Korean clans

Korean clans are groups of people that share the same paternal ancestor. They are indicated by the combination of a bongwan (Korean: 본관; lit. place of origin) and a family name.^[1]

Korean clans
Hangul	본관
Hanja	本貫
Revised Romanization	bongwan
McCune–Reischauer	pon'gwan

Korean clans distinguish clans that happen to share the same family name. The bongwan identifies descent groups by geographic place of origin.^[2] For example, the Gyeongju Kim and the Gimhae Kim are considered different clans, even though they happen to share the same family name Kim. In this case, Gyeongju and Gimhae are the respective bongwan of these clans. However, a clan name is not treated as a part of a Korean person's name.^{[citation needed]} The bongwan and the family name are passed on from a father to his children, thus ensuring that person in the same paternal lineage sharing the same combination of the bongwan and the family name.^[1] A bongwan does not change by marriage or adoption.

Different family names sharing the same bongwan sometimes trace their origin to a common paternal ancestor, e.g. the Gimhae Kim [ko] clan and the Gimhae Heo [ko] clan share Suro of Geumgwan Gaya as their common paternal ancestor, though such cases are exceptional.

According to the population and housing census of 2000 conducted by Statistics Korea, there are a total of 286 surnames and 4,179 clans.^[3] The 2015 census reported that a total of 36,744 family clans exist among the 1,507 surnames extant in South Korea.^[4]

History

The bongwan system originates from China. It is assumed to have been created around the late Silla and early Goryeo period as a result of Silla's sinicization policies.^[1] Taejo of Goryeo promoted the bongwan system to stably distribute a growing population and create a basis for tax revenue, whilst putting an end to the obsolete bone-rank system.^[1]

Numerous clans were created throughout local administrations of all sizes and statuses. Almost all Koreans, including the Yangmin and Cheonmin caste, identified with a bongwan from the early Goryeo to the Joseon period. A bongwan affiliated with a prosperous region was widely seen as a source of personal pride, while members from a lesser or impoverished bongwan often sought to escape their genealogical status.^[1] Changes in administrative divisions profoundly influenced the merging or creation of various clans.^[1]

Restrictions on marriage and adoption

Traditionally, a man and a woman in the same clan could not marry, so the combination of the bongwan and the family name of a husband had to differ from that of a wife. Until 1997, this was also the law, but this was ruled as unconstitutional.

When adopting a child, the adoptive father and the adopted child must share the same combination of the bongwan and the family name. However, in exceptional circumstances, adoptive parents can change an adopted child's family name for the adopted child's welfare. In this case, the adoptive parents must visit a family court to request permission to change the family name.^[5]

List

Surname	Seal	English	Hangul	Hanja	Progenitor(s) (sijo)	Population in South Korea (2015)[4]	Ref.
Kim		Gimhae Kim clan	김해 김씨	金海 金氏	Suro of Gaya	4,456,700	[6]
		Gyeongju Kim clan	경주 김씨	慶州 金氏	Kim Alchi	1,800,853	[7]
		Gwangsan Kim clan	광산 김씨	光山 金氏	Kim Hŭngkwang	926,316	[8]
		Andong Kim clan	안동 김씨	安東 金氏	Kim Suksŭng Kim Sŏnp'yŏng	519,719	[9]
		Gimnyeong Kim clan [ko]	김녕 김씨	金寧 金氏	Kim Sihŭng	577,793	[10]
		Uiseong Kim clan [ko]	의성 김씨	義城 金氏	Kim Sŏk	287,469	[11]
		Gangneung Kim clan	강릉 김씨	江陵 金氏	Kim Chuwŏn	179,593	[12]
		Seonsan Kim clan [ko]	선산 김씨	善山 金氏	Kim Sŏnkung [ko]	138,819	[13]
		Cheongpoong Kim clan [ko]	청풍 김씨	淸風金氏	Kim Taeyu	110,815	[14]
		Yeonan Kim clan [ko]	연안 김씨	延安 金氏	Kim Sŏmhan	93,382	[15]
		Samcheok Kim clan [ko]	삼척 김씨	三陟 金氏	Kim Ch'u	92,671	[16]
		Sangsan Kim clan [ko]	상산 김씨	商山 金氏	Kim Su	91,558	[17]
		Cheongdo Kim clan [ko]	청도 김씨	淸道 金氏	Kim Chitae [ko]	91,293	[18]
Yi		Jeonju Yi clan	전주 이씨	全州 李氏	Yi Han [ko]	2,631,643	[19]
		Gyeongju Yi clan [ko]	경주 이씨	慶州 李氏	Alp'yŏng [ko]	1,391,867	[20]
		Seongju Yi clan [ko]	성주 이씨	星州 李氏	Yi Sunyu	203,703	[21]
		Gwangju Yi clan [ko]	광주 이씨	廣州 李氏	Yi Chasŏng	181,377	[22]
		Jeonui Yi clan [ko]	전의 이씨	全義 李氏	Yi To	164,189	[23]
		Yeonan Yi clan [ko]	연안 이씨	延安 李氏	Yi Mu	164,036	[24]
		Hansan Yi clan [ko]	한산 이씨	韓山 李氏	Yi Yunkyŏng	156,861	[25]
		Hampyeong Yi clan [ko]	함평 이씨	咸平 李氏	Yi Ŏn	138,550	[26]
		Yeongcheon Yi clan [ko]	영천 이씨	寧川 李氏	Yi Munhan	135,612	[27]
		Hapcheon Yi clan [ko]	합천 이씨	陜川 李氏	Yi Kae	121,416	[28]
		Seongsan Yi clan [ko]	성산 이씨	星山 李氏	Yi Nŭngil	113,087	[29]
		Byeokjin Yi clan [ko]	벽진 이씨	碧珍 李氏	Yi Ch'ongŏn [ko]	109,267	[30]
		Deoksu Yi clan [ko]	덕수 이씨	德水 李氏	Yi Tonsu	58,513	[31]
Park		Milyang Park clan	밀양 박씨	密陽 朴氏	Pak Ŏnch'im	3,103,942	[32]
		Hamyang Park clan [ko]	함양 박씨	咸陽 朴氏	Pak Ŏnsin	163,610	[33]
		Bannam Park clan [ko]	반남 박씨	潘南 朴氏	Pak Ŭngchu	160,964	[34]
		Suncheon Park clan [ko]	순천 박씨	順天 朴氏	Pak Yŏngkyu	105,208	[35]
Choi		Gyeongju Choi clan	경주 최씨	慶州 崔氏	Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn	945,005	[36]
		Jeonju Choi clan [ko][a]	전주 최씨	全州 崔氏	Ch'oe Sunchak Ch'oe Kyun Ch'oe Kunok Ch'oe A	458,191	[38][39]
		Haeju Choi clan [ko]	해주 최씨	海州 崔氏	Ch'oe On	201,625	[40]
		Gangneung Choi clan	강릉 최씨	江陵 崔氏	Ch'oe Hŭnpong Ch'oe P'iltal Ch'oe Munhan	145,335	[41]
Jung		Dongnae Jung clan [ko]	동래 정씨	東萊 鄭氏	Chŏng Hoemun	474,506	[42]
		Gyeongju Jung clan [ko]	경주 정씨	慶州 鄭氏	Chi Paekho [ko]	350,587	[43]
		Yeonil Jung clan [ko]	연일 정씨	延日 鄭氏	Chŏng Chongŭn	284,290	[44]
		Jinju Jung clan [ko][b]	진주 정씨	晉州 鄭氏	Chŏng Ye Chŏng Chau Chŏng Chang Chŏng Hŏn	324,521	[45]
		Hadong Jung clan [ko]	하동 정씨	河東 鄭氏	Chŏng Tochŏng	187,152	[46]
		Chogye Jung clan [ko]	초계 정씨	草溪 鄭氏	Chŏng Paekŏl	104,155	[47]
		Haeju Jeong Clan [ko]	해주 정씨	海州 鄭氏	Chŏng Suk	45,101	[48]
Kang		Jinju Kang clan [ko]	진주 강씨	晉州 姜氏	Kang I-sik	1,161,326	[49]
Jo		Changnyeong Jo clan [ko]	창녕 조씨	昌寧 曺氏	Cho Kyeryong	366,798	[50]
		Hanyang Jo clan [ko]	한양 조씨	漢陽 趙氏	Cho Chisu	332,580	[51]
		Haman Jo clan	함안 조씨	咸安 趙氏	Cho Chŏng	282,890	[52]
		Pungyang Jo clan	풍양 조씨	豐壤 趙氏	Cho Maeng	124,262	[53]
Yoon		Papyeong Yoon clan [ko]	파평 윤씨	坡平 尹氏	Yun Sintal	770,932	[54]
Jang		Indong Jang clan	인동 장씨	仁同 張氏	Chang Kŭmyong	666,652	[55]
Im		Naju Im clan [ko]	나주 임씨	羅州 林氏	Im Pi [ko]	277,699	[56]
		Pyeongtaek Im clan	평택 임씨	平澤 林氏	Im P'alkŭp	225,872	[57]
		Pungcheon Im clan	풍천 임씨	豊川 任氏	Im On	143,881	[58]
Han		Cheongju Han clan	청주 한씨	淸州 韓氏	Han Ran	752,689	[59]
Oh		Haeju Oh clan	해주 오씨	海州 吳氏	O Inyu	462,704	[60]
Seo		Dalseong Seo clan [ko]	달성 서씨	達城 徐氏	Sŏ Chin	407,431	[61]
		Icheon Seo clan	이천 서씨	利川 徐氏	Sŏ Sinil	199,792	[62]
		Daegu Seo clan [ko]	대구 서씨	大丘 徐氏	Sŏ Han	97,866	[63]
Shin		Pyeongsan Shin clan	평산 신씨	平山申氏	Sin Sung-gyŏm	563,375	[64]
		Goryeong Shin clan [ko]	고령 신씨	高靈 申氏	Sin Sŏngyong	129,718	[65]
		Yeongsan Shin clan	영산 신씨	靈山 辛氏	Sin Kyŏng	98,759	[66]
Gwon		Andong Gwon clan [ko]	안동 권씨	安東 權氏	Kwŏn Haeng [ko]	696,317	[67]
Hwang		Changwon Hwang clan	창원 황씨	昌原 黃氏		271,986
		Jangsu Hwang clan	장수 황씨	長水 黃氏	Hwang Kyŏng	170,988	[68]
		Pyeonghae Hwang clan	평해 황씨	平海 黃氏	Hwang Onin	168,374	[69]
Ahn		Sunheung Ahn clan	순흥 안씨	順興 安氏	An Chami	520,384	[70]
Song		Yeosan Song clan	여산 송씨	礪山 宋氏	Song Yuik	294,788	[71]
		Eunjin Song clan	은진 송씨	恩津 宋氏	Song Taewŏn	226,050	[72]
Jeon		Cheonan Jeon clan [ko]	천안 전씨	天安 全氏	Chŏn Sŏp Chŏn Nak	176,239	[73]
		Jeongseon Jeon clan [ko]	정선 전씨	旌善 全氏	Chŏn Sŏp Chŏn Sŏn	166,965	[74]
		Damyang Jeon clan [ko]	담양 전씨	潭陽 田氏	Chŏn Tŭksi	155,018	[75]
Hong		Namyang Hong clan	남양 홍씨	南陽 洪氏	Hong Ch'ŏnha Hong Sŏnhaeng	487,488	[76]
Ko		Jeju Ko clan [ko]	제주 고씨	濟州 髙氏	Ko Ŭlna of Tamna [ko]	310,542	[77]
Moon		Nampyeong Moon clan [ko]	남평 문씨	南平 文氏	Mun Tasŏng	445,946	[78]
Yang		Namwon Yang clan [ko]	남원 양씨	南原 梁氏	Yang Uryang	307,724	[79][80]
		Jeju Yang clan [ko]	제주 양씨	濟州 梁氏	Yang Ŭlna [ko]	142,211	[81]
		Cheongju Yang clan	청주 양씨	淸州 楊氏	Yang Ki	38 161	[82]
Son		Miryang Son clan [ko]	밀양 손씨	密陽 孫氏	Son Sun	306,895	[83]
		Gyeongju Son clan [ko]	경주 손씨	慶州 孫氏	Son Sun	68,486	[84]
Bae		Seongju Bae clan [ko]	성주 배씨	星州 裵氏	Pae Wichun	148,672	[85]
Baek		Suwon Baek clan	수원 백씨	水原 白氏	Paek Ukyŏng	354,428	[86]
Heo		Yangcheon Heo clan	양천 허씨	陽川 許氏	Hŏ Sŏnmun	149,505	[87]
Nam		Yeongyang Nam clan	영양 남씨	英陽 南氏	Kim Ch'ung	82,272	[88]
Gwak		Hyeonpung Gwak clan	현풍 곽씨	玄風 郭氏	Kwak Kyŏng	166,608	[89]
Min		Yeoheung Min clan	여흥 민씨	驪興 閔氏	Min Ch'ingto	139,073	[90]
Yoo		Munhwa Yoo clan	문화 류씨	文化 柳氏	Ryu Ch'atal	237,314	[91]
		Gangneung Yoo clan	강릉 유씨	江陵 劉氏	Yu Chŏn Yu Sŭngpi	236,871	[92]
		Gigye Yoo clan [ko]	기계 유씨	杞溪 兪氏	Yu Samchae	139,073	[93]
Jin		Yeoyang Jin clan	여양 진씨	驪陽 陳氏	Chin Ch'onghu	110,403	[94]
Mo		Hampyeong Mo clan	함평 모씨	咸平 牟氏	Mo Kyŏng	20,644	[95]
Kyung		Cheongju Kyung Clan [ko]	청주 경씨	淸州 慶氏	Kyŏng Chin [ko]	12,474	[96]
Bok		Myeoncheon Bok clan [ko]	면천 복씨	沔川 卜氏	Pok Chikyŏm	9,538	[97]
Gyeon		Hwanggan Gyeon clan [ko]	황간 견씨	黃澗 甄氏	Ajagae	1,251	[98]

See also

• Ancestral home (Chinese)
• Korean clan names of foreign origin
• Korean name
• List of Korean surnames
• Place of origin

Footnotes

1. Due to incomplete genealogy records, the Jeonju Choi clan does not identify a single unified progenitor. The four factions that constitute the clan each identify a different progenitor.^[37]
2. Historical records claim that the Jinju Jung lineage has descended from Chi Paekho. However, the clan has since split into four factions that identify with separate progenitors.

References

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External links

• List of Korean clans (in Korean)