – December 31, 1901	4 years		Democratic	Chief Justice of the City Court of New York[10]
92		Seth Low 2 (1850–1916; aged 66)	January 1, 1902 – December 31, 1903	2 years		Republican	11th President of Columbia University (1890–1901)
93		George B. McClellan Jr. (1865–1940; aged 75)	January 1, 1904 – December 31, 1909	6 years		Democratic	U.S. Representative for New York (1895–1903)
94		William Jay Gaynor 3 † (1849–1913; aged 64)	January 1, 1910 – September 10, 1913	3 years, 253 days		Democratic	Judge of the New York Supreme Court (1893–1909)
Acting3		Ardolph L. Kline (1858–1930; aged 72)	September 10, 1913 – December 31, 1913	113 days		Republican	President of the Board of Aldermen
95		John P. Mitchel (1879–1918; aged 38)	January 1, 1914 – December 31, 1917	4 years		Republican	U.S. Customs Collector of the Port of New York; President of the Board of Aldermen
96		John F. Hylan 4,[11] (1868–1936; aged 67)	January 1, 1918 – December 31, 1925	8 years		Democratic	County Judge in Brooklyn[12]
Acting4		William T. Collins (1886-1961; aged 75)	December 31, 1925[11]	1 day		Democratic	President of the Board of Aldermen[11]
97		Jimmy Walker 5 (1881–1946; aged 65)	January 1, 1926 – September 1, 1932	6 years, 244 days (6 years, 8 months)		Democratic	New York State Senator (1919–1925)
Acting5		Joseph V. McKee (1889–1956; aged 66)	September 1, 1932 – January 1, 1933	121 days (4 months)		Democratic	President of the Board of Aldermen
98		John P. O'Brien (1873–1951; aged 78)	January 1, 1933 – December 31, 1933	1 year		Democratic	Surrogate of New York County[13]
99		Fiorello H. La Guardia (1882–1947; aged 64)	January 1, 1934 – December 31, 1945	12 years		Republican[14]	U.S. Representative for New York (1922–1933)
100		William O'Dwyer 6 (1890–1964; aged 74)	January 1, 1946 – August 31, 1950	4 years, 243 days (4 years, 8 months)		Democratic	Brooklyn District Attorney (1939–1945)
Acting 7		Vincent R. Impellitteri 6 (1900–1987; aged 86)	August 31, 1950 – November 14, 1950	75 days		Democratic (as acting mayor)	President of the City Council (1945–1949)
101			November 14, 1950 – December 31, 1953	3 years, 48 days		Experience Party (as elected mayor)	Acting Mayor
102		Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1910–1991; aged 80)	January 1, 1954 – December 31, 1965	12 years		Democratic	17th Borough President of Manhattan (1950–1953)
103		John Lindsay (1921–2000; aged 79)	January 1, 1966 – December 31, 1973	8 years		Republican 8	U.S. Representative for New York (1959–1965)
						Democratic
104		Abraham Beame (1906–2001; aged 94)	January 1, 1974 – December 31, 1977	4 years		Democratic	36th and 38th New York City Comptroller (1962-1965, 1970–1973)
105		Ed Koch (1924–2013; aged 88)	January 1, 1978 – December 31, 1989	12 years		Democratic	U.S. Representative for New York (1969–1977)
106		David Dinkins (1927–2020; aged 93)	January 1, 1990 – December 31, 1993	4 years		Democratic	23rd Borough President of Manhattan (1986–1989)
107		Rudy Giuliani (born 1944; age 80)	January 1, 1994 – December 31, 2001	8 years		Republican	United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York (1983–1989)
108		Michael Bloomberg (born 1942; age 82)	January 1, 2002 – December 31, 2013	12 years		Republican 9	CEO of Bloomberg L.P. (1981–2001)
						None
109		Bill de Blasio (born 1961; age 63)	January 1, 2014 – December 31, 2021	8 years		Democratic	3rd New York City Public Advocate (2010–2013)
110		Eric Adams 10 (born 1960; age 64)	January 1, 2022 – Incumbent	2 years, 317 days		Democratic	18th Borough President of Brooklyn (2014–2022)

Notes

1. Randolph Gugghenheimer I (born 1846) served as acting mayor in 1900 while Robert A. Van Wyck was away.^[15][16]
2. Seth Low previously served as Mayor of the City of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885.
3. William Jay Gaynor died September 10, 1913. Ardolph L. Kline, the unelected President of the Board of Aldermen, succeeded as acting mayor upon Gaynor's death, but then sought re-election as an alderman (successfully) rather than election as mayor. Kline has thus been the only mayor since 1834 never to win a citywide election (having been appointed Vice President of the Board of Aldermen by his colleagues and then succeeding to the presidency mid-term, rather than winning it by popular election at large).
4. John Hylan and Police Commissioner Richard Enright resigned December 30, 1925 to ensure that they received their city pensions, which they may not have been entitled to keep had they stayed in office for one more day. William T. Collins became acting Mayor for one day, prior to the inauguration of Jimmy Walker^[11]
5. Jimmy Walker resigned September 1, 1932 and went to Europe, amid allegations of corruption in his administration. Joseph V. McKee, as President of the Board of Aldermen, became acting mayor in Walker's place, but was then defeated in a special election by John P. O'Brien.
6. William O'Dwyer resigned August 31, 1950, during a police corruption scandal, after which he was appointed Ambassador to Mexico by President Harry S. Truman.
7. Vincent R. Impellitteri, President of the New York City Council, became acting mayor when O'Dwyer resigned on August 31, 1950, and was then elected to the office in a special election held on November 7, 1950. He was inaugurated on November 14.
8. John Lindsay switched party affiliation from Republican to Democrat in 1971 and ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for president in 1972.^[17]
9. Michael Bloomberg was a lifelong Democrat before registering as a Republican in 2001 and running for mayor. He then registered as an Independent in 2007, and re-registered as a Democrat in 2018 in preparation for his unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination for president in 2020.^[18]
10. Eric Adams is the first sitting mayor of New York City to ever face indictment; he faces two charges of solicitation of a contribution from a foreign national, as well as charges of wire fraud, conspiracy, and bribery.^[19]

† died in office

Appendices

Mayoral terms and term limits in New York City since 1834

Direct elections to the mayoralty of the unconsolidated City of New York began in 1834 for a term of one year, extended to two years after 1849. The 1897 Charter of the consolidated City stipulated that the mayor was to be elected for a single four-year term. In 1901, the term halved to two years, with no restrictions on reelection. In 1905, the term was extended to four years once again. (Mayors Fiorello La Guardia, Robert F. Wagner Jr. and Ed Koch were later able to serve for twelve years each.) ^[20] In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit, and reconfirmed this limit when the issue was submitted to referendum in 1996. In 2008, the New York City Council voted to change the two-term limit to three terms (without submitting the issue to the voters).^[21] Legal challenges to the Council's action were rejected by Federal courts in January and April 2009.^[22] However, in 2010, yet another referendum, reverting the limit to two terms, passed overwhelmingly.^[23]

Year	Term	Term limit	Years	Mayor(s) affected
Unconsolidated City
1834	1 year	(no limit)	(unlimited)	all from Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence to Caleb S. Woodhull
1849	2 years	(no limit)	(unlimited)	all from Ambrose Kingsland to William L. Strong 1
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
1897	4 years	1 term	4 years	Robert A. Van Wyck
1901	2 years	(no limit)	(unlimited)	Seth Low and George B. McClellan Jr.2
1905	4 years	(no limit)	(unlimited)	all from George B. McClellan Jr.2 to David Dinkins 3
1993	4 years	2 terms	8 years	Rudolph Giuliani 4
2008	4 years	3 terms	12 years	Michael Bloomberg only 4, 5
2010	4 years	2 terms	8 years	Bill de Blasio and his successors 6

Principal source: The Encyclopedia of New York City ^[24] especially the entries for "charter" and "mayoralty".

1. Mayor Strong, elected in 1894, served an extra year because no municipal election was held in 1896, in anticipation of the consolidated City's switch to odd-year elections.
2. George B. McClellan Jr. was elected to one two-year term (1904–1906) and one four-year term (1906-1910).
3. David Dinkins was not affected by the term limit enacted in 1993 because he had served only one term by 1993 and failed to win re-election.
4. The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan coincided with the primary elections for a successor to Mayor Giuliani, who was completing his second and final term of office. Many were so impressed by both the urgency of the situation and Giuliani's response that they wanted to keep him in office beyond December 31, 2001, either by removing the term limit or by extending his service for a few months.^[25] However, neither happened, the primary elections (with the same candidates) were re-run on September 25, the general election was held as scheduled on November 6, and Michael Bloomberg took office on the regularly appointed date of January 1, 2002.
5. On October 2, 2008, Michael Bloomberg announced that he would ask the city council to extend the limit for mayor, council and other officers from two terms to three, and that, should such an extended limit prevail, he himself would seek re-election as mayor.^[26] On October 23, the New York City Council voted 29–22 to extend the two-term limit to three terms. (A proposed amendment to submit the vote to a public referendum had failed earlier the same day by a vote of 22–28 with one abstention.)^[21]
6. In November 2010, yet another popular referendum, limiting mayoral terms to two, passed overwhelmingly.^[23]

Interrupted terms

Mayors John T. Hoffman (1866–1868, elected Governor 1868), William Havemeyer (1845–1846, 1848–1849, and 1873–1874), William Jay Gaynor (1910–1913), John Francis Hylan (1918–1925), Jimmy Walker (1926–1932), and William O'Dwyer (1946–1950) failed to complete the final terms to which they were elected. The uncompleted mayoral terms of Hoffman, Walker, and O'Dwyer were added to the other offices elected in (respectively) 1868, 1932, and 1950 [those three elections are listed as "special" in the table below because they occurred before the next regularly scheduled mayoral election; the "regular" mayoral elections of 1874 and 1913, on the other hand, were held on the same day that they would have happened had the mayoralty not become vacant.]

Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Elected mayor	Last elected	End of service	Interim successor † 1, 2	Election	Elected successor 3
John T. Hoffman (D)	Dec. 1867	resigned November 30, 1868	Thomas Coman (D)	Dec. 1868 (special)	A. Oakey Hall (D)
1 Wm Havemeyer (R)	Nov. 1872	died November 30, 1874	Samuel B. H. Vance (R)	Nov. 1874 (regular)	William H. Wickham (D)
William Gaynor (D)	Nov. 1909	died September 10, 1913	Ardolph L. Kline (R)	Nov. 1913 (regular)	John P. Mitchel (Fusion)
John F. Hylan (D)	Nov. 1921	resigned December 30, 1925	William T. Collins (D)	Nov. 1925 (regular)	Jimmy Walker (D)
Jimmy Walker (D)	Nov. 1929	resigned September 1, 1932	Joseph V. McKee (D)	Nov. 1932 (special)	John P. O'Brien (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)	Nov. 1949	resigned August 31, 1950	Vincent Impellitteri (D)	Nov. 1950 (special)	Vincent Impellitteri (Experience)

† Became acting mayor as the president of the board of aldermen or (in 1950) city council.

(D) = (Democratic)

(R) = (Republican)

1. Mayor Havemeyer was a Democrat who ran as a Republican against the Democratic Tweed Ring in 1872.
2. Acting Mayors Coman, Vance, Kline and Collins did not seek election as mayor.
3. Acting Mayors McKee and Impellitteri were Democrats who lost the Democratic primary to succeed themselves, but still ran in the general election as independents.
4. Elected Mayor Oakey Hall won re-election, while Mayor Wickham did not seek it. Mayors Mitchel and O'Brien lost attempts at re-election, while Mayor Impellitteri did not run for a full term in the 1953 regular general election after losing the Democratic primary.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn, 1834–1897

See also: History of Brooklyn and Brooklyn borough presidents

Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn^[27]

Mayor		Party	Start year	End year
George Hall		Democratic-Republican	1834	1834
Jonathan Trotter		Democratic	1835	1836
Jeremiah Johnson		Whig	1837	1838
Cyrus P. Smith		Whig	1839	1841
Henry C. Murphy		Democratic	1842	1842
Joseph Sprague		Democratic	1843	1844
Thomas G. Talmage		Democratic	1845	1845
Francis B. Stryker		Whig	1846	1848
Edward Copland		Whig	1849	1849
Samuel Smith		Democratic	1850	1850
Conklin Brush		Whig	1851	1852
Edward A. Lambert		Democratic	1853	1854
George Hall		Know Nothing	1855	1856
Samuel S. Powell		Democratic	1857	1860
Martin Kalbfleisch		Democratic	1861	1863
Alfred M. Wood		Republican	1864	1865
Samuel Booth		Republican	1866	1867
Martin Kalbfleisch		Democratic	1868	1871
Samuel S. Powell		Democratic	1872	1873
John W. Hunter		Democratic	1874	1875
Frederick A. Schroeder		Republican	1876	1877
James Howell		Democratic	1878	1881
Seth Low		Republican	1882	1885
Daniel D. Whitney		Democratic	1886	1887
Alfred C. Chapin		Democratic	1888	1891
David A. Boody		Democratic	1892	1893
Charles A. Schieren		Republican	1894	1895
Frederick W. Wurster		Republican	1896	1897

Mayors of Long Island City, 1870–1897

Long Island City, now within the Borough of Queens, was incorporated as a city in its own right on May 4, 1870 and (like the City of Brooklyn) consolidated into the present Greater New York City on January 1, 1898.

No.	Name	Starting year of office	Ending year of office
1	Abram D. Ditmars (1st term)	1870	1872
2	Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term)	1872	1873 Sept.
(-)	George H. Hunter (acting)	1873 Sept.	1874 April
2	Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term resumed)	1874 April	1875
3	Abram D. Ditmars (2nd term)	1875
(-)	John Quinn (acting)	1876
4	Henry S. DeBevoise (2nd term)	1876	1883
5	George Petry	1883	1886
6	Patrick J. Gleason (1st term)	1887	1889
	Patrick J. Gleason (2nd term)	1890	1892
7	Horatio S. Sanford	1893	1895
8	Patrick J. Gleason (3rd term)	1895	1897
Sources: James Bradley for The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6); (p. 690, 3rd Column, under "Long Island City"); James Nevlus, Long Island City's Forgotten History (Curbed New York, November 16, 2018) https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/16/18097555/amazon-hq2-long-island-city-nyc-history

See also

• Election results for Mayor of New York
• History of New York City
• History of Brooklyn
• List of governors of New York

References

1. Lincoln, Charles Z. (1906). The Constitutional History of New York: From the Beginning of the Colonial Period to the Year 1905, Showing the Origin, Development, and Judicial Construction of the Constitution – Volume 2. Rochester, N.Y.: The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company. p. 6. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
2. "The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York" Archived March 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine on the official NYC website. When a former mayor serves again after a break in office, a new number is assigned to his resumed service. However, the six acting mayoralties are unnumbered.
3. Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-11634-8. pp.99–100
4. Caldwell, John; Rogue, Oswaldo Rodriguez; Johnson, Dale T. (March 1, 1994). American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 256.
5. Mooney, James E. "Tiemann, Daniel F(awcett)" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1314–15. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
6. Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 850–51. ISBN 0-195-11634-8.
7. Trager, James (2003), The New York Chronology, New York: HarperCollins, p. 113, ISBN 0-06-074062-0
8. Staff (November 17, 1868). "Local Intelligence — Board of Aldermen — Resignation of the Mayor". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
9. Staff (January 5, 1869). "Municipal Affairs — Organization of the Common Council — The Mayor's Message — The City Budget for 1869 — Comparison of Taxation in 1868 and 1869". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
10. Staff (November 7, 1897). "Robert A. Van Wyck". The New York Times Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
11. Staff (December 31, 1925). "Hylan And Enright Out With Pensions; Last-Hour Shifts In Police Department; Walker Fills Important City Posts — Collins Mayor for a Day — Leach is the Active Head of the Police Force for the Last Day of 1925 — Hylan to Get $4,205 A Year — Retirement Voted by Board of Estimate, He Quits to Assure Pension — Enright to Draw $5,000 — Approval of His Retirement as Commissioner One of Hylan's Last Official Acts". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
12. Staff (November 7, 1917). "How Hylan Reached The Mayor's Chair — Came Here from the Farm and First Worked as a Tracklayer — To School After Marriage — Long Active in Civic Affairs in Brooklyn — Mayoralty Said to Have Been His Ambition". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
13. Staff (November 10, 1932). "O'Brien Will Stay on Bench Till Jan. 1 — Mayor-Elect Says, However, He Will Devote Spare Time to Study of City's Problems — Renews Economy Pledge — Silent on Protest Vote — McKee Among Thousands Who Send Congratulatory Messages". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
14. Staff (November 5, 1933). "List of Candidates Who Will Be on Ballots in Municipal Election Nov. 7". The New York Times. p. N2. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
15. "Acting Mayor Boomed Long Branch Property by Buying Drexel Cottage". The New York Times. August 20, 1900. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
16. "Randolph Gugghenheimer". Jewish Encyclopedia. Guggenheimer acted as mayor of New York city during the absence of the incumbent.
17. "Lindsay the Democrat". The New York Times. August 12, 1971. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
18. Wise, Justin (October 10, 2018). "Bloomberg re-registers as Democrat". The Hill. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
19. "Read the full indictment against New York Mayor Eric Adams". PBS News. September 26, 2024. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
20. For further details, see Third Term No Charm, Historians Say by Sewell Chan, The New York Times "City Room", published and retrieved on October 1, 2008.
21. Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks, Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits, The New York Times, published on-line and retrieved on October 23, 2008.
22. Fernanda Santos: The Future of Term Limits Is in Court, The New York Times, New York edition, October 24, 2008, page A24 (retrieved on October 24, 2008), Judge Rejects Suit Over Term Limits, The New York Times, New York edition, January 14, 2009, page A26, and Appeals Court Upholds Term Limits Revision, The New York Times City Room Blog, April 28, 2009 (both retrieved on July 6, 2009). The original January decision by Judge Charles Sifton of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Long Island, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island) was upheld by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Vermont, Connecticut and New York state).
23. Hernandez, Javier C. (November 3, 2010). "Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again". The New York Times.
24. “The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6 )
25. See, for example, these stories from The New York Times: "In Crisis Giuliani’s Popularity Overflows City", by Jennifer Steinhauer, September 20, 2001, "A Shift in the Ritual, and Meaning, of Voting", by Mirta Ojito, September 26, 2001 and "Giuliani Explores A Term Extension Of 2 Or 3 Months", by Jennifer Steinhauer with Michael Cooper, September 27, 2001.
26. Sewell Chan, Bloomberg Says He Wants a Third Term as Mayor, The New York Times, published and retrieved on October 2, 2008.
27. “The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6 ); (p. 149, 3rd Column.)

External links

• Media related to Mayors of New York City at Wikimedia Commons