Lieutenant Governor of Alabama

The lieutenant governor of Alabama is the president of the Alabama Senate, elected to serve a four-year term. The office was created in 1868,^[1] abolished in 1875,^[2] and recreated in 1901.^[3] According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office (via impeachment), the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship.^[4] Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor,^[5] but the official listing includes these as full governors.^[6] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.

Lieutenant Governor of Alabama
Seal of the lieutenant governor
Incumbent Will Ainsworth since January 14, 2019
Government of Alabama
Style	The Honorable
Term length	Four years, renewable once consecutively
Inaugural holder	Andrew J. Applegate
Formation	1868
Salary	$68,556
Website	ltgov.alabama.gov

History

In 1868, the state of Alabama issued a constitution which provided for the office of lieutenant governor. The document prescribed that the officer was to serve as the president of the State Senate and cast tie-breaking votes in that body, and made them first in line of succession to the governor's office.^[7] Andrew J. Applegate was the first person to serve as lieutenant governor.^[8] In 1875, conservative Democrats determined the content of a new constitution which abolished the office in an attempt to reduce the size of state government. Alabama convened another constitutional convention in 1901. During its session, the incumbent governor died. Partly motivated by the lack of a clearly delineated line of gubernatorial succession, the delegates reestablished the office of lieutenant governor with responsibilities similar to those it previously held. Its constitutional responsibilities have been little altered since.^[7]

Since the office's inception, 31 people have served as lieutenant governor of Alabama. Of those, only two have served two terms or more. The first woman to hold the office, Lucy Baxley, served from 2003 to 2007.^[7]

Duties, powers, and structure

The lieutenant governor serves as president of the State Senate and assumes the office of governor in the event the gubernatorial office becomes vacant.^[9] Senate rules empower the lieutenant governor to determine the composition of Senate committees and refer bills to committees of their choosing. As a result, the lieutenant governor typically exercises significant influence over the progress of legislation in the body.^[7]

The state constitution does not provide any remedy in the event the lieutenant governor's office becomes vacant.^[7] In such an instance, their role as the presiding officer of the State Senate is assumed by the Senate president pro tempore.^[10]

List

Lieutenant governors of the State of Alabama

No.	Lieutenant Governor			Term in office	Party	Election	Governor[a]
1			Andrew J. Applegate (1833–1870) [11]	July 13, 1868[12] – August 21, 1870 (died in office)	Republican[13]	1868		William Hugh Smith
—	Vacant			August 21, 1870 – November 26, 1870	Office vacated by death
2			Edward H. Moren (1825–1886) [14]	November 26, 1870[15] – November 25, 1872 (lost election)[16]	Democratic[17]	1870		Robert B. Lindsay
3			Alexander McKinstry (1822–1879) [18]	November 25, 1872[19] – November 24, 1874 (lost election)[20]	Republican[21]	1872		David P. Lewis
4			Robert F. Ligon (1823–1901) [22]	November 24, 1874[23] – November 27, 1876 (office abolished)	Democratic[24]	1874		George S. Houston
Office did not exist from November 28, 1876, to January 19, 1903
5			Russell McWhortor Cunningham (1855–1921) [25]	January 19, 1903[26] – January 14, 1907 (term-limited)	Democratic[27]	1902		William D. Jelks[b]
6			Henry B. Gray (1867–1919) [29]	January 14, 1907[30] – January 16, 1911 (term-limited)	Democratic[31]	1906		B. B. Comer
7			Walter D. Seed Sr. (1864–1959) [32]	January 17, 1911[c] – January 18, 1915 (term-limited)	Democratic[36]	1910		Emmet O'Neal
8			Thomas Kilby (1865–1943) [37][38][39]	January 19, 1915[40][c] – January 20, 1919 (term-limited)	Democratic[41]	1914		Charles Henderson
9			Nathan Lee Miller (1866–1933) [42]	January 21, 1919[43][c] – January 15, 1923 (term-limited)	Democratic[44]	1918		Thomas Kilby
10			Charles S. McDowell (1871–1943) [45]	January 16, 1923[46][c] – January 17, 1927 (term-limited)	Democratic[47]	1922		William W. Brandon[d]
11			William C. Davis (1867–1934) [48]	January 18, 1927[49][c] – January 19, 1931 (term-limited)	Democratic[50]	1926		Bibb Graves
12			Hugh Davis Merrill (1877–1954) [51]	January 20, 1931[52][c] – January 14, 1935 (term-limited)	Democratic[53]	1930		Benjamin M. Miller
13			Thomas E. Knight (1898–1937) [54]	January 15, 1935[55][c] – May 17, 1937 (died in office)	Democratic[56]	1934		Bibb Graves
—	Vacant			May 17, 1937 – January 16, 1939	Office vacated by death
14			Albert A. Carmichael (1895–1952) [57]	January 17, 1939[58][c] – January 18, 1943 (term-limited)	Democratic[59]	1938		Frank M. Dixon
15			Leven H. Ellis (1881–1968) [60]	January 19, 1943[61][c] – January 20, 1947 (term-limited)	Democratic[62]	1942		Chauncey Sparks
16			James C. Inzer (1887–1967) [63]	January 21, 1947[64][c] – January 15, 1951 (term-limited)	Democratic[65]	1946		Jim Folsom
17			James Allen (1912–1978) [66]	January 16, 1951[67][c] – January 17, 1955 (term-limited)	Democratic[68]	1950		Gordon Persons
18			William G. Hardwick (1910–1993) [69]	January 18, 1955[70][c] – January 19, 1959 (term-limited)	Democratic[71]	1954		Jim Folsom
19			Albert Boutwell (1904–1978) [72]	January 20, 1959[73][c] – January 14, 1963 (term-limited)	Democratic[74]	1958		John M. Patterson
20			James Allen (1912–1978) [66]	January 15, 1963[75][c] – January 16, 1967 (term-limited)	Democratic[76]	1962		George Wallace
21			Albert Brewer (1928–2017) [77][78][79]	January 17, 1967[80][c] – May 7, 1968 (succeeded to governor)	Democratic[81]	1966		Lurleen Wallace[e] (died May 7, 1968)
—	Vacant			May 7, 1968 – January 18, 1971	Office vacated by succession to governor			Albert Brewer
22			Jere Beasley (b. 1935) [83][84]	January 19, 1971[85][c] – January 15, 1979 (term-limited)	Democratic[86]	1970		George Wallace[f]
						1974
23			George McMillan (b. 1943) [87]	January 16, 1979[88][c] – January 17, 1983 (did not run)[g]	Democratic[89]	1978		Fob James
24			Bill Baxley (b. 1941) [90]	January 18, 1983[91][c] – January 19, 1987 (did not run)[h]	Democratic[92]	1982		George Wallace
25			Jim Folsom Jr. (b. 1949) [93][94]	January 20, 1987[95][c] – April 22, 1993 (succeeded to governor)	Democratic[96]	1986		H. Guy Hunt[i] (removed April 22, 1993)
						1990[97]
—	Vacant			April 22, 1993 – January 16, 1995	Office vacated by succession to governor			Jim Folsom Jr.
26			Don Siegelman (b. 1946) [98][99]	January 17, 1995[100][c] – January 18, 1999 (elected governor)	Democratic[101]	1994		Fob James[i]
27			Steve Windom (b. 1949) [102]	January 19, 1999[103][c] – January 20, 2003 (did not run)[j]	Republican[104]	1998		Don Siegelman[k]
28			Lucy Baxley (1937–2016) [105]	January 21, 2003[106][c] – January 15, 2007 (did not run)[l]	Democratic[107]	2002		Bob Riley[i]
29			Jim Folsom Jr. (b. 1949) [93][94]	January 16, 2007[108][c] – January 17, 2011 (lost election)	Democratic[109]	2006
30			Kay Ivey (b. 1944) [110][111]	January 18, 2011[112][c] – April 10, 2017 (succeeded to governor)	Republican[113]	2010		Robert J. Bentley (resigned April 10, 2017)
						2014
—	Vacant			April 10, 2017 – January 14, 2019	Office vacated by succession to governor			Kay Ivey
31			Will Ainsworth (b. 1981)	January 15, 2019[114][c] – Incumbent[m]	Republican[115]	2018
						2022

See also

• List of Alabama state legislatures

Notes

1. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
2. Cunningham acted as governor from April 25, 1904, to March 5, 1905, while Jelks was absent from the state.^[28]
3. The constitutional start date for 1911 was January 16, and that is when Governor Emmet O'Neal and Lieutenant Governor Walter D. Seed Sr. were sworn in.^[33] However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in the case of Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara that, regardless of when the swearing in took place, B. B. Comer's gubernatorial term did not end until the end of Monday, and O'Neal's term did not begin until the first minute of the next day.^[34] This precedent appears to have quietly continued, as coverage of Robert J. Bentley's inauguration in 2011 noted he would not officially take office until midnight.^[35] As lieutenant governors are elected to the same term as governor, lieutenant governors since 1911 that served to the end of their term are noted as leaving office on Monday, and their successor taking office on Tuesday.
4. McDowell acted as governor from July 10, 1924, to July 11, 1924, while Brandon was absent from the state.^[6]
5. Brewer was acting governor on July 25, 1967, when Wallace had been absent from the state for 20 days; she returned to the state later that day.^[6][82]
6. Beasley acted as governor from June 5, 1972, to July 7, 1972, while Wallace was absent from the state.^[6]
7. McMillan instead ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for governor.
8. Baxley instead ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for governor.
9. Represented the Republican Party
10. Windom instead ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for governor.
11. Represented the Democratic Party
12. Baxley instead ran unsuccessfully for governor.
13. Ainsworth's second term began on January 17, 2023, and will expire January 18, 2027; he will be term-limited.

References

General

• "Alabama Lieutenant Governors". Alabama Department of Archives & History. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
• Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

Constitutions

• "Constitution of the State of Alabama". Alabama Legislature. 1901.
• "Constitution of the State of Alabama". Alabama Legislature. 1875.
• "Constitution of the State of Alabama". Alabama Legislature. 1868.
• "Constitution of the State of Alabama". Alabama Legislature. 1865.
• "Constitution of the State of Alabama". Alabama Legislature. 1861.
• "Constitution of the State of Alabama". Alabama Legislature. 1819.

Specific

1. 1868 Const. art. V, § 1
2. 1875 Const. art. V, § 1
3. AL Const. art. V, § 112
4. AL Const. art. V, § 127
5. 1819 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1861 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1865 Const. art V, § 19; 1868 Const. art. V, § 15; 1875 Const. art. V § 15
6. "Alabama Governors". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
7. Moody, Brad (March 27, 2023). "Office of the Lieutenant Governor". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Alliance. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
8. Shiver, Joshua (March 27, 2023). "Reconstruction Constitutions". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Alliance. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
9. "On more look at what's on the Alabama ballot". The Dothan Eagle. Associated Press. November 8, 2022. p. A8.
10. Lockette, Tim (April 11, 2017). "Governor resigns amid affair scandal, pleads to two charges". The Anniston Star. pp. 1A, 4A.
11. "Andrew J. Applegate". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
12. "Governor of Alabama Inaugurated". The Daily Standard. 1868-07-14. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-04 – via Newspapers.com. July 13 — Gov. Smith and Lieut. Gov. Applegate were sworn in to-day.
13. "Republican Platform". Daily State Sentinel. 1868-01-28. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
14. "Edward Hawthorne Moren". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
15. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1870—71 sess., 25, accessed December 4, 2023
16. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1872 sess., 37, accessed December 3, 2023
17. "Democratic and Conservative Nominations". The Independent Monitor. 1870-11-01. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
18. "Alexander McKinstry". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
19. "Politics in Alabama". The Baltimore Sun. 1872-11-26. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
20. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1874—75 sess., 30, accessed December 4, 2023
21. "The Election". The Times-Argus. 1872-11-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
22. "Robert Fulwood Ligon". Alabama Department of Archives and History. July 19, 2011. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
23. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1874—75 sess., 40, accessed December 4, 2023
24. "Democratic Ticket". The Clarke County Democrat. 1874-11-03. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
25. "Russell Cunningham". Alabama Department of Archives and History. February 7, 2014. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
26. "Governor Took Oath of Office at Noon Today". The Birmingham News. 1903-01-19. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
27. "The Democratic Ticket". The Birmingham News. 1902-11-01. p. 14. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
28. "Russell Cunningham". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
29. "Henry Bramlette Gray". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
30. "The New Governor Gives First Order". The Birmingham News. 1907-01-14. p. 14. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
31. "Democratic Ticket". Franklin County Times. 1906-11-01. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
32. "Walter Dudley Seed, Sr". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
33. "Thousands See Gov. Emmet O'Neal Inaugurated". The Montgomery Advertiser. 1911-01-17. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
34. Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara, pp. 483–499
35. White, David (January 17, 2011). "Robert Bentley Ready To Take Office As Next Alabama Governor". The Birmingham News. Retrieved December 10, 2018. Bentley under state law won't officially be governor until just after the stroke of midnight Tuesday morning.
36. "State and County Democratic Ticket". The Moulton Advertiser. 1910-11-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
37. Sobel 1978, pp. 30–31.
38. "Thomas Erby Kilby". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
39. Breedlove, Michael A. (June 3, 2021). "Thomas E. Kilby (1919-23)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
40. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1915 sess., 351, accessed December 4, 2023
41. "Vote Is Light and Little Interest Is Taken in Election". The Birmingham News. 1914-11-03. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
42. "Nathan L. Miller". Alabama Department of Archives and History. October 18, 2006. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006.
43. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1919 sess., 145, accessed December 4, 2023
44. "Republicans Have Little Hopes of Winning in State". The Montgomery Advertiser. 1918-11-03. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
45. "Charles Samuel McDowell, Jr". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
46. "Throngs Gather to Attend Inaugural of Popular Chieftain". The Montgomery Advertiser. 1923-01-15. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
47. "Democratic Nominees". The Cleburne News. 1922-11-02. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
48. "William Columbus Davis". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 21, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
49. Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1927 sess., 139, accessed December 4, 2023
50. "Little Doubt in State Vote". The Birmingham Post. 1926-11-01. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
51. "Hugh Davis Merrill". Alabama Department of Archives and History. May 23, 2017. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
52. "Governor Takes Up Duty Without Fuss or Feathers". The Birmingham News. 1931-01-19. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
53. "Party's Leaders Address Rally at Birmingham". The Montgomery Advertiser. 1930-11-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
54. "Thomas E. Knight, Jr". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 21, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
55. Davis, George L. (1935-01-15). "Col. Bibb Graves Again Assumes Alabama's Helm". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
56. "Democratic Party". Shelby County Reporter. 1934-11-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
57. "Albert Carmichael". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 21, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
58. "Carmichael Takes Oath from Justice". The Huntsville Times. Associated Press. 1939-01-16. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
59. "Election to Be Held Tuesday November 8". The Phenix-Girard Journal. 1938-11-04. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
60. "Leven Handy Ellis". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
61. "Sparks Delivers His Inaugural Speech on Capital Hill Monday". Our Mountain Home. 1943-01-20. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
62. "Small Local Vote Forecast Tomorrow". The Dothan Eagle. 1942-11-02. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
63. "James Clarence Inzer". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
64. "Huge Crowd Sees the Ceremonies". The Birmingham Post. UP. 1947-01-20. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
65. "Vote Control Plan Centers State Ballot". The Decatur Daily. 1946-11-03. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
66. "James B. Allen". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
67. "Persons Takes Oath, Vows He Won't Seek Office Again". Birmingham Post-Herald. 1951-01-16. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
68. "General Election to Be Held Tuesday". The Atmore Advance. 1950-11-02. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
69. "William Hardwick". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
70. "Folsom Takes Oath Chief Executive for Second Time". The Florala News. 1955-01-20. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
71. "Alabama Vote Reported Heavy; Total Ballot May Top 400,000". Alabama Journal. 1954-11-02. pp. 2A. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
72. "Albert Boutwell". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
73. Lake, Clancy (1959-01-19). "No Segregation Compromise, Patterson Vows". The Birmingham News. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
74. "Boutwell Says Legislature Will Correct Docks 'Abuses'". The Birmingham News. 1958-11-01. p. 14. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
75. "Allen Sworn In, Calls for Progress". Birmingham Post-Herald. 1963-01-15. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
76. "Candidates for State Offices and Congress". The Florence Herald. 1962-11-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
77. Sobel 1978, p. 39.
78. "Albert Preston Brewer". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
79. Harvey, Gordon (November 13, 2020). "Albert P. Brewer (1968-71)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
80. "Brewer Predicts 'very Progressive 4 Years'". Birmingham Post-Herald. 1967-01-17. p. 17. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
81. "Voters to Use Four-Party Ballots in Tuesday's Election". Abbeville Herald. 1966-11-03. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
82. Owen, Thomas McAdory (1979). Alabama Official and Statistical Register. Alabama Department of Archives and History. p. 17. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
83. Sobel 1978, p. 40.
84. Armbrester, Margaret E. (December 19, 2017). "Jere Beasley Sr. (1972)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
85. "Beasley Sworn In As Lt. Governor". Alabama Journal. 1971-01-19. p. 14. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
86. Bennett, James (1970-11-02). "Five Candidates Are Seeking Seat of Lieutenant Governor". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
87. "George McMillan, Jr". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
88. Bruer, Frank (1979-01-16). "Eight State Leaders Take Oaths of Office". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
89. Bubbett, Vic (1978-11-05). "Election Turnout Unpredictable". The Dothan Eagle. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
90. "Bill Baxley". Alabama Department of Archives and History. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
91. Lindsay, Gary (1983-01-18). "Wallace's Inauguration Reflects 'Hard Times'". The Dothan Eagle. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
92. "Cullman Demos Say Omission of Photo Was Unintentional". Birmingham Post-Herald. 1982-10-29. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
93. "James Elisha Folsom, Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
94. Stewart, William H. (June 1, 2021). "James E. Folsom Jr. (1993-95)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
95. "Guy Hunt Repeats Oath As Governor of Alabama". The Prattville Progress. AP. 1987-01-20. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
96. "Wild Political Season Will Climax Tuesday". Alabama Journal. 1986-11-03. p. 34. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
97. "Folsom Defeats McKee for Lieutenant Governor". The Montgomery Advertiser. AP. 1990-11-07. pp. 9A. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
98. "Donald Eugene Siegelman". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
99. Webb, Samuel L.; Armbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021). "Don Siegelman (1999-2003)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
100. Bryant, Ted (1995-01-17). "Siegelman inaugurated January 16". Birmingham Post-Herald. pp. A6. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
101. "Folsom, Siegelman Have Biggest Banks at Deadline". The Anniston Star. AP. 1994-11-04. pp. 9A. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
102. "Steve Windom". Alabama Department of Archives and History. November 9, 2012. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
103. Benn, Alvin (1999-01-19). "Windom inaugurated January 18". The Montgomery Advertiser. pp. 7A. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
104. Cason, Mike (1998-11-01). "Windom Holds Four-Point Lead". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
105. "Lucy Baxley". Alabama Department of Archives and History. September 10, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
106. Johnson, Bob (2003-01-21). "Baxley sworn in January 20". The Dothan Eagle. AP. pp. 8A. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
107. Johnson, Bob (2002-11-01). "Lieutenant Governor's Race Less Expensive". Birmingham Post-Herald. AP. pp. D1. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
108. Rawls, Phillip (2007-01-16). "Riley Urges Alabamians to Believe in Brighter Future". The Selma Times-Journal. AP. pp. A1. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
109. Rawls, Phillip (2006-11-02). "Height – and Size – Matters in Race for Lieutenant Governor". The Anniston Star. AP. pp. 6B. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
110. "Kay Ivey". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
111. Wilson, Claire (May 1, 2020). "Kay Ivey (2017- )". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
112. "New Lt. Gov. Notes Historic Nature of Term". The Selma Times-Journal. AP. 2011-01-18. pp. 3A. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
113. Rawls, Phillip (2010-11-04). "Ivey ran as a Republican". The Montgomery Advertiser. AP. pp. 4A. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
114. Brownlee, Chip (2019-01-15). "Ainsworth pushes better education, more ethical government in inaugural speech". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
115. "Lt. Gov. Candidate's Wife Hurt in Accident". The Montgomery Advertiser. AP. 2018-11-01. pp. A8. Retrieved 2023-12-06.