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List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

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List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming. This total includes 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the European Union).[1][2] Canada renounced the protocol effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.

Thumb
Participation in the Kyoto Protocol
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second
  non-Annex B parties without binding targets
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol
  Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified
  Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol

With the Protocol's 2008-2012 commitment period expiring, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 2013–2020. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted this amendment.

Parties

Summarize
Perspective

Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed state or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.

Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force. With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force, effective 16 February 2005. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted the Doha amendment. It will enter into force as of 31 December 2020.

More information Annex, % for ratification ...
Party[2][3][4] Annex[5] % for ratification[6] emissions
limit
(2012)[7][8]		 emissions
limit
(2020)[9]		 Signed Ratification / Acceptance Amendment acceptance Notes
 Afghanistan25 March 2013[10]
 Albania1 April 200522 October 2020
 Algeria16 February 200528 September 2015
 Angola8 May 200722 September 2020
 Antigua and Barbuda16 March 19983 November 199823 September 2016
 Argentina16 March 199828 September 20011 December 2015
 Armenia25 April 200331 March 2017
 AustraliaI, II2.1%+8%[a]−0.5%29 April 19983 December 20079 November 2016
 AustriaI, II0.4%−8% (−13%)[b]−20% (−16%)[c]24 September 199831 May 200221 December 2017
 Azerbaijan28 September 20001 July 2015
 Bahamas9 April 19994 November 2015
 Bahrain31 January 2006
 Bangladesh22 October 200113 November 2013
 Barbados7 August 200014 August 2013
 BelarusI-[d]none[e][f]−12%[g]26 August 2005
 BelgiumI, II0.8%−8% (−7.5%)[b]−20% (−15%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200214 November 2017
 Belize26 September 200324 July 2018
 Benin25 February 200229 August 2018
 Bhutan26 August 200229 September 2015
 Bolivia9 July 199830 November 199917 September 2020
 Bosnia and Herzegovina16 April 2007
 Botswana8 August 20037 March 2016
 Brazil29 April 199823 August 200213 February 2018
 Brunei20 August 200914 November 2014
 BulgariaI0.6%−8%[b]−20% (+20%)[c][a]18 September 199815 August 200221 December 2017
 Burkina Faso31 March 200529 November 2016
 Burundi18 October 2001
 Cambodia22 August 200217 November 2015
 Cameroon28 August 2002
 Cape Verde10 February 2006
 Central African Republic18 March 2008
 Chad18 August 2009
 Chile17 June 199826 August 200210 November 2015
 China29 May 199830 August 20022 June 2014 Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003
 Macao: applied since 14 January 2008
 Colombia30 November 2001
 Comoros10 April 20087 September 2014
 Democratic Republic of the Congo23 March 2005
 Republic of the Congo12 February 200714 May 2015
 Cook Islands16 September 199827 August 20015 November 2018
 Costa Rica27 April 19989 August 200221 September 2016
 Côte d'Ivoire23 April 2007
 CroatiaI[h]-[i]−5%[b]−20% (+11%)[c]11 March 199927 April 200721 December 2017
 Cuba15 March 199930 April 200228 December 2016
 CyprusI[j]-[k]none[l][m][b]−20% (−5%)[c]16 July 199910 December 2015
 Czech RepublicI[n][h]1.2%−8%[b]−20% (+9%)[c][a]23 November 199815 November 200121 December 2017
 DenmarkI, II0.4%−8% (−21%)[b]−20% (−20%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200221 December 2017 Greenland: applied
 Faroe Islands: not applied
 Djibouti12 March 200223 September 2014
 Dominica25 January 200515 July 2019
 Dominican Republic12 February 200221 September 2016
 Ecuador15 January 199913 January 200020 April 2015
 Egypt15 March 199912 January 20053 February 2020
 El Salvador8 June 199813 January 200018 September 2019
 Equatorial Guinea16 August 2000
 Eritrea28 July 20053 May 2018
 EstoniaI0.3%−8%[b]−20% (+11%)[c][a]3 December 199814 October 200221 December 2017
 Ethiopia14 April 200526 June 2015
 European Union[o]I, II[p]−8%[b]−20%[c]29 April 199831 May 200221 December 2017All ratifications of the 15 then-EU-members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously. For the purpose of satisfying the entry-into-force conditions, the EU's ratification was not counted.[7]
 Fiji17 September 199817 September 199819 September 2017
 FinlandI, II0.4%−8% (0%)[b][q]−20% (−16%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200216 November 2017
 FranceI, II2.7%−8% (0%)[b][q]−20% (−14%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200230 November 2017 French Guiana,  Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  Réunion: applied
 French Polynesia,  New Caledonia,  Wallis and Futuna,  French Southern Territories,  Mayotte,  Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied
 Gabon12 December 20061 December 2017
 Gambia1 June 20017 November 2016
 Georgia16 June 199916 June 2020
 GermanyI, II7.4%−8% (−21%)[b]−20% (−14%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200214 November 2017
 Ghana30 May 200324 September 2020
 GreeceI, II0.6%−8% (+25%)[b][a]−20% (−4%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200221 December 2017
 Grenada6 August 20021 April 2015
 Guatemala10 July 19985 October 199915 October 2019
 Guinea7 September 20006 April 2016
 Guinea-Bissau18 November 200522 October 2018
 Guyana5 August 200323 December 2014
 Haiti6 July 2005
 Honduras25 February 199919 July 200011 April 2014
 HungaryI0.5%−6%[b]−20% (+10%)[c][a]21 August 20021 October 2015
 IcelandI, II0.0%+10%[a]−20%[c]23 May 20027 October 2015
 India26 August 20028 August 2017
 Indonesia13 July 19983 December 200430 September 2014
 Iran22 August 2005
 Iraq28 July 2009
 IrelandI, II0.2%−8% (+13%)[b][a]−20% (−20%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200221 December 2017
 Israel16 December 199815 March 2004
 ItalyI, II3.1%−8% (−6.5%)[b]−20% (−13%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200218 July 2016
 Jamaica28 June 19991 October 2020
 JapanI, II8.5%−6%none[r]28 April 19984 June 2002
 Jordan17 January 20033 January 2020
 KazakhstanI (dec.)[n][s]-[k]none[l][t]−5%12 March 199919 June 2009
 Kenya25 February 20057 April 2014
 Kiribati7 September 200011 February 2016
 North Korea27 April 2005
 South Korea25 September 19988 November 200227 May 2015
 Kuwait11 March 20058 May 2019
 Kyrgyzstan13 May 2003
 Laos6 February 200323 April 2019
 LatviaI0.2%−8%[b]−20% (+17%)[c][a]14 December 19985 July 200221 December 2017
 Lebanon13 November 2006
 Lesotho6 September 200018 January 2019
 Liberia5 November 200217 August 2015
 Libya24 August 2006
 LiechtensteinI[h]0.0%−8%−16%29 June 19983 December 200423 February 2015
 LithuaniaI-[i]−8%[b]−20% (+15%)[c][a]21 September 19983 January 200322 November 2017
 LuxembourgI, II0.1%−8% (−28%)[b]−20% (−20%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200221 September 2017
 Madagascar24 September 20031 October 2015
 Malawi26 October 200129 June 2017
 Malaysia12 March 19994 September 200212 April 2017
 Maldives16 March 199830 December 19981 July 2015
 Mali27 January 199928 March 20027 December 2015
 MaltaI[u]-[k]none[l][m][b]−20% (+5%)[c][a]17 April 199811 November 200121 December 2017
 Marshall Islands17 March 199811 August 20037 May 2015
 Mauritania22 July 2005
 Mauritius9 May 20015 September 2013
 Mexico9 June 19987 September 200023 September 2014
 Federated States of Micronesia17 March 199821 June 199919 February 2014
 Moldova22 April 2003
 MonacoI[n][h]0.0%−8%−22%29 April 199827 February 200627 December 2013
 Mongolia15 December 199920 February 2019
 Montenegro4 June 200726 December 2018
 Morocco25 January 20025 September 2014
 Mozambique18 January 2005
 Myanmar13 August 200319 September 2017
 Namibia4 September 200317 February 2015
 Nauru16 August 20011 December 2014
   Nepal16 September 2005
 NetherlandsI, II1.2%−8% (−6%)[b]−20% (−16%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200222 November 2017 Aruba: not applied
 Curaçao: not applied
 Sint Maarten: not applied
 Caribbean Netherlands: not applied
 New Zealand[v]I, II0.2%0%[q]none[r]22 May 199819 December 200230 November 2015 Tokelau: not applied
 Nicaragua7 July 199818 November 19993 July 2019
 Niger23 October 199830 September 20041 August 2018
 Nigeria10 December 20042 October 2020
 Niue8 December 19986 May 199910 December 2019
 North Macedonia18 November 200418 October 2019
 NorwayI, II0.3%+1%[a]−16%29 April 199830 May 200212 June 2014
 Oman19 January 2005
 Pakistan11 January 200531 October 2017
 Palau10 December 199910 March 2015
 Panama8 June 19985 March 199929 September 2015
 Papua New Guinea2 March 199928 March 2002
 Paraguay25 August 199827 August 199921 February 2019
 Peru13 November 199812 September 200224 September 2014
 Philippines15 April 199820 November 200313 April 2016
 PolandI3.0%−6%[b]−20% (+14%)[c][a]15 July 199813 December 200228 September 2018
 PortugalI, II0.3%−8% (+27%)[b][a]−20% (+1%)[c][a]29 April 199831 May 200222 November 2017
 Qatar11 January 200528 October 2020
 RomaniaI1.2%−8%[b]−20% (+19%)[c][a]5 January 199919 March 20013 May 2016
 RussiaI17.4%0%[q]none[r]11 March 199918 November 2004
 Rwanda22 July 200420 November 2015
 Saint Kitts and Nevis8 April 200825 October 2016
 Saint Lucia16 March 199820 August 200320 November 2018
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19 March 199831 December 2004
 Samoa16 March 199827 November 200018 September 2015
 San Marino28 April 20104 August 2015
 Sao Tome and Principe24 July 2008
 Saudi Arabia31 January 2005
 Senegal20 July 200127 May 2020
 Serbia24 September 200730 June 2017
 Seychelles20 March 199822 July 200215 July 2015
 Sierra Leone10 November 200615 June 2020
 Singapore12 April 200623 September 2014
 SlovakiaI[n][h]0.4%−8%[b]−20% (+13%)[c][a]26 February 199931 May 200216 November 2017
 SloveniaI[n][h]-[i]−8%[b]−20% (+4%)[c][a]21 October 19982 August 200221 December 2017
 Solomon Islands29 September 199813 March 20035 September 2014
 Somalia26 July 2010
 South Africa31 July 20027 May 2015
 SpainI, II1.9%−8% (+15%)[b][a]−20% (−10%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200214 November 2017
 Sri Lanka3 September 20022 December 2015
 Sudan2 November 20043 February 2014
 Suriname25 September 2006
 Swaziland13 January 200621 September 2016
 SwedenI, II0.4%−8% (+4%)[b][a]−20% (−17%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200214 November 2017
  SwitzerlandI, II0.3%−8%−15.8%16 March 19989 July 200328 August 2015
 Syria27 January 2006
 Tajikistan5 January 2009
 Tanzania26 August 2002
 Thailand2 February 199928 August 20021 September 2015
 Timor-Leste14 October 2008
 Togo2 July 20045 November 2018
 Tonga14 January 20085 November 2018
 Trinidad and Tobago7 January 199928 January 19996 August 2015
 Tunisia22 January 2003
 TurkeyI[w]-[d]none[e]none28 May 2009[51][52][53]
 Turkmenistan28 September 199811 January 1999
 Tuvalu16 November 199816 November 19984 December 2014
 Uganda25 March 20028 July 2015
 UkraineI-[i]0%[q]−24%15 March 199912 April 2004
 United Arab Emirates26 January 200526 April 2013
 United KingdomI, II4.3%−8% (−12.5%)[b]−20% (−16%)[c]29 April 199831 May 200217 November 2017Guernsey and Isle of Man, applied since 4 April 2005; Gibraltar, since 2 January 2007; Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Jersey, since 7 March 2007. Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied
 Uruguay29 July 19985 February 200112 September 2018
 Uzbekistan20 November 199812 October 1999
 Vanuatu17 July 200115 March 2018
 Venezuela18 February 20051 March 2018
 Vietnam3 December 199825 September 200222 June 2015
 Yemen15 September 2004
 Zambia5 August 19987 July 200622 August 2019
 Zimbabwe30 June 200920 April 2016
TotalsI: 38 + EU
II: 21+EU		33 (63.9%)-%: 31 (24)
0%: 3 (5)
+%: 3 (8)		192 (incl. EU)147
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Former parties

More information Country, Annex ...
Country Annex[5] % for ratification[6] emissions
limit
(2012)[7]		 emissions
limit
(2020)[9]		 Signed Ratification/Acceptance Amendment acceptance Notes
 CanadaI, II3.3%−6%none[x]29 April 199817 December 2002Withdrew 15 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012.[54] (See Canada and the Kyoto Protocol)
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Signatory

More information Country, Annex ...
Country Annex[5] % for ratification[6] emissions
limit
(2012)[7]		 emissions
limit
(2020)[9]		 Signed Notes
 United StatesI, II36.1%−7%none[x]12 November 1998
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Not signatories or parties

As of 2022 there are four UN member states or observers which are not party to the protocol, all of which are members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Holy See, Palestine, South Sudan.[55]

Notes

  1. Maximum increase allowed.
  2. The 15 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol each agreed to a reduction target of −8% under Annex B, as did the European Communities as a whole. A declaration was made upon ratifacation that an agreement had been reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the Protocol, as permitted by Article 4 of the Protocol.[3][11] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[8] The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets. The 13 member states that entered the union later did not participate in this joint agreement, and retained their individual Kyoto targets (if applicable).[19]
  3. The 27 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment, in addition to Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, and Iceland each agreed to a reduction a target of −20% under the amended Annex B, as did the European Union as a whole. An agreement was subsequently reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the amended Protocol.[20] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[21][22][23]
  4. Emissions of states listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol,[11] which were thus not permitted to sign the Protocol, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Protocol.
  5. States listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not eligible sign the Protocol and were not listed in Annex B.
  6. A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction for the first commitment period of −8% was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006,[12][13][14] but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states.[15]
  7. Belarus was added to Annex B with the Doha Amendment.[9]
  8. At their request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 1998 added Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Slovenia to Annex I, while the Czech Republic and Slovakia replaced Czechoslovakia, from which they had seceded in 1993, in Annex I.[6][16][5]
  9. Emissions of Annex I parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emission inventory at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not included in the figure for entry into force of the protocol.[6][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]
  10. At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2013 added Cyprus to Annex I.[17][18][5]
  11. Emissions not included in the figure for entry into force of the Protocol because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
  12. Not listed in Annex B because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
  13. As they were not listed in Annex I when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, Cyprus and Malta were not listed in Annex B. However, following their accession to the European Union they were obliged to participate in the EU ETS. Both took on targets under the Doha Amendment.[9]
  14. Monaco (1992), the Czech Republic (1995), Slovakia (1996), Slovenia (1998) and Kazakhstan (2000)[24] submitted declarations under Article 4.2 (g) of the UNFCCC, which as per Article 1.7 of the Kyoto Protocol means that they are treated as Annex I states under the Kyoto Protocol.[11] All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention.
  15. All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually, in addition to their common representation through the EU.
  16. As per Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol, "any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization."[7]
  17. No increase allowed but no reduction required – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
  18. Japan, New Zealand and Russia were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but were not assigned any emission reduction limits under the Doha Amendment for the second commitment period.[9]
  19. Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it,[25] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter.[26][27][24]
  20. Kazakhstan proposed in 2009 that Annex B be amended to include it as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0%,[28][29] and latter indicated it was willing to accept a -6% limit,[30] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC.[31][32][33][34][35]
  21. At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2010 added Malta to Annex I.[36][5]
  22. The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
  23. Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the Convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[44][45] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[46][47][26] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[48][27][49][24][50][5]
  24. Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B.[9]

References

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