Loading AI tools
Language family From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (January 2022) |
| Kainantu–Goroka | |
|---|---|
| East Highlands | |
| Geographic distribution | highlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kain1273 |
Map: The Kainantu–Goroka languages of New Guinea
The Kainantu–Goroka languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:[1]
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:
|
|
|
The possessive forms are:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *na-i | *ta-i |
| 2 | *ka | *tana-i |
| 3 | *[y]a, *wa | *ya-i, *yana-i |
Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]
Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:[2]
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).[3]
Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ya, yafa, yava for “tree”) or not (e.g. tuva, logo, hali for “fire”).
| gloss | Proto-Gorokan | Gende | Siane | Benabena | Kamono–Yagaria | Fore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'two' | *tote | ogondrari | lele | loe | lole | tara |
| 'man' | *we | vei | we | vo | ve | wa |
| 'water' | *no(k) | nogoi | no | nagami | ni(na) | wani |
| 'fire' | tuva | yo | logo | hali | yakuʔ | |
| 'tree' | *ya | izo | ya | yafa | yava | yaː |
| 'leaf' | kuruma | aila | haya(ʔa) | haeya | aʔyeʔ | |
| 'root' | *supa | tovaya | lufawa | lufusa(ʔa) | havu | aubu |
| 'house' | *nom | nomu | numu(na) | no(hi) | yo(na) | naːmaʔ |
| 'breast' | *ami | ami- | ami(na) | amiha(ʔa) | ami(maʔa) | nono |
| 'tooth' | *wa | va(iza) | auma | yogo(ʔa) | (ä)vep | (a)wa |
| 'bone' | *yampu | yami- | auma | felisa(ʔa) | (a)pu(va) | (a)yaːmpu |
| 'ear' | *ke/a | ka- | ka(la) | (e)kesa(ʔa) | (ä)geta | (a)ge |
| 'hair' | *yoka | yogo | yowa(la) | oka(ʔa) | (a)yokaʔ | (a)yaːʔ |
| 'leg' | *kia | kia- | kiya(na) | gigusa(ʔa) | (a)gia | (a)gisaː |
| 'blood' | *kota | mamia- | wanu | golaha(ʔa) | gola(na) | koraːʔ |
| 'hand' | *ya | ya | a(na) | yaha(ʔa) | (ä)ya | ya |
| 'egg' | *mut | mura | mula | mu(ʔa) | mu(na) | amuʔ |
| 'sun' | *po | po | fo | yafi | yafo | yaːbu |
| 'axe' | *tu | tu | luna | lu | lu | tuʔ |
| 'netbag' | *ko | ko | owo | gu(ʔi) | gu(na) | koʔ |
| 'eat' | *na- | na- | n- | na- | no- | na- |
| 'die' | *puti- | pri- | fol- | fili- | fili- | puri- |
| 'say' | *si- | ti- | l- | li- | hi- | i- |
| 'give' | *mi- | imi- | om- | m- | mi- | mi- |
| 'big' | *(n)ampa | namba | namba | napa | legepa | tabe |
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):[3]
| gloss | Awa | Auyana | Gadsup | Tairora |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'two' | tɔtare | kaiʔa | kaantani | taaraʔanta |
| 'man' | wɛ | waiya | banta | bainti |
| 'water' | no | nomba | nomi | namari |
| 'fire' | ira | irama | ikai | iha |
| 'tree' | ta | taima | yaani | katari |
| 'leaf' | ɔnɔ | anama | anai | mare |
| 'root' | anuʔ | anuʔa | anuʔi | tuʔa |
| 'house' | nɔ | naamba | maʔi | naabu |
| 'breast' | nɔ | naamba | naami | naama |
| 'tooth' | awɛ | awaiyamba | abakuni | aabai |
| 'bone' | ayɔnta | ayaantamba | ayampai | buhaarima |
| 'ear' | ɔre | aʔa | aakami | aato |
| 'hair' | (a)yɔra | aayara | -nyoi | kauhi |
| 'leg' | ai | aisamima | akani | aiʔu |
| 'blood' | nɛe | naema | naarei | naare |
| 'hand' | ayɔnobeh | ayamba | aayaami | kauʔu |
| 'egg' | au | auma | amuʔi | auru |
| 'sun' | popoʔnah | aabauma | ikona | kauri |
| 'axe' | konaro | koraroba | kuntaʔi | kaarima |
| 'netbag' | unɔ | unaamba | unaami | uta |
| 'eat' | nɔno | nare | naano | naana |
| 'die' | pukire | pukai | pukono | ʔutubiro |
| 'say' | iraruwo | siyo | seʔu | tiena |
| 'give' | awiʔ | ami | ameno | amina |
| 'big' | aanotɔ | anomba | inoʔna | nora |
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:[4][5]
| gloss | Proto-East Kainantu | Proto-North Kainantu |
|---|---|---|
| head | *piᵄtɐ | *noːN |
| hair/feather | *jɐᵘsi | *jɐᵘ |
| ear | *ɑːtoː | *ɑːʔ |
| eye | *wu | *u |
| nose | *ipi | *siʔ |
| tooth | *wɐⁱ | *wɐj |
| tongue | *m₂ɑːpiɾi | *[m/n][ɐⁱ]piɾ |
| leg | *ipu | *tɐɾ |
| blood | *wi[ʔt]ipɐ | *nɑːɾeː |
| bone | *muʔjɑːni | *(ɐ-)jɐNpɐ |
| breast | *nɑːNmɐ | *nɑːN |
| louse | *numɐ | *nuN |
| dog | *w₂ɐⁱni | *ijɐN |
| pig | *p₂uᵄɾɐ | *poːɾ |
| bird | *inɑːmɐ; *uwini | *nuN |
| egg | *uɾu | *uɾ |
| tree | *jɐtɐɾi | *jɑːj |
| sun | *j₂uᵄni | *ɑːʔ |
| moon | *[u]toːnɐ | *wi[ɾ]oːN |
| water | *noːni | *noːN |
| fire | *iʔjɐ | *itɐ |
| stone | *oːni | *oː[ɾ/j] |
| path | *ɑːni | *ɑːj |
| man | *wɐⁱ-iNti | *wɑːⁱNsɐ |
| woman | *ɐnɑːjeː | *ɐnɑːsi |
| name | *utu | *wiʔ |
| eat | *nɐ- | |
| one | *moːʔjɑː | *mɐnɑː |
| two | *tɑːɾɐ | *tɑːN |
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
