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Many battles and campaigns between the armies of the Mughal Empire and various Sikh states took place, and started with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606, on the orders of Mughal emperor Jahangir. Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the militarization to Sikhi. In response to his father's execution, he established the Akal Sena and fought several battles against the Mughal army and defeated them. Later, the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was also executed on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675, after he refused to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh guru, started the Khalsa tradition and fought further battles against the Mughals and their allies. Before Guru Gobind Singh's passing in 1708, he appointed his newly converted Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur as the leader of the Khalsa Fauj and ordered him to go fight in Punjab. Banda Singh Bahadur fought further battles against the Mughal's and their allies and established the first Khalsa Rule in 1710 but was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. After this, the Sikhs later reorganized themselves into Misls creating the Dal Khalsa which fought further battles against the Mughals under the leadership of Nawab Kapur Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other Misl leaders. The Dal Khalsa was victorious in the last major battle in 1783 with a few smaller fights happening until the conflict ended in 1788.
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|
Conflict (Period) |
Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Rohilla (1621) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Battle of Sangrana (1628) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1634) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Lahira (1634) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Kartarpur (1635) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Phagwara (1635) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Sutlej (1652) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Kiratpur (1658) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1691) |
Akal Sena, Kahlur State | Mughal Empire | Combined victory of Sikhs and Kahlur State |
Battle of Anandpur (1695) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Battle of Guler (1696) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1700) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | sikh Victory |
Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Basoli (1702)[1] |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
First battle of Chamkaur (1702) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Mughal Victory |
First Battle of Anandpur (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | sikh Victory |
Second Siege of Anandpur (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills |
|
Battle of Sarsa (1704) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Combined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas
|
Battle of Shahi Tibbi (1704) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Chamkaur (1704)[3][4][5][6] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | khalsa victory
|
Battle of Muktsar (1705) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Jajau (1707) [7][8][9][10] |
Bahadur Shah I | Muhammad Azam | Bahadur Shah victory
|
Battle of Chittorgarh (1708) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | sikh victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Amritsar (1709) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Sonipat (1709)[11] |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Samana (1709) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Kapuri (1709) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1710)[12][13][11][14] |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Ropar (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire |
|
Siege of Sirhind (1710) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Saharanpur (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | khalsa Victory |
Battle of Jalalabad (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Siege of Kotla Begum (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Bhilowal (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Rahon (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Thanesar (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Siege of Lohgarh (1710) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Battle of Bahrampar (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Hoshiarpur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Kalanaur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Batala (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Aurangabad (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Pasrur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Jammu (1712) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Lohgarh (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Siege of Sadhaura (1713) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Lohgarh (1713) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Kiri Pathan (1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Ropar (1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Gurdas Nangal (1715) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory |
Siege of Gurdaspur (1715) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | sikh victory
|
Massacre of the Sikhs (1716)[clarification needed] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Wan (1726) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Thikriwala (1731) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sunam (1735) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | khalsa Victory |
Battle of Sirhind (1735) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | khalsa Victory |
Battle of Basarke (1736) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1738) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Samad Khan's expedition against the Sikhs (1738) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sarai Nurdin (1739) | Bhai Bota Singh and Bhai Garja Singh | Mughal Empire | sikh victory
|
Battle of Rorī Sahib (1746) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire |
|
Battle of Kahnuwan (1746) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh victory [citation needed] |
Battle of Kasur (1747) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sodhra and Badra (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Khanpur (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Siege of Amritsar (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Siege of Ram Rauni
(1748–1749) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Multan (1749) | Kaura Mal Dal Khalsa |
Shah Nawaz Khan | sikh Victory |
Battle of Jalandhar (1750) | Dallewalia Misl | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1752) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Lahore (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Fatehabad (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Patti (1754) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Delhi (1764) | Bharatpur State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Sikh raids on Delhi (1764–1788) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Allies | sikh Victory |
Battle of Panipat (1766) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Sonipat (1766) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Karnal (1767) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Gwalior State | sikh Victory |
Battle of Ghazi-U-Din-Nagar (1768) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Anupshahar (1768) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Fourth Battle of Panipat (1770) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Rohillas | sikh Victory |
Attack on Delhi (1770) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Siege of Kunjpura (1772) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire, Durrani Empire and Maratha Empire | khalsa Victory |
Siege of Jind (1776) | Jind State | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Battle of Ghanaur (1778) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Attack on Delhi to Rakabganj
(1778) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Siege of Patiala (1779) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | sikh Victory |
Shafi's campaign against the Sikhs (1780–1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Baghpat (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sardana (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Mawana (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Muradnagar (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Patparganj (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Shahdara (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sheikhpura (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Barnawa (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sirhind (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Sikh raids on Delhi to Hardwar
(1782) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Delhi (1783) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Raid of Delhi
(1784) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Raids from Panipat to Delhi (1786) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Gwalior State | Sikh |
Raids from Agra to Delhi (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Shahdara (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Attack on Red Fort (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Attack on Delhi
(1788) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
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