Kainantu–Goroka languages
Language family From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
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| Kainantu–Goroka | |
|---|---|
| East Highlands | |
| Geographic distribution | highlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | kain1273 |
Map: The Kainantu–Goroka languages of New Guinea
The Kainantu–Goroka languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
Languages
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:[1]
- Goroka family
- Kainantu family
Pronouns
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:
|
|
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The possessive forms are:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *na-i | *ta-i |
| 2 | *ka | *tana-i |
| 3 | *[y]a, *wa | *ya-i, *yana-i |
Modern reflexes
Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]
- are 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
- nu 'louse' < *niman
- ato 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
- ir 'tree' < *inda
- (n)am 'breast' < *amu
- nume 'louse' < *niman
- kubu 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC
- mi- 'give' < *mV-
- na- 'eat' < *na-
- numaa 'louse' < *niman
- mi- 'give' < *mV-
- amune 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka
- kasa 'new' < *kVndak
- mone 'nose' < *mundu
- ami 'breast' < *amu
- mut 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs'
- mina- 'stay' < *mVna-
- nogoi 'water < *[n]ok
- (tu)nima 'louse' < *niman
- me- 'give' < *mV-
Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:[2]
- *tá[za] '1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu
- *tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja
- genitive forms ending in *-i
Vocabulary comparison
Summarize
Perspective
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).[3]
Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ya, yafa, yava for “tree”) or not (e.g. tuva, logo, hali for “fire”).
| gloss | Proto-Gorokan | Gende | Siane | Benabena | Kamono–Yagaria | Fore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'two' | *tote | ogondrari | lele | loe | lole | tara |
| 'man' | *we | vei | we | vo | ve | wa |
| 'water' | *no(k) | nogoi | no | nagami | ni(na) | wani |
| 'fire' | tuva | yo | logo | hali | yakuʔ | |
| 'tree' | *ya | izo | ya | yafa | yava | yaː |
| 'leaf' | kuruma | aila | haya(ʔa) | haeya | aʔyeʔ | |
| 'root' | *supa | tovaya | lufawa | lufusa(ʔa) | havu | aubu |
| 'house' | *nom | nomu | numu(na) | no(hi) | yo(na) | naːmaʔ |
| 'breast' | *ami | ami- | ami(na) | amiha(ʔa) | ami(maʔa) | nono |
| 'tooth' | *wa | va(iza) | auma | yogo(ʔa) | (ä)vep | (a)wa |
| 'bone' | *yampu | yami- | auma | felisa(ʔa) | (a)pu(va) | (a)yaːmpu |
| 'ear' | *ke/a | ka- | ka(la) | (e)kesa(ʔa) | (ä)geta | (a)ge |
| 'hair' | *yoka | yogo | yowa(la) | oka(ʔa) | (a)yokaʔ | (a)yaːʔ |
| 'leg' | *kia | kia- | kiya(na) | gigusa(ʔa) | (a)gia | (a)gisaː |
| 'blood' | *kota | mamia- | wanu | golaha(ʔa) | gola(na) | koraːʔ |
| 'hand' | *ya | ya | a(na) | yaha(ʔa) | (ä)ya | ya |
| 'egg' | *mut | mura | mula | mu(ʔa) | mu(na) | amuʔ |
| 'sun' | *po | po | fo | yafi | yafo | yaːbu |
| 'axe' | *tu | tu | luna | lu | lu | tuʔ |
| 'netbag' | *ko | ko | owo | gu(ʔi) | gu(na) | koʔ |
| 'eat' | *na- | na- | n- | na- | no- | na- |
| 'die' | *puti- | pri- | fol- | fili- | fili- | puri- |
| 'say' | *si- | ti- | l- | li- | hi- | i- |
| 'give' | *mi- | imi- | om- | m- | mi- | mi- |
| 'big' | *(n)ampa | namba | namba | napa | legepa | tabe |
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):[3]
| gloss | Awa | Auyana | Gadsup | Tairora |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'two' | tɔtare | kaiʔa | kaantani | taaraʔanta |
| 'man' | wɛ | waiya | banta | bainti |
| 'water' | no | nomba | nomi | namari |
| 'fire' | ira | irama | ikai | iha |
| 'tree' | ta | taima | yaani | katari |
| 'leaf' | ɔnɔ | anama | anai | mare |
| 'root' | anuʔ | anuʔa | anuʔi | tuʔa |
| 'house' | nɔ | naamba | maʔi | naabu |
| 'breast' | nɔ | naamba | naami | naama |
| 'tooth' | awɛ | awaiyamba | abakuni | aabai |
| 'bone' | ayɔnta | ayaantamba | ayampai | buhaarima |
| 'ear' | ɔre | aʔa | aakami | aato |
| 'hair' | (a)yɔra | aayara | -nyoi | kauhi |
| 'leg' | ai | aisamima | akani | aiʔu |
| 'blood' | nɛe | naema | naarei | naare |
| 'hand' | ayɔnobeh | ayamba | aayaami | kauʔu |
| 'egg' | au | auma | amuʔi | auru |
| 'sun' | popoʔnah | aabauma | ikona | kauri |
| 'axe' | konaro | koraroba | kuntaʔi | kaarima |
| 'netbag' | unɔ | unaamba | unaami | uta |
| 'eat' | nɔno | nare | naano | naana |
| 'die' | pukire | pukai | pukono | ʔutubiro |
| 'say' | iraruwo | siyo | seʔu | tiena |
| 'give' | awiʔ | ami | ameno | amina |
| 'big' | aanotɔ | anomba | inoʔna | nora |
Proto-languages
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:[4][5]
| gloss | Proto-East Kainantu | Proto-North Kainantu |
|---|---|---|
| head | *piᵄtɐ | *noːN |
| hair/feather | *jɐᵘsi | *jɐᵘ |
| ear | *ɑːtoː | *ɑːʔ |
| eye | *wu | *u |
| nose | *ipi | *siʔ |
| tooth | *wɐⁱ | *wɐj |
| tongue | *m₂ɑːpiɾi | *[m/n][ɐⁱ]piɾ |
| leg | *ipu | *tɐɾ |
| blood | *wi[ʔt]ipɐ | *nɑːɾeː |
| bone | *muʔjɑːni | *(ɐ-)jɐNpɐ |
| breast | *nɑːNmɐ | *nɑːN |
| louse | *numɐ | *nuN |
| dog | *w₂ɐⁱni | *ijɐN |
| pig | *p₂uᵄɾɐ | *poːɾ |
| bird | *inɑːmɐ; *uwini | *nuN |
| egg | *uɾu | *uɾ |
| tree | *jɐtɐɾi | *jɑːj |
| sun | *j₂uᵄni | *ɑːʔ |
| moon | *[u]toːnɐ | *wi[ɾ]oːN |
| water | *noːni | *noːN |
| fire | *iʔjɐ | *itɐ |
| stone | *oːni | *oː[ɾ/j] |
| path | *ɑːni | *ɑːj |
| man | *wɐⁱ-iNti | *wɑːⁱNsɐ |
| woman | *ɐnɑːjeː | *ɐnɑːsi |
| name | *utu | *wiʔ |
| eat | *nɐ- | |
| one | *moːʔjɑː | *mɐnɑː |
| two | *tɑːɾɐ | *tɑːN |
See also
- East New Guinea Highlands languages, an expansion of Kainantu–Goroka in Wurm 1975, which was later abandoned by Ross due to a lack of unifying morphological data.
Bibliography
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kainantu-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kainantu. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Proto-Eastern Kainantu-Goroka. TransNewGuinea.org. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Proto-Eastern-Central Gorokan. TransNewGuinea.org. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
References
External links
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