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Lamuri, Lamri,[1] or Lambri[2] was a kingdom in northern Sumatra, Indonesia recorded from the 9th century until the early 16th century. The area was inhabited by Hindu population around the seventh century.[3] There is also evidence of Buddhism.[4] The region is also thought to be one of the earliest places of arrival of Islam in the Indonesian archipelago, and in its later period its rulers were Muslims.
Lambri is generally considered to be located in the Aceh province near Banda Aceh. Its location has been suggested to be in today's Lambaro to the west of Bandar Aceh where submerged ruins of buildings and tombstones have been found,[2] although some now associate Lambri with Lam Reh to the east of Aceh where there are ancient tombstones, and where significant archaeological material from between the 13th and 15th centuries are found.[1][5] Accounts of Lambri have been given in various sources from the 9th century onwards, and it has been proposed that accounts of Lambri between the 9th and 13th centuries referred to a broad stretch of North Sumatran coast, but from the 13th to 15th centuries Lambri was centered in Lam Reh.[1]
Lambri is believed to have been partially destroyed by a tsunami in 1394.[1] There are no references in historical texts to Lambri after the mid-16th century, and it is thought to have become absorbed into the Aceh Sultanate by the early 16th century.[6]
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The Kingdom of Lamuri or Lambri was known to the Arabs from the 9th century onward, and named as Rām(n)ī (رامني), Lawrī, Lāmurī and other variants.[7] The only mention of the kingdom in Indian sources appears in the Tanjore inscription of 1030 which named it as Ilâmurideśam in Tamil.[7] In Chinese records, it was first referred to as Lanli (藍里) in Lingwai Daida by Zhou Qufei in 1178, later Lanwuli (藍無里) in Zhu Fan Zhi, Nanwuli (喃
巫哩) in Daoyi Zhilüe, and other similar variations.[8] In European sources it appears as Lambri (for example in The Travels of Marco Polo),[9] Lamuri, or their variants (Lamori, Lambry, etc.).
In the Javanese work of 1365 Nagarakretagama, it is named Lamuri, and in the Malay Annals, Lambri.[7] In Acehnese, the word lam means "in", "inside" or "deep", and it is also used as a prefix for many settlements around the Aceh area.[2]
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The first mention of Lamuri may be in the 9th century by the Arab geographer Ibn Khurdadhbih who wrote: "Beyond Serandib is the isle of Ram(n)i, where the rhinoceros can be seen. ... This island produces bamboo and brazilwood, the roots of which are antidote for deadly poisons. ... This country produces tall camphor trees." According to Akhbar al-Sin wa'l Hind (An Account of China and India), Ramni "produces numerous elephants as well as brazilwood and bamboos. The island is washed by two seas ... Harkand and that of Salahit."[2][10] In the 10th century Al-Masudi wrote that Ramin (i.e. Lamuri) was "well populated and governed by kings. They are full of gold mines, and nearby is the land of Fansur, whence is derived the fansuri camphor, which is only found there in large quantities in the years that have many storms and earthquakes".[2]
Chinese historical records indicate that ancient Lamuri was used as a staging post for traders waiting out the winter monsoon for favourable winds to take them westwards to Sri Lanka, India and the Arab world. Zhao Rugua in Zhu Fan Zhi said that the products of Lan-wu-li (Lamuri) were sappanwood, elephant tusks, and white rattan, and that its people were "warlike and often use poison arrows".[11] In the 14th century, Wang Dayuan noted in Daoyi Zhilüe there were "mountain-like waves" crashing against it, and that the natives lived on the hills and were given to piracy.[2] He also noted that it produced the best-quality lakawood, and later records showed that its king presented the product to the Chinese emperor as tribute during the Ming dynasty.[8]
Lambri was also mentioned by early century European travellers Marco Polo and Odoric of Pordenone.[12] Polo wrote that there were men with tails in this kingdom of Lambri. The tails were a palm in length with the thickness of a dog's tail and hairless.[13] In 1783, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau briefly mentions Lambri men with tails citing an earlier work from 1566, and that men with tails brought back by missionaries had elongated coccyx.[14] According to Odoric of Pordenone, whose early 14th century account of Lamori was borrowed by Sir John Mandeville's in his Book of Marvels and Travels, Lamori was a very hot country, so both men and women went about naked. He mentioned that all women were shared in common, and no one was any person's husband or wife. Similarly the whole of the land was held in common, although they had their own individual houses. They were also said to be cannibals, who purchased children from merchants to slaughter them.[15][16]
Marco Polo noted that the people were "idolators" when he passed through in the late 13th century.[13] However, it has been argued that the inscriptions on tombstone of Sultan Sulaiman bin Abdullah al-Basr at Lam Reh may be the first documented royal conversion to Islam in the region. The inscriptions have been dated to 1211 although a later date has also been proposed. Some thought that Islam may have arrived in the area as early as the 8th century.[17] By the early 15th century when Zheng He's voyages passed through Lamuri, the ruler of Lamuri was said to profess the Islamic faith, and that its estimated population of over 1,000 families were all Muslims, according to Yingya Shenglan written by Ma Huan who was in Zheng He's fleet.[18][19]
Lamuri is thought to be one of the cities controlled by the Srivijaya empire. In 1025, the port was attacked in the raids on Srivijaya led by Rajendra Chola, and Lamuri appeared to have come under the influence of the Tamils. By the 13th century, it was again under Srivijayan control as Zhu Fan Zhi noted that it paid tribute to Sanfoqi (usually thought to be Srivijaya). Marco Polo wrote that it pledged its allegiance to Kublai Khan in 1292 (the Mongols had demanded the submission of various states that year, before their failed invasion of Java).[12]
In the 14th century, Odoric of Pordenone mentioned that Lamori and Samudera were constantly at war with each other.[20] The 14th century work Nagarakretagama listed Lamuri as one of the vassal states of the Majapahit. Portuguese writers such as João de Barros also mentioned Lambri in the 16th century; de Barros placed Lambrij (Lamuri) between Daya and Achin (Aceh),[21] but according to Suma Oriental written by Tomé Pires in 1512–1515, Lambry had by then come under the control of Achin whose king was the only ruler in the area.[6]
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From 84 graves at 17 sites, there are 28 tombstones that have inscription. From these there are 10 kings who ruled Lamuri, 8 persons with title malik and 2 with title sultan.[22][failed verification]
- Malik Syamsuddin (d. 822 H/1419 CE)
- Malik 'Alawuddin (d. 822 H/1419 CE)
- Malik Muzhhiruddin
- Sultan Muhammad ibn 'Alawuddin (d. 834 H/1431 CE)
- Malik Nizar ibn Zaid (d. 837 H/1434 CE)
- Malik Zaid (ibn Nizar?) (d. 844 H/1441 CE)
- Malik Jawaduddin (d. 842 H/1439 CE)
- Malik Zainal 'Abidin (d. 845 H/1442 CE)
- Malik Muhammad Syah (d. 848 H/1444 CE)
- Sultan Muhammad Syah (d. 908 H/1503 CE)[23]
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