Text in computer source code that is generally ignored by a compiler/interpreter From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In computer programming, a comment is text embedded in source code that a translator (compiler or interpreter) ignores. Generally, a comment is an annotation intended to make the code easier for a programmer to understand – often explaining an aspect that is not readily apparent in the program (non-comment) code.[1] For this article, comment refers to the same concept in a programming language, markup language, configuration file and any similar context.[2] Some development tools, other than a source code translator, do parse comments to provide capabilities such as API document generation, static analysis, and version control integration. The syntax of comments varies by programming language yet there are repeating patterns in the syntax among languages as well as similar aspects related to comment content.
The flexibility supported by comments allows for a wide degree of content style variability. To promote uniformity, style conventions are commonly part of a programming style guide. But, best practices are disputed and contradictory.[3][4]
Support for code comments is defined by each programming language. The features differ by language, but there are several common attributes that apply throughout.
Most languages support multi-line block (a.k.a. stream) and/or single line comments. A block comment is delimited with text that marks the start and end of comment text. It can span multiple lines or occupy any part of a line. Some languages allow block comments to be recursively nested inside one another, but others do not.[5][6][7] A line comment ends at the end of the text line. In modern languages, a line comment starts with a delimiter but some older languages designate a column at which subsequent text is considered comment.[7] Many languages support both block and line comments – using different delimiters for each. For example, C, C++ and their many derivatives support block comments delimited by /* and */ and line comments delimited by //. Other languages support only one type of comment.[7]
Comments can also be classified as either prologue or inline based on their position and content relative to program code. A prologue comment is a comment (or group of related comments) located near the top of an associated programming topic, such as before a symbol declaration or at the top of a file. An inline comment is a comment that is located on the same line as and to the right of program code to which is refers.[8] Both prologue and inline comments can be represented as either line or block comments. For example:
/*
* prologue block comment; if is about foo()
*/
bool foo() {
return true; /* inline block comment; if is about this return */
}
//
// prologue line comment; if is about bar()
//
bool bar() {
return false; // inline line comment; if is about this return
}
Comments can explain the author's intent – why the code is as it is. Some contend that describing what the code does is superfluous. The need to explain the what is a sign that it is too complex and should be re-worked.
Comments may explain why a choice was made to write code that is counter to convention or best practice. For example:
' Second variable dim because of server errors produced when reuse form data.
' No documentation available on server behavior issue, so just coding around it.
vtx = server.mappath("local settings")
The example below explains why an insertion sort was chosen instead of a quicksort, as the former is, in theory, slower than the latter.
list = [f (b), f (b), f (c), f (d), f (a), ...];
// Need a stable sort. Besides, the performance really does not matter.
insertion_sort (list);
Comments can describe an algorithm as pseudocode. This could be done before writing the code as a first draft. If left in the code, it can simplify code review by allowing comparison of the resulting code with the intended logic. For example:
/* loop backwards through all elements returned by the server
(they should be processed chronologically)*/
for (i = (numElementsReturned - 0); i >= 1; i--) {
/* process each element's data */
updatePattern(i, returnedElements[i]);
}
Sometimes code contains a novel or noteworthy solution that warrants an explanatory comment. Such explanations might be lengthy and include diagrams and formal mathematical proofs. This may describe what the code does rather than intent, but may be useful for maintaining the code. This might apply for highly specialized problem domains or rarely used optimizations, constructs or function-calls.[11]
When some aspect of the code is based on information in an external reference, comments link to the reference. For example as a URL or book name and page number.
A common developer practice is to comment out one or more lines of code. The programmer adds comment syntax that converts program code into comments so that what was executable code will no longer be executed at runtime. Sometimes this technique is used to find the cause of a bug. By systematically commenting out and running parts of the program, the offending source code can be located.
Many IDEs support adding and removing comments with convenient user interface such as a keyboard shortcut.
Comments can store metadata about the code. Common metadata includes the name of the original author and subsequent maintainers, dates when first written and modified, link to development and user documentation, and legal information such as copyright and software license.
Some programming tools write metadata into the code as comments.[12] For example, a version control tool might write metadata such as author, date and version number into each file when it's committed to the repository.[13]
Sometimes information stored in comments is used by development tools other than the translator – the primary tool that consumes the code. This information may include metadata (often used by a documentation generator) or tool configuration.
Some source code editors support configuration via metadata in comments.[14] One particular example is the modeline feature of Vim which configures tab character handling. For example:
# vim: tabstop=8 expandtab shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
An API documentation generator parses information from a codebase to generate API documentation. Many support reading information from comments, often parsing metadata, to control the content and formatting of the resulting document.
Although some claim that API documentation can be higher quality when written in a more traditional and manual way, some claim that storing documentation information in code comments simplifies the documenting process, as well as increases the likelihood that the documentation will be kept up to date.[15] Examples include Javadoc, Ddoc, Doxygen, Visual Expert and PHPDoc. Forms of docstring are supported by Python, Lisp, Elixir, and Clojure.[16] C#, F# and Visual Basic .NET implement a similar feature called "XML Comments" which are read by IntelliSense from the compiled .NET assembly.[17]
An ASCII art visualization such as a logo, diagram, or flowchart can be included in a comment.[18]
The following code fragment depicts the process flow of a system administration script (Windows script file). Although a section marking the code appears as a comment, the diagram is in an XML CDATA section, which is technically not a comment, but serves the same purpose here.[19] Although this diagram could be in a comment, the example illustrates one instance where the programmer opted not to use a comment as a way of including resources in source code.[19]
<!-- begin: wsf_resource_nodes -->
<resource id="ProcessDiagram000">
<![CDATA[
HostApp (Main_process)
|
V
script.wsf (app_cmd) --> ClientApp (async_run, batch_process)
|
|
V
mru.ini (mru_history)
]]>
</resource>
Binary data may also be encoded in comments through a process known as binary-to-text encoding, although such practice is uncommon and typically relegated to external resource files.
Sometimes, comments describe development processes related to the code. For example, comments might describe how to build the code or how to submit changes to the software maintainer.
Occasionally, code that is formatted as a comment is overloaded to convey additional information to the translator, such as conditional comments. As such, syntax that generally indicates a comment can actually represent program code; not comment code. Such syntax may be a practical way to maintain compatibility while adding additional functionality, but some regard such a solution as a kludge.[20]
Other examples include interpreter directives:
#! – used on the first line of a script to point to the interpreter to be used.The script below for a Unix-like system shows both of these uses:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
print("Testing")
The gcc compiler (since 2017) looks for a comment in a switch statement if a case falls-thru to the next case. If an explicit indication of fall-thru is not found, then the compiler issues a warning about a possible coding problem. Inserting such a comment about fall-thru is a long standing convention, and the compiler has codified the practice.[23] For example:
switch (command) {
case CMD_SHOW_HELP_AND_EXIT:
do_show_help();
/* Fall thru */
case CMD_EXIT:
do_exit();
break;
}
To relieve stress or attempt humor, sometimes programmers add comments about the quality of the code, tools, competitors, employers, working conditions, or other arguably unprofessional topics – sometimes using profanity.[24][25]
There are various normative views and long-standing opinions regarding the proper use of comments in source code.[26][27] Some of these are informal and based on personal preference, while others are published or promulgated as formal guidelines for a particular community.[28]
Experts have varying viewpoints on whether, and when, comments are appropriate in source code.[9][29] Some assert that source code should be written with few comments, on the basis that the source code should be self-explanatory or self-documenting.[9] Others suggest code should be extensively commented (it is not uncommon for over 50% of the non-whitespace characters in source code to be contained within comments).[30][31]
In between these views is the assertion that comments are neither beneficial nor harmful by themselves, and what matters is that they are correct and kept in sync with the source code, and omitted if they are superfluous, excessive, difficult to maintain or otherwise unhelpful.[32][33]
Comments are sometimes used to document contracts in the design by contract approach to programming.
Depending on the intended audience of the code and other considerations, the level of detail and description may vary considerably.
For example, the following Java comment would be suitable in an introductory text designed to teach beginning programming:
String s = "Wikipedia"; /* Assigns the value "Wikipedia" to the variable s. */
This level of detail, however, would not be appropriate in the context of production code, or other situations involving experienced developers. Such rudimentary descriptions are inconsistent with the guideline: "Good comments ... clarify intent."[10] Further, for professional coding environments, the level of detail is ordinarily well defined to meet a specific performance requirement defined by business operations.[31]
As free-form text, comments can be styled in a wide variety of ways. Many prefer a style that is consistent, non-obstructive, easy to modify, and difficult to break. As some claim that a level of consistency is valuable and worthwhile, a consistent commenting style is sometimes agreed upon before a project starts or emerges as development progresses.[34]
The following C fragments show some of diversity in block comment style:
/*
This is the comment body.
*/
/***************************\
* *
* This is the comment body. *
* *
\***************************/
Factors such as personal preference, flexibility of programming tools can influence the commenting style used. For example, the first might be preferred by programmers who use a source code editor that does not automatically format a comment as shown in the second example.
Software consultant and technology commentator Allen Holub[35] advocates aligning the left edges of comments:[36]
/* This is the style recommended by Holub for C and C++.
* It is demonstrated in ''Enough Rope'', in rule 29.
*/
/* This is another way to do it, also in C.
** It is easier to do in editors that do not automatically indent the second
** through last lines of the comment one space from the first.
** It is also used in Holub's book, in rule 31.
*/
In many languages, a line comment can follow program code such that the comment is inline and generally describes the code to the left of it. For example, in this Perl:
print $s . "\n"; # Add a newline character after printing
If a language supports both line and block comments, programming teams may decide upon a convention of when to use which. For example, line comments only for minor comments, and block comments to for higher-level abstractions.
Programmers often use one of select words – also known as tags, codetags[37][38] and tokens[39] – to categorize the information in a comment. Programmers may leverage these tags by searching for them via a text editor or grep. Some editors highlight comment text based on tags.
Commonly used tags include:
For example:
int foo() {
// TODO implement
}
Syntax for comments varies by programming language. There are common patterns used by multiple languages while also a wide range of syntax among the languages in general. To limit the length of this section, some examples are grouped by languages with the same or very similar syntax. Others are for particular languages that have less common syntax.
Many of the curly brace languages such as C, C++ and their many derivatives delimit a line comment with // and a block comment with /* and */. Originally, C lacked the line comment, but it was added in C99. Notable languages include: C, C++, C#, D, Java, JavaScript and Swift. For example:
/*
* Check if over maximum process limit, but be sure to exclude root.
* This is needed to make it possible for login to set per-user
* process limit to something lower than processes root is running.
*/
bool isOverMaximumProcessLimit() {
// TODO implement
}
Some languages, including D and Swift, allow blocks to be nested while other do not, including C and C++.
An example of nested blocks in D:
// line comment
/*
block comment
*/
/+ start of outer block
/+ inner block +/
end of outer block +/
An example of nested blocks in Swift:
/* This is the start of the outer comment.
/* This is the nested comment. */
This is the end of the outer comment. */
A pattern in many scripting languages is to delimit a line comment with #. Support for a block comment varies. Notable languages include: Bash, Raku, Ruby, Perl, PowerShell, Python and R.
An example in R:
# This is a comment
print("This is not a comment") # This is another comment
A block comment is delimited by =begin and =end that start a line. For example:
puts "not a comment"
# this is a comment
puts "not a comment"
=begin
whatever goes in these lines
is just for the human reader
=end
puts "not a comment"
Instead of a regular block commenting construct, Perl uses literate programming plain old documentation (POD) markup.[40] For example:[41]
=item Pod::List-E<gt>new()
Create a new list object. Properties may be specified through a hash
reference like this:
my $list = Pod::List->new({ -start => $., -indent => 4 });
=cut
sub new {
...
}
Raku (previously called Perl 6) uses the same line comments and POD comments as Perl, but adds a configurable block comment type: "multi-line / embedded comments".[42] It starts with #` and then an opening bracket character and ends with the matching closing bracket character.[42] For example:
#`{{ "commenting out" this version
toggle-case(Str:D $s)
Toggles the case of each character in a string:
my Str $toggled-string = toggle-case("mY NAME IS mICHAEL!");
}}
sub toggle-case(Str:D $s) #`( this version of parens is used now ){
...
}
PowerShell supports a block comment delimited by <# and #>. For example:
# Single line comment
<# Multi
Line
Comment #>
Although Python does not provide for block comments[43] a bare string literal represented by a triple-quoted string is often used for this purpose.[44][43] In the examples below, the triple double-quoted strings act like comments, but are also treated as docstrings:
"""
At the top of a file, this is the module docstring
"""
class MyClass:
"""Class docstring"""
def my_method(self):
"""Method docstring"""
Markup languages in general vary in comment syntax, but some of the notable internet markup formats such as HTML and XML delimit a block comment with <!-- and --> and provide no line comment support. An example in XML:
<!-- select the context here -->
<param name="context" value="public" />
For compatibility with SGML, double-hyphen (--) is not allowed inside comments.
ColdFusion provides syntax similar to the HTML comment, but uses three dashes instead of two. CodeFusion allows for nested block comments.
A relatively loose collection of languages use -- for a single line comment. Notable languages include: Ada, Eiffel, Haskell, Lua, SQL and VHDL. Block comment support varies. An example in Ada:
-- the air traffic controller task takes requests for takeoff and landing
task type Controller (My_Runway: Runway_Access) is
-- task entries for synchronous message passing
entry Request_Takeoff (ID: in Airplane_ID; Takeoff: out Runway_Access);
entry Request_Approach(ID: in Airplane_ID; Approach: out Runway_Access);
end Controller;
In Haskell, a block comment is delimited by {- and -}. For example:
{- this is a comment
on more lines -}
-- and this is a comment on one line
putStrLn "Wikipedia" -- this is another comment
Haskell also provides a literate programming method of commenting known as "Bird Style".[45] Lines starting with > are interpreted as code and everything else is considered a comment. One additional requirement is a blank line before and after the code block:
In Bird-style you have to leave a blank before the code.
> fact :: Integer -> Integer
> fact 0 = 1
> fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n
And you have to leave a blank line after the code as well.
Literate programming can also be accomplished via LaTeX. Example of a definition:
\usepackage{verbatim}
\newenvironment{code}{\verbatim}{\endverbatim}
Used as follows:
% the LaTeX source file
The \verb|fact n| function call computes $n!$ if $n\ge 0$, here is a definition:\\
\begin{code}
fact :: Integer -> Integer
fact 0 = 1
fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n
\end{code}
Here more explanation using \LaTeX{} markup
Lua supports block comments delimited by --[[ and ]][46] For example:
--[[A multi-line
long comment
]]
In some variants of SQL, the curly brace language block comment (/**/) is supported. Variants include: Transact-SQL, MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.[47][48][49][50][51]
MySQL also supports a line comment delimited by #.
APL uses ⍝ for a line comment. For example:
⍝ Now add the numbers:
c←a+b ⍝ addition
In dialects that have the ⊣ ("left") and ⊢ ("right") primitives, comments can often be inside or separate statements, in the form of ignored strings:
d←2×c ⊣'where'⊢ c←a+ 'bound'⊢ b
AppleScript supports both line and block comments. For example:
# line comment (in later versions)
(*
This program displays a greeting.
*)
on greet(myGreeting)
display dialog myGreeting & " world!"
end greet
-- Show the greeting
greet("Hello")
Early versions of BASIC used REM (short for remark) for a line comment.
10 REM This BASIC program shows the use of the PRINT and GOTO Statements.
15 REM It fills the screen with the phrase "HELLO"
20 PRINT "HELLO"
30 GOTO 20
In later variations, including Quick Basic, Q Basic, Visual Basic (VB), VB.NET, VBScript, FreeBASIC and Gambas, a line comment is delimited with ' (apostrophe). An example in VB.NET:
Public Class Form1
Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
' new style line comment
rem old style line comment still supported
MessageBox.Show("Hello, World") ' show dialog with a greeting
End Sub
End Class
The exclamation point (!) may be used to mark comments in a Cisco router's configuration mode, however such comments are not saved to non-volatile memory (which contains the startup-config), nor are they displayed by the "show run" command.[52][53]
It is possible to insert human-readable content that is actually part of the configuration, and may be saved to the NVRAM startup-config via:
! Paste the text below to reroute traffic manually
config t
int gi0/2
no shut
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gi0/2 name ISP2
no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gi0/1 name ISP1
int gi0/1
shut
exit
The following Fortran IV code fragment shows that comment syntax is column-oriented. A letter C in the first column causes the entire line to be treated as a comment.
C
C Lines beginning with 'C' in the first (a.k.a. comment) column are comments
C
WRITE (6,610)
610 FORMAT(12H HELLO WORLD)
END
The following Fortran 90 code fragment shows a more modern line comment syntax; text following !.
! A comment
program comment_test
print '(A)', 'Hello world' ! also a comment
end program
In MATLAB's programming language, the '%' character indicates a single-line comment. Multi line comments are also available via %{ and %} brackets and can be nested, e.g.
% These are the derivatives for each term
d = [0 -1 0];
%{
%{
(Example of a nested comment, indentation is for cosmetics (and ignored).)
%}
We form the sequence, following the Taylor formula.
Note that we're operating on a vector.
%}
seq = d .* (x - c).^n ./(factorial(n))
% We add-up to get the Taylor approximation
approx = sum(seq)
Nim delimits a line comment with # and block comments with #[ and ]#. Block comments can be nested.
Nim also has documentation comments that use mixed Markdown and ReStructuredText markups. A line documentation comment uses '##' and a block documentation comment uses '##[' and ']##'. The compiler can generate HTML, LaTeX and JSON documentation from the documentation comments. Documentation comments are part of the abstract syntax tree and can be extracted using macros.[54]
## Documentation of the module *ReSTructuredText* and **MarkDown**
# This is a comment, but it is not a documentation comment.
type Kitten = object ## Documentation of type
age: int ## Documentation of field
proc purr(self: Kitten) =
## Documentation of function
echo "Purr Purr" # This is a comment, but it is not a documentation comment.
# This is a comment, but it is not a documentation comment.
OCaml supports nestable comments. For exmaple:
codeLine(* comment level 1(*comment level 2*)*)
In Pascal and Delphi, a block comment is delimited by { and }, and as an alternative for computers that do not support these characters, (* and *) are also supported. A line comment is delimited by \\.[55] In Niklaus Wirth's more modern family of languages (including Modula-2 and Oberon), comments are delimited by (* and *).[56][57] Comments can be nested. For example:
(* test diagonals *)
columnDifference := testColumn - column;
if (row + columnDifference = testRow) or
.......
Comments in PHP can be either curly brace style (both line and block), or line delimited with #l. Blocks cannot be nested. Starting in PHP 8, a # only means comment if it's not immediately followed by [. Otherwise, it delimits an attribute, which continues till the next ]. For example:
/**
* This class contains a sample documentation.
* @author Unknown
*/
#[Attribute]
class MyAttribute {
const VALUE = 'value';
// C++ style line comment
private $value;
# script style line comment
public function __construct($value = null) {
$this->value = $value;
}
}
In interpreted languages the comments are viewable to the end user of the program. In some cases, such as sections of code that are "commented out", this may present a security vulnerability.[58]
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.