Patriarchs (Bible)

For the movement within evangelical Christianity, see Biblical patriarchy. For names of religious leaders in various Orthodox and Catholic sects, see patriarch. For uses not directly related to the Bible, see Patriarch (disambiguation).

The patriarchs (Hebrew: אבות‎ ʾAvot, "fathers") of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites. These three figures are referred to collectively as "the patriarchs", and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age.

Abraham, Sarah and Hagar, imagined here in a Bible illustration from 1897.

Isaac blessing his son, as painted by Giotto di Bondone

Jacob Wrestling with the Angel by Eugène Delacroix

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam hold that the patriarchs, along with their primary wives, known as the matriarchs (Sarah, Rebekah and Leah), are entombed at the Cave of the Patriarchs, a site held holy by the three religions. Rachel, Jacob's other wife, is said to be buried separately at what is known as Rachel's Tomb, near Bethlehem, at the site where she is believed to have died in childbirth.

More widely, the term patriarchs can be used to refer to the twenty male ancestor-figures between Adam and Abraham. The first ten of these are called the antediluvian patriarchs, because they came before the Flood.

Scholars have taken a mixed view as to the Patriarchs's historicity, with archaeology so far producing no direct evidence for their existence.^[1][2]

Definition

The patriarchs of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites. These three figures are referred to collectively as the patriarchs, and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age. They play significant roles in Hebrew scripture during and following their lifetimes. They are used as a significant marker by God in revelations^[3] and promises,^[4] and continue to play important roles in the Abrahamic faiths. Judaism, Christianity and Islam hold that the patriarchs, along with their primary wives, known as the matriarchs – Sarah (wife of Abraham), Rebekah (wife of Isaac) and Leah (one of the wives of Jacob) – are entombed at the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron, a site held holy by the three religions. Rachel is said to be buried separately at what is known as Rachel's Tomb, near Bethlehem, at the site where she is believed to have died in childbirth.^[5]

More widely, the term patriarchs can be used to refer to the twenty male ancestor-figures between Adam and Abraham. The first ten of these are called the antediluvian patriarchs, because they came before the Flood.

Lifespans

The lifetimes given for the patriarchs in the Masoretic Text of the Book of Genesis are: Adam 930 years, Seth 912, Enos 905, Kenan 910, Mahalalel 895, Jared 962, Enoch 365 (did not die, but was taken away by God), Methuselah 969, Lamech 777, Noah 950.^[6] Gerhard von Rad said:

The long lives ascribed to the patriarchs cause remarkable synchronisms and duplications. Adam lived to see the birth of Lamech, the ninth member of the genealogy; Seth lived to see the translation of Enoch and died shortly before the birth of Noah. Noah outlived Abram's grandfather, Nahor, and died in Abram's sixtieth year. Shem, Noah's son, even outlived Abram. He was still alive when Esau and Jacob were born!^[7]

Explanation of color-codes:

• Lifespans recorded in the Septuagint: Black (^▄▄) and gray (^▄▄)^{[note 1]}
• Lifespans recorded in the Samaritan Pentateuch: Gold (^▄▄), yellow (^▄▄), and brown (^▄▄)
• Lifespans recorded in the Masoretic text: Crimson (^▄▄), vermilion (^▄▄), and cinnabar (^▄▄)

1. Methuselah survived the flood according to the Septuagint (but not the Masoretic text or Samaritan Pentateuch), even though he was not on Noah's Ark.^[8]

Matriarchs

Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron

The matriarchs, also known as "the four mothers" (ארבע האמהות), are:^[9]

• Sarah, the wife of Abraham
• Rebekah, the wife of Isaac
• Leah and Rachel, the wives of Jacob
• Secondary matriarchs: Some Jewish sources list Bilhah and Zilpah (Jacob's concubines) as additional matriarchs, for a total of six matriarchs.^[10][11] Other sources also include an emphasis on Tamar (the daughter-in-law of Judah) and Asenath (Osnat) (the wife of Joseph).^[12]

See also

• Chronology of the Bible

References

1. Mandell, Alice (2022). "Genesis and its Ancient Literary Analogues". In Arnold, Bill T. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Genesis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–46. ISBN 978-1-108-42375-5.
2. Faust, Avraham (2022). "Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel". In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). The Ancient Israelite World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-000-77324-8.
3. Exodus 3:6
4. Leviticus 26:42
5. "Dark Mirrors of Heaven - Timeline of the Patriarchs". 2008-04-30. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
6. "Ages of the patriarchs in Genesis". Archived from the original on 2008-10-22.
7. Von Rad, Gerhard (1961). Genesis: A Commentary. Translated by Marks, J. H. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 9781611645958.
8. Cassuto, Umberto (1972). A Commentary on the Book of Genesis Part I From Adam to Noah. Translated by Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press. pp. 264–5. ISBN 978-965-223-480-3.
9. Babylonian Talmud, Brachot 16b
10. Kaunfer, A. (Winter 1995). "Who Knows Four? The Imahot in Rabbinic Judaism". Judaism. 44 (1): 94.
11. For example Esther Rabbah 1:12
12. Reiss, M.; Zucker, D. J. (May 2014). "Co-opting the Secondary Matriarchs: Bilhah, Zilpah, Tamar, and Aseneth". Biblical Interpretation. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1163/15685152-00223p04.

External links

• Dark Mirrors of Heaven: Timeline of the Patriarchs