Josei Tennō
An imperial title referring to a Japanese empress regnant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Josei Tennō (女性天皇) is a Japanese term referring to an empress regnant.[a][3] Unlike the title Kōgō, which refers only to an empress consort, Josei Tennō only refers to a reigning empress. Tennō is the title for the Emperor; the addition of the term josei (女性, woman) distinguishes that the emperor is a woman; therefore, a reigning empress.[note 1]
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| Josei Tennō (女性天皇) | |
|---|---|
| Creation date | 686 |
| Created by | Empress Jitō |
| First holder | Empress Suiko (posthumously) Empress Jitō (officially) |
| Last holder | Empress Go-Sakuramachi |
| Subsidiary titles | None |
| Status | Extinct (unless Japan allows female rulers again) |
| Extinction date | 1889 (under the Imperial House Law of 1889, which barred women from ruling)[1] |
| Supporters | About 90% of Japanese people support the idea of a reigning empress (according to a 2024 survey)[2] |
Origins
Before Emperor Tenmu (the first to use the title Tennō)[4][5] all monarchs were probably called Great King/Queen of Yamato, and not Tennō.
From the reign of Empress Jitō onwards, emperors (Tennō 天皇) who were women were distinguished from their male counterparts with the qualifier of josei (女性, woman).[3][4][5] However, as empresses regnant, they held the rank of Tennō without the qualifier, indicating they were emperors equal to their male counterparts. On most lists retaining to the emperors of Japan, Empress Meishō would be referred to as Meishō Tennō rather than Meishō Josei Tennō.
Before the Fujiwara clan and in times when an heir was underaged, a female relative (typically a sister or mother) would take the throne. Out of all empresses regnant, Empress Kōken (known as Shōtoku during her second reign) is the only one to have been granted the title "crown princess" before accession.[6]
List
Summarize
Perspective
The list of empresses regnant are the following.
- Empress Suiko[7]
- When Suiko's husband Emperor Bidatsu, died, her brother Emperor Yōmei took the throne. However, Yōmei soon died of illness, and so Emperor Sushun took the throne. Sushun was assassinated and so the throne was vacant. In a time of need Suiko became the empress, yet she was probably styled as great queen of Yamato. Suiko ruled until her death.[8][9]
- Empress Kōgyoku
- Kōgyoku reigned a second time as Saimei.[10][11]
- After taking the throne, Kōgyoku was soon forced off due to the Isshi incident. Blood was seen as impure and Soga-no-Iruka being killed in front of the empress, namely the most pure person (being Japan's leader) meant she had to abdicate so it would not stain her reign.[9][12][13]
- Empress Jitō[14]
- Jitō was the wife of Emperor Tenmu. After he died and her son Prince Kusakabe was deemed too young to rule, Jitō took the throne in his place until he was old enough. When Kusakabe died, Jitō remained as empress until her grandson came of age.[15] Jitō was the first to be referred as "josei tennō"[4]
- Empress Genshō[18]
- The daughter of Empress Genmei. Genshō helped complete the Nihon Shoki. She was also the only empress to be preceded by another (her predecessor being her own mother).[19][20]
- Empress Kōken
- Kōken reigned a second time as Shōtoku.[21]
- Under her first reign, Kōken was basically a puppet for her mother, Empress Kōmyō, the Empress Dowager.[22] Possibly because of this, Kōken abdicated. Yet soon after Kōken would overthrow Emperor Junnin and vest all power in herself, becoming Empress Shōtoku. She possibly fell in love with a monk named Dōkyō, and may have had plans to make him her heir.[23] Yet when she died, Dōkyō fell from power and was exiled.[24]
- Empress Meishō[25]
- Meishō only became empress because her father was involved in the Purple Robe Incident and had to abdicate.[26] The 5 year-old empress did not do much as the shogun system was in place.
- Empress Go-Sakuramachi[27]
- Similar to Empress Meishō, she did not have much power due to the shogunate. She was the last Josei Tennō and also adopted Emperor Kōkaku as her own. Empress Go-Sakuramachi died in 1813.[28]
Empress Jingū is not counted among the official monarchs.[b] Princess Iitoyo's legitimacy and validity (concerning her reign) is mostly unknown.[29]
The debate for a possible future Josei Tennō
Summarize
Perspective
Due to the current Japanese rules of succession a woman cannot inherit the throne. Yet there has been calls to allow Aiko, Princess Toshi to become the 9th empress regnant. To this day there is an ongoing succession debate. An event was held called "Making Aiko the Imperial heir" which pushed for the rules to be changed and a new line of succession to be introduced, which would be as follows:
- Aiko, Princess Toshi
- Fumihito, Prince Akishino
- Princess Kako of Akishino
- Prince Hisahito of Akishino
- Masahito, Prince Hitachi
- Princess Akiko of Mikasa
- Princess Yōko of Mikasa
- Princess Tsuguko of Takamado[30]
There was also a Parliament meeting held in December 2023 about the matter. [31] In February 2024, the former Prime minister Yoshihiko Noda of the Democratic Party of Japan held another Parliament meeting, suggesting women should be allowed to marry without losing their titles, lead their own branch of the Imperial family, and possibly rule.[32] To this day Princess Sumiko remains one of the only women to lead a branch of the imperial family.[33] On March 15, 2024, there were more discussions about allowing women to rule [34] with discussions of women being allowed to retain their titles upon marriage on March 18 of the same year.[35][36] As of June 2024, parties did agree women should marry without losing their title, with no conclusion on the status on their spouses.[37] Emperor Naruhito has also admitted the family is running out of male heirs.[38] Shigeru Ishiba who became the Japanese prime minister on October 1, 2024, is known to support a female emperor (Josei Tennō)[39] The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, had requested the succession laws be looked at. Takeshi Iwaya, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, expressed his displeasure in this request. The request will look over the part of the constitution which only allows men to succeed and not women.[40] A woman has not been a female emperor (Josei Tennō) since Empress Go-Sakuramachi.[41] On April 29, 2024 a plan to secure a sufficient number of Imperial family members was announced and will be presented before the House of Councillors this summer. The idea of women retaining their title upon marriage is popular but with divided opinions on the status of their spouses and children.[42]
Gallery
Empress Jingū, the first mythical empress regnant.
The tomb of Empress Iitoyo, also known as Empress Tsunuzashi. The validity of her reign in disputed.
Empress Suiko, the first woman whose reign is historically verifiable.
Empress Kōgyoku/Saimei, the second historically verifiable empress.
Empress Jitō, the third historically verifiable empress, first to use the title Josei Tennō
Empress Genmei, the fourth historically verifiable empress.
Empress Genshō, the fifth historically verifiable empress.
Empress Kōken/Shōtoku, the sixth historically verifiable empress.
Empress Meishō, the seventh historically verifiable empress.
Empress Go-Sakuramachi, the eight and final historically verifiable empress.
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See also
Notes
- Josei Tennō is just a title to avoid confusion with male monarchs. Unlike European languages, the title of Josei Tennō can be abbreviated to Tennō, much like its male counterpart. Along with Tennō, Jotei (女帝) may also refer to an empress regnant, but primarily of another country, not Japan. It literally means "female emperor".[3]
References
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