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This is a list of kings of Bithynia, an ancient kingdom in northwestern Anatolia.
Before Zipoetes I of Bithynia assumed the Greek title of Basileus ("king") in 297 BCE,[1] the positions of him and his predecessors are variously described as "prince",[2] "chieftain",[1] "ruler",[3] and "king".[4] One of the primary sources for the monarchs of Bithynia is About Hericlea (Ancient Greek: Περί Ηρακλείας, romanized: Peri Herakleias) of Memnon of Heraclea.[3]
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Perspective
- Doedalsus (Ancient Greek: Δοιδαλσοῦ or Δυδαλσοῦ). Memnon of Heraclea wrote about him: "[Astacus] achieved great glory and strength, when Dudalsos had the dominion of the Bithynians." (Ancient Greek: Δυδαλσοῦ τηνικαῦτα τὴν Βιθυνῶν ἀρχὴν ἔχοντος·). Andrew Smith (2004) translated this as "when Doedalsus was the ruler of the Bithynians."[3] The only other mention of this person is found in Strabo's Geographica 12.4.2,[5] where his name is spelt as ̇Δοιδαλσοῦ, but he is not identified with the Bithynians, only with the city of Astacus.[5] Slavova (2015) called him a "Bithynian king".[5] According to Olmstead (2022), he was "the first-known semi-independent king of Bithynia".[4]
- Boteiras d. c. 376 BCE. He is mentioned only by Memnon as a successor of Dudalsos.[3]
- Bas c. 376–326 BCE. Memnon wrote: "The life of this [Bas] became 71 years, of which he reigned as king[a] 50." (Ancient Greek: Τούτου βίος μὲν ἐγεγόνει ἐτῶν αʹ καὶ οʹ, ὧν ἐβασίλευσε νʹ.. Smith (2004) translated this passage as: "He lived for 71 years, and was king for 50 years."[3]
- Zipoetes I c. 326–278 BCE. Memnon of Heraclea called him "Zipoites the eparch of the Bithynians" (Ancient Greek: Ζιποίτης δὲ ὁ Βιθυνῶν ἐπάρχων). Andrew Smith (2004) translated this as "Zipoetes, the ruler of the Bithynians".[3] According to Williams (1990), Zipoetes was a "chieftain" before he assumed the Greek title of basileus ("king") in 297 BCE.[1] Memnon of Heraclea appeared not to make such a distinction when he described Zipoetes' entire reign: "The life of this one [Zipoites] was 76 years, and he ruled the dominion[b] 48." (Ancient Greek: Οὗτος βιοὺς μὲν ἔτη Ϛʹ καὶ οʹ, κρατήσας δὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς ηʹ καὶ μ,). Smith (2004) translated the passage as "Zipoetes lived for 76 years and ruled the kingdom for 48 years."[3] Slavova (2015) called him a "Bithynian king".[5]
- Zipoetes II 278–276 BC
- Nicomedes I 278–255 BC. Memnon described him as "...the Bithynians, whose basileus Nicomedes..." (Ancient Greek: ...Βιθυνῶν, ὁ τούτων βασιλεὺς Νικομήδης...) and "the basileus of Bithynia Nicomedes" (Ancient Greek: ὁ τῆς Βιθυνίας βασιλεὺς Νικομήδης); Smith (2004) rendered basileus as "king".[3]
- Etazeta (regent) 255–254 BC
- Ziaelas 254–228 BC
- Prusias I Cholus 228–182 BC
- Prusias II Cynegus 182–149 BC
- Nicomedes II Epiphanes 149–127 BC
- Nicomedes III Euergetes 127–94 BC
- Nicomedes IV Philopator 94–74 BC
- Socrates Chrestus who ruled briefly in about 90 BC
The coinage of these kings shows their regal portraits, which tend to be engraved in an extremely accomplished Hellenistic style.[6]
Family tree of kings of Bithynia
| Boteiras | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bas king of Bithynia c. 376–326 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zipoetes I king of Bithynia c. 326–276 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nicomedes I king of Bithynia c. 276–255 BC | Zipoetes II king of Bithynia c. 279–276 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ziaelas king of Bithynia c. 254–228 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Philip V king of Macedonia | Apama III Antigonids | Prusias I the Lame king of Bithynia c. 228–182 BC | daughter ∞ Antiochus Hierax Seleucids | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Apame IV | Prusias II the Hunter king of Bithynia c. 182–149 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nicomedes II Epiphanes king of Bithynia c. 149–127 BC | Apama ∞ Dyegilos son of Cotys IV of Thrace | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nyssa of Cappadocia daughter of Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia | Nicomedes III Euergetes king of Bithynia c. 127–94 BC | Laodice daughter of Mithridates V of Pontus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nicomedes IV Philopator king of Bithynia c. 94–74 BC | Socrates Chrestus usurper | Nyssa of Bithynia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
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