List of Ottoman grand viziers

The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.

Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Coat of arms of the Grand Vizier
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Style	His Excellency
Residence	Bab-ı Ali
Appointer	The sultan
Formation	1328
First holder	Alaeddin Pasha
Final holder	Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Abolished	1 November 1922
Succession	Prime Minister of Turkey

History

During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder). The purpose in instituting the title "grand vizier" was to differentiate the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more regularly used title of vezir-i âzam was slowly replaced by sadrazam, both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history, the grand viziers have also been called sadr-ı âlî ('high vizier'), vekil-i mutlak ('absolute attorney'), sâhib-i devlet ('holder of the state'), serdar-ı ekrem ('gracious general'), serdar-ı azam ('grand general') and zât-ı âsafî ('vizieral person') and başnazır,^[1] literally "prime minister" in Ottoman Turkish. The Office of the Grand Vizier was called the sadaret.

In the late periods of the Ottoman Empire, especially during and after the 19th century, the grand vizier began to hold a position almost identical to that of a prime minister in other European states.^[2] Reforms seen during and after the Tanzimat (1838), the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878), and the Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920) further brought the office of the grand vizier in line with the European standard, making the incumbent the head of a Cabinet of other ministers. During the two constitutional eras, the grand vizier also served as the speaker of the Senate, the upper house of the bicameral Ottoman Parliament. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Prime Minister of Turkey took on the roles of the former office.

Grand viziers were often replaced or resigned in rapid succession, frequently leading to political instability. In the final 10 years of the Empire alone, the office of the grand vizier changed hands 13 times between 12 men; some, such as Ahmed Izzet Pasha and Salih Hulusi Pasha, held office for less than a month.

List of grand viziers

Chief viziers (1320–1439)

Vizier		Term of office			Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Kemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (d. 1331)	1320	1331	11 years	Osman I (1299–1326)
					Orhan (1326–1362)
	Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1281–1380)	1331	1348	17 years
	Mehmet Hacı Pasha (?)	1348	1349	1 year
	Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (d. 1364)	1349	September 1364 † (Died in office)	15 years
					Murad I (1362–1389)
	Kara Çandarlızade Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1330–1387)	1364	22 January 1387 † (Died in office)	23 years, 21 days
	Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (d. 1406)	1387	1406 † (Died in office)	19 years
					Bayezid I (1389–1402)
					Süleyman Çelebi (1402–1406)
	Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (?)	1406	1413	7 years	Mehmed I (1413–1421)
	Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (d. 1421)	1413	July 1421 † (Fell in battle)	8 years
					Murad II (1421–1444)
	Çandarlızade Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (d. 1429)	1421	1429 † (Died in office)	8 years
	Koca Amasyalı Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (d. 1439)	1429	1439	10 years

Grand Viziers (1439–1839)

The position of grand vizier was established with Murad II's appointment of Çandarlızade Halil Pasha the Younger to such a position. In the 19th century, Mahmud II would abolish the title of Grand Vizier, and appointed Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha as Başvekil, or Prime Minister. Upon Sultan Abdulmecid's ascention to the throne, the Grand Vizierate was restored.^[3]

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Çandarlızade Halil Pasha the Younger (d. 1453)	1439	1 June 1453 † (Imprisoned, executed)	14 years, 151 days	Murad II (1446–1451)
					Mehmed II (1444–1446)
					Murad II (1446–1451)
					Mehmed II (1451–1481)
	Zaganos Pasha (d. 1469)	1453	1456	3 years
	Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1420–1474) First term	1456	1468	12 years
	Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1470)	1468	1469	1 year
	İshak Pasha (d. 1487) First term	1469	1472	3 years
	Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1420–1474) Second term	1472	1474 † (Executed)	2 years
	Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1482)	1474	1477	3 years
	Karamani Mehmed Pasha (d. 1481)	1477	4 May 1481 † (Executed)	4 years
	İshak Pasha (d. 1487) Second term	1481	1482	1 year	Bayezid II (1481–1512)
	Koca Davud Pasha (1446–1498)	1482	1497	15 years
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) First term	1497	1498	1 year
	Çandarlızade Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1429–1499)	1498	1499 † (Died in office)	1 year
	Mesih Pasha Palaiologos (d. 1501)	1499	November 1501 † (Died in office)	2 years
	Hadım Ali Pasha (d. 1511) First term	1501	1503	2 years
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Second term	1503	1506	3 years
	Hadım Ali Pasha (d. 1511) Second term	1506	July 1511 † (Fell in battle)	5 years
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Third term	1511	1511	59 days
	Koca Mustafa Pasha (d. 1512)	1511	1512 † (Executed)	1 year
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Fourth term	1512	28 November 1514	2 years, 331 days	Selim I (1512–1520)
	Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (d. 1515)	18 December 1514	8 September 1515 † (Executed)	264 days
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Fifth term	8 September 1515	26 April 1516	231 days
	Hadım Sinan Pasha Borovinić (1459–1517)	26 April 1516	22 January 1517 † (Fell in battle)	271 days
	Yunus Pasha (d. 1517)	22 January 1517	13 September 1517 † (Executed)	234 days
	Piri Mehmed Pasha (1465–1532)	25 January 1518	27 June 1523	5 years, 153 days
					Suleiman I (1520–1566)
	Pargalı İbrahim Pasha (1495–1536)	27 June 1523	14 March 1536 † (Executed)	12 years, 261 days
	Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1483–1539)	14 March 1536	13 July 1539 † (Died in office)	3 years, 121 days
	Çelebi Lütfi Pasha (1488–1564)	13 July 1539	April 1541	1 year, 262 days
	Hadım Süleyman Pasha (1467–1547)	April 1541	28 November 1544	3 years, 241 days
	Damat Rüstem Pasha (1500–1561) First term	28 November 1544	6 October 1553	8 years, 312 days
	Kara Ahmed Pasha (d. 1555)	6 October 1553	29 September 1555 † (Executed)	1 year, 358 days
	Damat Rüstem Pasha (1500–1561) Second term	29 September 1555	10 July 1561 † (Died in office)	5 years, 284 days
	Semiz Ali Pasha (d. 1565)	10 July 1561	28 June 1565 † (Died in office)	3 years, 353 days
	Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1506–1579)		12 October 1579 † (Assassinated)	14 years, 106 days
		28 June 1565			Selim II (1566–1574)
					Murad III (1574–1595)
	Semiz Ahmed Pasha (1492–1580)	12 October 1579	27 April 1580 † (Died in office)	199 days
	Kara Lala Mustafa Pasha (1500–1580)	28 April 1580	7 August 1580 † (Died in office)	101 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) First term	7 August 1580	6 December 1582	2 years, 121 days
	Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) First term	24 December 1582	25 July 1584	1 year, 214 days
	Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1526–1585)	28 July 1584	29 October 1585 † (Died in office)	1 year, 93 days
	Hadım Mesih Pasha (d. 1589)	1 November 1585	14 April 1586	164 days
	Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) Second term	14 April 1586	2 April 1589 (Deposed)	2 years, 353 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Second term	14 April 1589	1 August 1591	2 years, 109 days
	Serdar Ferhad Pasha (d. 1595) First term	1 August 1591	4 April 1592	247 days
	Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) Third term	4 April 1592	28 January 1593	299 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Third term	28 January 1593	16 February 1595	2 years, 19 days
					Mehmed III (1595–1603)
	Serdar Ferhad Pasha (d. 1595) Second term	16 February 1595	7 July 1595	141 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Fourth term	7 July 1595	19 November 1595	135 days
	Lala Tekeli Mehmed Pasha (d. 1595)	19 November 1595	28 November 1595 † (Died in office)	9 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Fifth term	1 December 1595	3 April 1596 † (Died in office)	124 days
	Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1517–1601) First term	4 April 1596	27 October 1596	206 days
	Cığalazâde Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1545–1605)	27 October 1596	5 December 1596	39 days
	Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1517–1601) Second term	5 December 1596	3 November 1597	332 days
	Hadım Hasan Pasha (d. 1598)	3 November 1597	9 April 1598 † (Imprisoned, executed)	157 days
	Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (d. 1604)	9 April 1598	6 January 1599	272 days
	Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1517–1601) Third term	6 January 1599	10 July 1601 † (Died in office)	2 years, 185 days
	Damat Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1535–1603)	22 July 1601	4 October 1603 † (Executed)	2 years, 74 days
	Malkoç Yavuz Ali Pasha (d. 1604)	16 October 1603	26 July 1604 † (Died in office)	253 days
					Ahmed I (1603–1617)
	Lala Sokolluzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1606)	5 August 1604	21 June 1606 † (Died in office)	1 year, 320 days
	Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1569–1606)	21 June 1606	9 December 1606 † (Executed)	171 days
	Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1535–1611)	11 December 1606	5 August 1611 † (Died in office)	4 years, 237 days
	Damat Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha (d. 1614)	5 August 1611	17 October 1614 † (Executed)	3 years, 73 days
	Öküz Kul Kıran Mehmed Pasha (d. 1619) First term	17 October 1614	17 November 1616	2 years, 31 days
	Damat Halil Pasha (1570–1629) First term		18 January 1619	2 years, 62 days
		17 November 1616			Mustafa I (1617–1618)
					Osman II (1618–1622)
	Öküz Kul Kıran Mehmed Pasha (d. 1619) Second term	18 January 1619	23 December 1619 † (Assassinated)	339 days
	Güzelce Ali Pasha (d. 1621)	23 December 1619	9 March 1621 † (Died in office)	1 year, 76 days
	Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1622) First term	9 March 1621	17 September 1621	192 days
	Dilaver Pasha (d. 1622)	17 September 1621	19 May 1622 † (Lynched)	244 days
	Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1622) Second term	19 May 1622	20 May 1622 † (Lynched)	1 day
	Kara Davud Pasha (1570–1623)	20 May 1622	13 June 1622 † (Executed)	24 days	Mustafa I (1622–1623)
	Mere Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1624) First term	13 June 1622	8 July 1622	25 days
	Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (d. 1648)	8 July 1622	21 September 1622	75 days
					Murad IV (1623–1640)
	Hadım Mehmed Pasha (d. 1626)	21 September 1622	5 February 1623	137 days
	Mere Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1624) Second term	5 February 1623	30 August 1623	206 days
	Kara Kemankeş Ali Pasha (d. 1624)	30 August 1623	3 April 1624 † (Executed)	217 days
	Çerkez Mehmed Ali Pasha (d. 1625)	3 April 1624	28 January 1625 † (Died in office)	300 days
	Hafız Müezzinzade Ahmed Pasha (1564–1632) First term	8 February 1625	1 December 1626	1 year, 296 days
	Damat Halil Pasha (1570–1629) Second term	1 December 1626	6 April 1628	1 year, 127 days
	Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (d. 1632)	6 April 1628	25 October 1631	3 years, 202 days
	Hafız Müezzinzade Ahmed Pasha (1564–1632) Second term	25 October 1631	10 February 1632 † (Lynched)	108 days
	Topal Recep Pasha (d. 1632)	10 February 1632	18 May 1632 † (Executed)	98 days
	Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1589–1637)	18 May 1632	2 February 1637	4 years, 260 days
	Bayram Pasha (d. 1638)	2 February 1637	26 August 1638	1 year, 205 days
	Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (d. 1638)	27 August 1638	24 December 1638 † (Fell in battle)	119 days
	Kara Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1592–1644)	23 December 1638	31 January 1644 † (Executed)	5 years, 39 days
					Ibrahim (1640–1648)
	Sultanzade Mehmet Pasha (1603–1646)	31 January 1644	17 December 1645	1 year, 320 days
	Nevesinli Salih Pasha (d. 1647)	17 December 1645	16 September 1647 † (Executed)	1 year, 273 days
	Kara Musa Pasha (d. 1649)	16 September 1647	21 September 1647	5 days
	Hazarpare Ahmet Pasha (d. 1648)	21 September 1647	8 August 1648 † (Lynched)	322 days
	Sofu Mehmed Pasha (d. 1649)	8 August 1648	21 May 1649 † (Exiled, executed)	286 days	Mehmed IV (1648–1687)
	Kara Dev Murat Pasha (1595–1655) First term	21 May 1649	5 August 1651	2 years, 76 days
	Damat Melek Ahmed Pasha (1604–1662)	5 August 1651	21 August 1651	16 days
	Abaza Siyavuş Pasha the Elder (d. 1656)	21 August 1651	27 September 1651	37 days
	Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665)	27 September 1651	20 June 1652	267 days
	Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (d. 1653)	20 June 1652	21 March 1653 † (Executed)	274 days
	Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha (d. 1655)	21 March 1653	28 October 1654	1 year, 221 days
	İpşiri Mustafa Pasha (1607–1655)	28 October 1654	11 May 1655 † (Executed)	195 days
	Kara Dev Murat Pasha (1595–1655) Second term	11 May 1655	19 August 1655	100 days
	Ermeni Suleyman Pasha (1607–1687)	19 August 1655	28 February 1656	193 days
	Deli Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1659)	28 February 1656	5 March 1656	6 days
	Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (d. 1666)	5 March 1656	5 March 1656 (Deposed)	4 hours[4]
	Abaza Siyavuş Pasha the Elder (d. 1656)	5 March 1656	25 April 1656 † (Died in office)	51 days
	Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665)	26 April 1656	15 September 1656	142 days
	Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1575–1661)	15 September 1656	31 October 1661 † (Died in office)	5 years, 46 days
	Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1635–1676)	31 October 1661	19 October 1676 † (Died in office)	14 years, 354 days
	Kara Merzifonlu Mustafa Pasha (1635–1683)	19 October 1676	25 December 1683 † (Executed)	7 years, 67 days
	Kara İbrahim Pasha (d. 1687)	15 December 1683	18 November 1685	1 year, 338 days
	Sarı Süleyman Pasha (d. 1687)	18 November 1685	18 September 1687 † (Deposed)	3 years, 304 days
	Abaza Siyavuş Pasha the Younger (d. 1688)	18 September 1687	23 February 1688 † (Murdered)	158 days
					Suleiman II (1687–1691)
	Ayaşlı İsmail Kemalettin Pasha (1620–1690)	23 February 1688	2 May 1688	69 days
	Bekri Mustafa Pasha (d. 1690)	30 May 1688	7 November 1689	1 year, 161 days
	Gazi Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1637–1691)	10 November 1689	19 August 1691 † (Fell in battle)	1 year, 282 days
					Ahmed II (1691–1695)
	Arabacı Bahadırzade Ali Pasha (1620–1693)	24 August 1691	21 March 1692	210 days
	Hacı Çalık Ali Pasha (d. 1698)	23 March 1692	17 March 1693	359 days
	Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1638–1698)	17 March 1693	13 March 1694	360 days
	Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1645–1695)	13 March 1694	22 April 1695	359 days
					Mustafa II (1695–1703)
	Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1661–1697)	3 May 1695	11 September 1697 † (Fell in battle)	2 years, 131 days
	Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha (1644–1702)	17 September 1697	4 September 1702	4 years, 352 days
	Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (d. 1703)	4 September 1702	24 January 1703 † (Executed)	142 days
	Rami Mehmed Pasha (1645–1706)	25 January 1703	22 August 1703 (Deposed)	209 days
	Nişancı Kavanoz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1705)	22 August 1703	16 November 1703	86 days	Ahmed III (1703–1730)
	Damat Hasan Pasha (1658–1713)	18 November 1703	28 September 1704	315 days
	Hacı Kalaylıkoz Ahmed Pasha [tr] (d. 1715)	October 1704	25 December 1704	85 days
	Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (1652–1712) First term	25 December 1704	3 May 1706	1 year, 129 days
	Damat Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1670–1711)	3 May 1706	15 June 1710	4 years, 43 days
	Köprülüzade Numan Pasha (1670–1719)	16 June 1710	17 August 1710	62 days
	Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (1652–1712) Second term	18 August 1710	20 November 1711	1 year, 94 days
	Ağa Gürcü Yusuf Pasha (d. 1713)	20 November 1711	11 November 1712	357 days
	Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (d. 1715)	12 November 1712	6 April 1713	145 days
	Hoca Ibrahim Pasha [tr] (d. 1713)	6 April 1713	7 April 1713 † (Executed)	1 day
	Damat Silahdar Ali Pasha (1667–1716)	27 April 1713	5 August 1716 † (Fell in battle)	3 years, 100 days
	Hacı Halil Pasha (d. 1733)	21 August 1716	26 August 1717	1 year, 5 days
	Nişancı Mehmed Pasha [tr] (d. 1728)	26 August 1717	9 May 1718	256 days
	Damat Nevşehirli Ibrahim Pasha (1662–1730)	9 May 1718	1 October 1730 † (Lynched)	12 years, 145 days
	Damat Silahdar Mehmed Pasha [tr] (d. 1737)	16 October 1730	23 January 1731	99 days	Mahmud I (1730–1754)
	Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha [tr] (d. 1743)	23 January 1731	11 September 1731	231 days
	Topal Osman Pasha (1663–1733)	21 September 1731	12 March 1732	173 days
	Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1689–1758) First term	12 March 1732	14 July 1735	3 years, 124 days
	Gürcü İsmail Pasha [tr] (d. 1738)	14 July 1735	25 December 1735	164 days
	Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha [tr] (d. 1757)	10 January 1736	5 August 1737	1 year, 207 days
	Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha [tr] (1661–1757)	22 August 1737	19 December 1737	119 days
	Yeğen Mehmed Pasha [tr] (d. 1745)	3 December 1737	23 March 1739	1 year, 110 days
	İvazzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1743)	17 March 1739	23 June 1740	1 year, 98 days
	Nişancı Kör Hacı Ahmed Pasha (d. 1753)	22 July 1740	7 April 1742	2 years, 259 days
	Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1689–1758) Second term	21 April 1742	4 October 1742	166 days
	Seyyid Hasan Pasha (d. 1748)	4 October 1742	10 August 1746	3 years, 310 days
	Hacı Tiryaki Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1680–1751)	11 August 1746	24 August 1747	1 year, 13 days
	Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (d. 1760)	24 August 1747	2 January 1750	2 years, 131 days
	Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (d. 1753)	9 January 1750	1 July 1752	2 years, 174 days
	Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765)	1 July 1752	16 February 1755	2 years, 230 days
					Osman III (1754–1757)
	Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1689–1758) Third term	16 February 1755	19 May 1755	92 days
	Naili Abdullah Pasha (d. 1758)	19 May 1755	24 August 1755	97 days
	Nişancı Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Paşa [tr] (d. 1755)	24 August 1755	23 October 1755 † (Executed)	60 days
	Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (d. 1761)	25 October 1755	1 April 1756	159 days
	Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765) First term	30 April 1756	3 December 1756	217 days
	Koca Mehmet Ragıp Pasha (1698–1763)	12 January 1757	8 April 1763 † (Died in office)	6 years, 86 days
					Mustafa III (1757–1774)
	Hamza Hamid Pasha [tr] (1688–1770)	11 April 1763	29 September 1763	171 days
	Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765) Second term	29 September 1763	30 March 1765 † (Dismissed, executed)	1 year, 213 days
	Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1704–1774) First term	30 March 1765	7 August 1768	3 years, 130 days
	Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha [tr] (1727–1771)	7 August 1768	20 October 1768	74 days
	Yağlıkçızade Mehmed Emin Pasha [tr] (1724–1769)	20 October 1768	12 August 1769 † (Dismissed, executed)	296 days
	Moldovancı Ali Pasha [tr] (d. 1773)	12 August 1769	12 December 1769	122 days
	İvazzade Halil Pasha (1724–1777)	13 December 1769	25 December 1770	1 year, 12 days
	Silahdar Cihangirli Mehmed Paşa [tr] (1710–1788)	25 December 1770	11 December 1771	351 days
	Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1704–1774) Second term	11 December 1771	6 August 1774 † (Died in office)	2 years, 238 days
					Abdul Hamid I (1774–1789)
	İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1723–1784) First term	11 August 1774	7 July 1775	330 days
	Yağlıkçızade Derviş Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1735–1777)	7 July 1775	5 January 1777	1 year, 182 days
	Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1714–1784)	5 January 1777	1 September 1778	1 year, 239 days
	Kalafat Mehmed Pasha [tr] (d. 1792)	1 September 1778	22 August 1779	355 days
	Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1735–1781)	22 August 1779	20 February 1781 † (Died in office)	1 year, 182 days
	İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1723–1784) Second term	20 February 1781	25 August 1782	1 year, 186 days
	Hacı Yeğen Mehmed Paşa [tr] (1726–1787)	25 August 1782	31 December 1782	128 days
	Halil Hamid Pasha (1736–1785)	31 December 1782	30 April 1785 † (Executed)	2 years, 120 days
	Şahin Ali Paşa [tr] (d. 1789)	30 April 1785	25 January 1786	270 days
	Koca Yusuf Pasha (1730–1800) First term	25 January 1786	28 May 1789	3 years, 123 days
					Selim III (1789–1807)
	Meyyit Kethüda Hasan Pasha (d. 1810)	28 May 1789	2 January 1790	219 days
	Gazi Cezayirli Hasan Pasha (1713–1790)	2 January 1790	30 March 1790 † (Died in office)	87 days
	Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha [tr] (d. 1791)	16 April 1790	12 February 1791 † (Assassinated)	302 days
	Koca Yusuf Pasha (1730–1800) Second term	12 February 1791	1792	323 days
	Damat Melek Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1719–1802)	1792	21 October 1794	2 years, 293 days
	Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmet Pasha (1743–1812)	21 October 1794	23 October 1798	4 years, 2 days
	Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (d. 1819) First term	23 October 1798	24 June 1805	6 years, 244 days
	Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Pasha [tr] (1758–1807)	24 September 1805	13 October 1806	1 year, 19 days
	Keçiboynuzu İbrahim Hilmi Pasha [tr] (1747–1825)	13 October 1806	3 June 1807	233 days
					Mustafa IV (1807–1808)
	Çelebi Mustafa Pasha [tr] (d. 1811)	3 June 1807	28 July 1808	1 year, 55 days
	Alemdar/Bayrakdar Mustafa Pasha (1750–1808)	29 July 1808	15 November 1808 † (Committed suicide)	109 days	Mahmud II (1808–1839)
	Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha [tr] (d. 1809)	16 November 1808	December 1808	15 days
	Çarhacı Ali Pasha [tr] (d. 1823)	December 1808	March 1809	90 days
	Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (d. 1819) Second term	March 1809	February 1811	1 year, 337 days
	Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1819)	February 1811	July 1812	1 year, 151 days
	Hurşit Ahmed Pasha (d. 1822)	July 1812	30 March 1815	2 years, 272 days
	Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) First term	30 March 1815	6 January 1818	2 years, 282 days
	Burdurlu Derviş Mehmed Pasha [tr] (1765–1837)	6 January 1818	5 January 1820	1 year, 364 days
	Seyyid Ispartalı Ali Pasha [tr] (1756–1826)	5 January 1820	21 April 1821	1 year, 106 days
	Benderli Ali Pasha (d. 1821)	21 April 1821	30 April 1821 † (Executed)	9 days
	Hacı İzmirli Salih Pasha [tr] (d. 1828)	30 April 1821	11 November 1822	1 year, 195 days
	Bostancıbaşı Deli Abdullah Pasha [tr] (d. 1823)	11 November 1822	4 March 1823	113 days
	Silahdar Turnacızade Ali Pasha [tr] (d. 1829)	4 March 1823	13 December 1823	284 days
	Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1763–1829)	13 December 1823	15 September 1824	277 days
	Mehmed Selim Pasha (1771–1831)	15 September 1824	26 October 1828	4 years, 41 days
	Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1792–1855)	26 October 1828	28 January 1829	94 days
	Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1780–1836)	28 January 1829	17 February 1833	4 years, 20 days
	Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Second term	17 February 1833	8 July 1839	6 years, 141 days
					Abdulmejid I (1839–1861)
	Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1769–1855)	8 July 1839	3 November 1839	118 days
Proclamation of the Gülhane Edict

Tanzimat (1839–1876)

The Gülhane edict was announced soon after Abdul Mecid's sword girding, ushering in the Tanzimat period, a time of major bureaucratic and administrative reform.

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1769–1855)	3 November 1839	29 May 1841	1 year, 207 days	Abdulmejid I (1839–1861)
	Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Third term	29 May 1841	7 October 1841	131 days
	Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1792–1855)	7 October 1841	3 September 1842	331 days
	Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Fourth term	3 September 1842	31 July 1846	3 years, 331 days
	Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) First term	31 July 1846	28 April 1848	1 year, 272 days
	İbrahim Sarim Pasha (1801–1853)	28 April 1848	13 August 1848	107 days
	Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Second term	13 August 1848	26 January 1852	3 years, 166 days
	Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Fifth term	27 January 1852	7 March 1852	40 days
	Koca Mustafa Reşit Pasha (1800–1858) Third term	7 March 1852	7 August 1852	153 days
	Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) First term	7 August 1852	4 October 1852	58 days
	Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1813–1868)	4 October 1852	14 May 1853	222 days
	Mustafa Naili Pasha (1798–1871) First term	14 May 1853	30 May 1854	1 year, 16 days
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871) First term	30 May 1854	24 November 1854	178 days
	Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Fourth term	24 November 1854	4 May 1855	161 days
	Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Second term	4 May 1855	1 December 1856	1 year, 211 days
	Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Fifth term	1 December 1856	2 August 1857	244 days
	Mustafa Naili Pasha (1798–1871) Second term	2 August 1857	23 October 1857	82 days
	Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Sixth term	23 October 1857	7 January 1858 † (Died in office)	76 days
	Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Third term	11 January 1858	October 1859	1 year, 270 days
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871) Second term	8 October 1859	24 December 1859	77 days
	Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) First term	24 December 1859	27 May 1860	155 days
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871) Third term	27 May 1860	6 August 1861	1 year, 71 days
					Abdulaziz (1861–1876)
	Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Fourth term	6 August 1861	22 November 1861	108 days
	Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814–1869) First term	22 November 1861	6 January 1863	1 year, 45 days
	Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1808–1876)	6 January 1863	3 June 1863	148 days
	Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814–1869) Second term	3 June 1863	5 June 1866	3 years, 2 days
	Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Second term	5 June 1866	11 February 1867	251 days
	Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Fifth term	11 February 1867	7 September 1871 † (Died in office)	4 years, 208 days
	Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1818–1883) First term	7 September 1871	31 July 1872	328 days
	Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (1822–1883) First term	31 July 1872	19 October 1872	80 days
	Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Third term	19 October 1872	15 February 1873	119 days
	Ahmed Esat Pasha (1828–1875) First term	15 February 1873	15 April 1873	59 days
	Şirvanizade Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1828–1874)	15 April 1873	14 February 1874	305 days
	Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1820–1876)	14 February 1874	25 April 1875	1 year, 70 days
	Ahmed Esat Pasha (1828–1875) Second term	25 April 1875	21 August 1875 † (Died in office)	118 days
	Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1818–1883) Second term	21 August 1875	11 May 1876 (Deposed)	264 days
	Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Fourth term		19 December 1876	221 days
		12 May 1876			Murad V (1876)
					Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909)
Promulgation of Constitution

First Constitutional Monarchy (1876–1878)

Under pressure from constitutionalist ministers which overthrew his relatives Abdul Aziz and Murad V, Abdul Hamid II promulgated a constitution and parliament upon his ascension to the throne.

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Legislature	Government	Title	Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (1822–1883) Second term	19 December 1876	5 February 1877	48 days	—	Midhat II	Grand Vizier	Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909)
	İbrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893)	5 February 1877	11 January 1878	340 days		Edhem	Grand Vizier
					I (1876)
					II (1877)
	Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1826–1885)	11 January 1878	4 February 1878	24 days		Hamdi	Grand Vizier
	Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891) First term	4 February 1878	18 April 1878	73 days		Vefik I	Prime Minister
Constitution suspended

İstibdat (1878–1908)

Abdul Hamid II suspended the constitution and parliament in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo Turkish war, and ruled the Ottoman Empire for the next three decades in a personal dictatorship. Opposition politicians dubbed this era of Ottoman history as the era of İstibdat (despotism). Abdul Hamid revived the use of the title Başnazır, or Prime Minister, though he eventually settled on his government chiefs being called Sadr-ı Azam, or Grand Vizier.^[3]

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Government	Title	Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891) First term	4 February 1878	18 April 1878	73 days	Vefik I	Prime Minister	Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909)
	Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1826–1901)	18 April 1878	28 May 1878	40 days	Sadık	Prime Minister
	Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Fifth term	28 May 1878	4 June 1878	7 days	Mütercim Rüşdi V	Grand Vizier
	Mehmed Esat Saffet Pasha (1814–1883)	4 June 1878	October 1878	119 days	Saffet	Grand Vizier
	Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (1820–1890)	October 1878	28 July 1879	300 days	Hayreddin	Grand Vizier
	Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1830–1896)	28 July 1879	September 1879	35 days	Arifi	Prime Minister
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) First term	18 October 1879	9 June 1880	235 days	Said I	Prime Minister
	Cenanizade Mehmed Kadri Pasha (1832–1884)	9 June 1880	12 September 1880	95 days	Kadri	Prime Minister
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Second term	12 September 1880	2 May 1882	1 year, 232 days	Said II	Prime Minister
	Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1833–1912)	2 May 1882	12 July 1882	71 days	Nureddin	Prime Minister
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Third term	12 July 1882	30 November 1882	141 days	Said III	Prime Minister
	Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891) Second term	1 December 1882	3 December 1882	2 days	Vefik II	Prime Minister
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Fourth term	3 December 1882	24 September 1885	2 years, 295 days	Said IV	Grand Vizier
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) First term	25 September 1885	4 September 1891	5 years, 344 days	Kâmil I	Grand Vizier
	Ahmed Cevat Şakir Pasha (1851–1900)	4 September 1891	8 June 1895	3 years, 277 days	Şakir	Grand Vizier
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Fifth term	9 June 1895	3 October 1895	116 days	Said V	Grand Vizier
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) Second term	3 October 1895	7 November 1895	35 days	Kâmil II	Grand Vizier
	Halil Rifat Pasha (1820–1901)	7 November 1895	9 November 1901 † (Died in office)	6 years, 2 days	Rifat	Grand Vizier
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Sixth term	13 November 1901	15 January 1903	1 year, 63 days	Said VI	Grand Vizier
	Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1851–1914)	15 January 1903	22 July 1908	5 years, 189 days	Avyonyalı Ferid	Grand Vizier
Young Turk Revolution, constitution repromulgated

Second Constitutional Monarchy (1908–1920)

The Young Turks force Abdul Hamid II to reinstate the constitution and parliament on 24 July 1908. Political parties were introduced in the Second Constitutional Era.

  Union and Progress Party

  Liberty Party, Freedom and Accord Party

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Political Party		Government	Legislature	Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Seventh term	22 July 1908	6 August 1908	15 days		Independent	Said VII	—	Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909)
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) Third term	5 August 1908	14 February 1909 (Censored)	193 days			Kâmil III
						Liberty Party
								III (1908)
	Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1855–1922) First term	14 February 1909	14 April 1909 (Deposed)	59 days		Independent	Hilmi I
	Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (Okday) (1845–1936) First term	14 April 1909	5 May 1909 (Deposed)	21 days			Tevfik I
									Mehmed V (1909–1918)
	Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1855–1922) Second term	5 May 1909	15 August 1909	252 days			Hilmi II
		15 August 1909	12 January 1910				Hilmi III
	İbrahim Hakkı Pasha (1862–1918)	12 January 1910	30 September 1911	1 year, 261 days			Hakkı
	Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Eighth and ninth term	30 September 1911	31 December 1911	296 days			Said VIII
								IV (1912)
		31 December 1911	22 July 1912 (Deposed)				Said IX
	Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919)	22 July 1912	29 October 1912	99 days			Muhtar
								—
	Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) Fourth term	29 October 1912	23 January 1913 (Deposed)	86 days		Freedom and Accord Party	Kâmil IV
	Mahmud Şevket Pasha (1856–1913)	23 January 1913	11 June 1913 † (Assassinated)	139 days		Independent	Şevket
	Mehmed Said Halim Pasha (1865–1921)	12 June 1913	3 February 1917	3 years, 236 days		Union and Progress Party	Said Halim
								V (1914)
	Mehmed Talât Pasha (1874–1921) First and second term	4 February 1917	4 July 1918	1 year, 246 days			Talât I
		4 July 1918	8 October 1918				Talât II		Mehmed VI (1918–1922)
	Ahmed İzzet Pasha (Furgaç) (1864–1937)	14 October 1918	11 November 1918	28 days			Furgaç
						Independent
	Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (Okday) (1845–1936) Second term	11 November 1918	12 January 1919	113 days			Tevfik II
								—
		12 January 1919	24 February 1919				Tevfik III
		24 February 1919	3 March 1919				Tevfik IV
	Damat Mehmed Adil Ferid Pasha (1853–1923) First, second, and third term	4 March 1919	15 May 1919	210 days			Ferid I
		19 May 1919	20 July 1919				Ferid II
		21 July 1919	30 September 1919				Ferid III
	Ali Rıza Pasha (1860–1932)	2 October 1919	9 February 1920	153 days			Ali Rıza I
								VI (1919)
		9 February 1920	3 March 1920				Ali Rıza II
	Salih Hulusi Pasha (Kezrak) (1864–1939)	8 March 1920	2 April 1920	25 days			Hulusi
Constitution suspended

Last grand viziers (1920–1922)

Following the end of the Second Constitutional Era in 1920, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of diarchy, with the government based in Constantinople and the government based in Ankara both asserting themselves as the legitimate Turkish government. Mehmed VI abolished the constitution and suspended parliament when the Chamber of Deputies voted in support of the National Pact in the Turkish War of Independence.

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Political party		Cabinet	Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Damat Mehmed Adil Ferid Pasha (1853–1923) Fourth and Fifth terms	5 April 1920	July 31 1920	199 days		Independent	Ferid IV	Mehmed VI (1918–1922)
		July 31 1920	21 October 1920				Ferid V
	Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (Okday) (1845–1936) Third term	21 October 1920	4 November 1922	2 years, 14 days			Tevfik V
End of the Ottoman Empire

During the Conference of London, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha recognized the ambassador of the Grand National Assembly as the legitimate government of Turkey. On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly voted to abolish the Sultanate. Ahmet Tevfik Pasha was the last grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, and resigned from the premiership on November 4, 1922, without a replacement.

Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)

Prime Minister			Term of office			Political party		Cabinet	Legislature	Speaker
Portrait		Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) (1881–1938)	3 May 1920	24 January 1921	266 days		Independent	Atatürk	I (1920)	Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) (1920–1923)
2		Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) (1876–1950) First and second term	24 January 1921	19 May 1921	1 year, 166 days			Çakmak I
			19 May 1921	9 July 1922				Çakmak II
3		Hüseyin Rauf Pasha (Orbay) (1881–1964)	12 July 1922	4 August 1923	1 year, 23 days			Orbay
4		Ali Fethi (Okyar) (1880–1943)	14 August 1923	27 October 1923	74 days			Okyar
Declaration of the Republic of Turkey

See also

• List of prime ministers of Turkey
• List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
• List of Kapudan Pashas

References

1. Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 240, at Google Books
2. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 235, at Google Books
3. Kuran, Ercüment. "Başvekil". İslam Ansiklopedisi.
4. İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi, Cilt:5, İsmail Hami Danişmend

Sources

• Aktaş, Necati; Kaplan, Mustafa (2003). Osmanlı fermanları. Osmanlı Arşivi. ISBN 9789751934925.
• Dânişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971). Osmanlı devlet erkânı: Sadr-ı-a'zamlar (vezir-i-a'zamlar), şeyh-ül-islâmlar, kapdan-ı-deryalar, baş-defterdarlar, reı̂s-ül-küttablar. Türkiye Yayınevi.
• Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-01406-1.
• Mango, Andrew (1999). Atatürk. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6592-2.
• Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.
• Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6606-5.
• Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı; Karal, Enver Ziya (1954). Osmanlı tarihi: cilt. Uzunçarşılı, İ.H. 1. kısım. II. Selim'in tahta çıkışından 1699 Karlofça andlaşmasına kadar (1973) 2. kısım. XVI. yüzyıl ortalarından XVII. yüzyıl sonuna kadar (1954). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
• Yücel, Yaşar (1992). Türkiye tarihi (IV.): Osmanli dönemi. Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-0257-2.
• Yücel, Yaşar (1991). Türkiye tarihi (II.). Istanbul.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)