Dialect of Eastern Armenian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Karabakh dialect (Armenian: Ղարաբաղի բարբառ, Ġarabaġi barbař), also known as the Artsakh dialect (Արցախի բարբառ, Arc'axi barbař) is an ancient Eastern Armenian dialect with a unique phonetic and syntactic structure. It was mainly spoken in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh prior to the 2023 Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians. It was spoken in the rest of Azerbaijan by Armenians before the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict broke out in 1988. However, outside Nagorno-Karabakh, the areas in Azerbaijan where the Karabakh dialect was spoken, had no Armenian majority, except for 24 villages in the Goygol and Goranboy districts until 1991. Today, it is spoken in parts of southern and northeastern Armenia, as well as by the refugees of Nagorno-Karabakh who since 2023 have settled in various cities and villages throughout Armenia.
The dialect was spoken by most Armenians living in Soviet Azerbaijan, particularly in the cities of Baku and Kirovabad (Ganja, Gandzak). As the first Nagorno-Karabakh War escalated, Armenians of Azerbaijan were forced to leave their homes. Today, most of Armenians immigrants and refugees from Azerbaijan live in Armenia and Russia, where along with standard Armenian and Russian, the Karabakh dialect is sometimes spoken.
The dialect is considered to be one of the most widely spoken Armenian dialects.[1][2][3] No accurate information on the number of speakers is available. The population of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic was around 141,400, according to the 2010 data.[4] An estimated 150,000 diaspora Armenians are originally from Karabakh.[5]
The 8th century Armenian historian Stepanos Syunetsi was the first one to mention the local dialect of Artsakh.[3] In his «Բառք եղերականք» (Words of Tragedy), he wrote about the dialect of զԱրցախային meaning "of Artsakh", the historical Armenian name of Karabakh.[6] According to the prominent linguist Hrachia Adjarian, Armenian dialects, including the Karabakh dialect started to develop in the 12th century.[citation needed] Adjarian argues that the damping of b, ɡ, d, dz, dʒ (բ, գ, դ, ձ, ջ) and their transformation to p, k, t, ts, tʃ (պ, տ, կ, ծ, ճ) took place before the invasion of Turkic people to the Armenian Highlands.[7] In 1711 Karabakh dialect is mentioned by Johann Joachim Schröder.[8]
Nagorno-Karabakh (nagorno means "mountainous" in Russian, comes from the Soviet-era name of the region, now used by the Western academia for political purposes of neutrality) has been historically populated by Armenians. Since the late Middle Ages, Turkic tribes migrated to the region and by the 19th century it was populated by both Armenians and partially by Azerbaijanis (called "Caucasian Tatars" at the time). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Karabakh was disputed by independent Armenia and Azerbaijan with none of them completely controlling the claimed area. Karabakh was taken over by the Bolsheviks in 1920 and included in Soviet Azerbaijan in 1923.[11]
Until the late 1980s, most Armenians living in Soviet Azerbaijan spoke the Karabakh dialect.[3] The Karabakh (75% Armenian-populated before the conflict)[11][12] was officially under jurisdiction of Azerbaijan and was known as Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO). Besides Karabakh, many Armenians resided in the cities such as Baku, Kirovabad, Sumgait. In the late 1980s, Baku alone had an Armenian population of over 200,000.[13] They were mainly from Karabakh[14] and many of them spoke the dialect,[2][3] although Russian as the main language of multicultural Baku, including Armenians of Baku.[15]
In 1988, with the relaxation of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev and his policies of perestroika and glasnost, the Armenians demanded the unification of NKAO with Soviet Armenia. The mass movement started in mid-February 1988 and on February 20, 1988, the regional council issued a request to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia. Few days later the Sumgait pogrom took place, leaving dozens of Armenian civilians dead and thousands being forced to leave. This event is credited with unofficially starting the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The clashes escalated to a full-scale war by 1992.[12] Most Armenians of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis of Armenia were forced to leave. The war ended in May 1994 with the Armenian forces establishing de facto control of Nagorno-Karabakh and several Azerbaijani districts surrounding the former NKAO. From 1991-2023, the area was de facto under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, but recognized de jure as part of Azerbaijan by the international community.[12]
Today, practically no Armenians remain in Nagorno-Karabakh as a result of the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, however the dialect still continues to be used by refugees living in Armenia and abroad. In the Republic of Armenia, the dialect is spoken natively in the Syunik Region by the majority of the population, except the city of Sisian and the surrounding villages, where the Yerevan dialect dominates.[2][16][17][18]
The Karabakh dialect is also spoken in northern and northeastern Armenia, but it has been influenced by the other local dialects of Armenian. In Lori, it is spoken in the eastern part: the Pambak area.[16] In Tavush, the Karabakh dialect is spoken along with the dominant Yerevan dialect. The Chambarak area of the Gegharkunik province is home to Karabakh dialect speakers, too.[19]
The Karabakh dialect is very easy to differentiate from standard Eastern Armenian due to its unique phonetics.[20] Unlike the Yerevan dialect (spoken by the majority of Armenians in the Republic of Armenia), the stress falls earlier in the word. Its speakers are "clearly recognizable."[17] Besides including a great amount of Classical Armenian words,[3][21] many word forms in the Karabakh dialect come directly from the Proto-Indo-European language.[22] The Armenian Highland had been under foreign domination (Arabic, Turkic, Persian, Russian) for centuries and the Karabakh dialect, similar to other Armenian dialects, includes a significant number of foreign words and phrases. Azerbaijani, Persian and Russian had the biggest influence on this dialect.[20][23][24]
Palatalization
The Karabakh dialect is among few Armenian dialects (others being Van and Khoy-urmia) with acute palatalization. Also known as palatization, palatalization refers to a way of pronouncing a consonant, in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate, which softens that consonant. A consonant pronounced this way is called a palatalized consonant.
Unique sounds
The Karabakh dialect features unique vowels and consonants that make it phonetically distinct in comparison with literary Armenian language and many of other Armenian dialects. These sounds do not have corresponding letters in the Armenian alphabet.
List of unique vowels, expressed with the help of analogous Latin, Latin-derived and Cyrillic characters:
æ (ä): similar to a in English words maps, cap, or gap. Example: կեալ (meaning to come).
œ (ö): similar to oe in the word Goethe in German. Example: քըթէօլ (meaning spoon).
y (ü): similar to u English words mute or mule. Example: պիւլլիւր (meaning round).
List of unique consonants, expressed with the help of analogous Latin, Latin-derived and Cyrillic characters:
ɕ similar to Russian щ. Example: եշʲի (meaning see).
ɡʲ similar to Russian sound г with the Russian soft sign, or sound g in English word go but with the Russian soft sign. Example: կնէգʲ (meaning woman).
kʲʰ similar to Armenian sound ք or English sound q with the Russian soft sign. Example: խոխեքʲ (meaning children).
Kocharyan spoke Russian as a native language, while the Karabakh dialect was the only variation of Armenian he knew before moving to Yerevan in 1997.[25][26]
Serzh Sargsyan (b. 1954), Defence Minister of Armenia (1993-5, 2000–7) and President of Armenia (since 2008)
Karapetyan, Samvel; Karapetyan, Bakur (1998). Тайны Гандзака (Кировабада) и Северного Арцаха [Secrets of Gandzak (Kirovabad) and Northern Artsakh]] (in Russian). Detskaya kniga. Из 51 диалекта армянского языка самым распространенным, по мнению лингвистов, является арцахский (карабахский) диалект.
Manasian, Aleksandr (2002). Карабахский конфликт в ключевых понятиях и избранные темы в расширенном формате [The Karabakh conflict in key concepts and selected topics in wider format] (in Russian). p.45. Карабахский диалект один из самых распрастраненных диалектов армянского языка. На этом диалекте говорят не только жители Нагорного Карабаха, но и большая часть населения Зангезура (Сюника) Республики Армения. Диалект имел большое воздействие на формирование бакинского говора армянского языка.
"State Power". The Office of the NKR President. Retrieved 28 April 2013. The permanent population of the NKR as of January 1, 2010 constituted 141 4000 people.
Г. Б. Джаукян. Языкознание в Армении в V—XVIII вв. // История лингвистических учений. Средневековый Восток / Отв. ред. А. В. Десницкая, С. Д. Кацнельсон. — Л.: Наука, 1981. — С. 13.
Saideman, Stephen M.; Ayres, R. William (2008). For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism, and War. New York: Columbia University Press. p.81. ISBN9780231144780. the newly created Azerbaijani army asserted its control over Karabakh, taking its then-capital city Shusha in March 1920 and killing or expelling that city's entire Armenian population
Hannum, Hurst (1996). Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p.367. ISBN9780812215724.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998). Remembrance and denial: the case of the Armenian genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p.191. ISBN9780814327777. The 200,000 Armenians living in Baku heard reports on television of the events that were transpiring in Sumgait which was only a short distance away.
Bolukbasi, Suha (2011). Azerbaijan: A Political History. London: I.B. Tauris. p.134. ISBN9781848856202. ...200,000 Armenian inhabitants of Baku...
Episkoposov, Grant Levonovich (1993). Armenian Problem in the Past and Today. Public Fund "Revival of Armenia". p.39. There were no Armenian school for 250-thousand Armenian population of Baku.
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (1994). From the Gulf to Central Asia: players in the new great game (1. publ.ed.). Exeter: University of Exeter Press. p.147. ISBN9780859894517. The Armenian population in Baku was about 250,000, coming originally from Nagorno-Karabakh, where the Armenian population was about 160,000.
Waal, Thomas de (2004). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. New York: New York University Press. p.16. ISBN9780814719459. Large and shambling, he speaks with a stammer and, like many Baku Armenians, is more comfortable speaking Russian than Armenian.
Wright, John; Schofield, Richard; Goldenberg, Suzanne (1996). Transcaucasian Boundaries. London: Psychology Press. p.91. ISBN9780203214473. The spoken language of today shows a gradual change as the villages extend farther from Erevan and the Ararat valleys. The villagers of western Siunik speak the Erevan dialect, that is, standard eastern Armenian, whereas in eastern Siunik, and in parts of Lori and Pambak in northern Armenia, as well as throughout the Artsakh/Karabakh, the dialect of Karabakh is spoken.
Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics. an international handbook of the science of language and society, Soziolinguistik. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p.1901. ISBN9783110199871. The dialects in the southern part of the Republic (Goris, Kapan, Meghri) and in Karabakh are very divergent from the literary language, and their speakers are clearly recognizable. All dialects now are influenced by the Eastern literary language through the schooling system and mass communications; in this respect Armenian dialects are in the same situation as in any other industrialized country.
Этнополитическая ситуация в России и сопредельных государствах в ... году: ежегодный доклад [Ethno-political situation in Russia and surrounding countries in the year ...: annual report] (in Russian). Ин-т этнологии и антропологии Российской академии наук. 2008. Карабахский диалект армянского языка во многом схож с диалектом армянского языка марза/области Сюник в самой Армении
Hovhannissian, L. Sh. (2000). Ղարաբաղի բարբառի բառապաշարի հնագույն շերտերը[Ancient layers of Karabakh dialect vocabulary]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). 1. Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences: 117–122. ISSN0320-8117. Ղյսրաբաղի բարբառի Հնդեւրոպական տարրերը (գրաբարում Հավանդ- • ված բառեր): կւնելով Հայերենի որպես ՚ Հնդեվրոպական լեզուներից մեկի տարածքային տարբերակը, բարբառն, անշուշտ, պահել է Հ.-ե. ծագումով բազմաթիվ բառեր՝ զգալի մասը ժառանգելով գրաբարից: Ալ. Մարգարյանի Հավաստմամբ Հ.֊ե. ծագում ունեցող 927 բառերի գրեթե կեսը կենդանի ու գործուն է Գորիսի բարբառում*: Բնականաբար, այդ թիվր մեծ կլինի Ղյսրաբաղի բարբառում նկատի առնելով Հենց միայն տարածքային գործոնը:
Krivopuskov, Viktor (2006). Армения, Армения...: 200 вопросов--200 ответов о стране и народе с библейских времен и до наших дней [Armenia, Armenia...: 200 questions-200 answers about the country and the people since biblical times to modern days] (in Russian). Golos-Press. Любопытно, что карабахский диалект армянского языка включает русские слова и даже целые фразы.
