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The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK 1.0 as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library. Since J2SE 1.4, the evolution of the Java language has been governed by the Java Community Process (JCP), which uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform. The language is specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS); changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901. In September 2017, Mark Reinhold, chief Architect of the Java Platform, proposed to change the release train to "one feature release every six months" rather than the then-current two-year schedule.[1][2] This proposal took effect for all following versions, and is still the current release schedule.
In addition to the language changes, other changes have been made to the Java Class Library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1.0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5. Entire new APIs, such as Swing and Java2D, have been introduced, and many of the original JDK 1.0 classes and methods have been deprecated, and very few APIs have been removed (at least one, for threading, in Java 22[3]). Some programs allow the conversion of Java programs from one version of the Java platform to an older one (for example Java 5.0 backported to 1.4) (see Java backporting tools).
Regarding Oracle's Java SE support roadmap,[4] Java SE 23 is the latest version, while versions 21, 17, 11 and 8 are the currently supported long-term support (LTS) versions, where Oracle Customers will receive Oracle Premier Support. Oracle continues to release no-cost public Java 8 updates for development[4] and personal use indefinitely. Oracle also continues to release no-cost public Java 17 LTS updates for all users, including commercial and production use until September 2024.[5]
In the case of OpenJDK, both commercial long-term support and free software updates are available from multiple organizations in the broader community.[6]
Java 23 was released on September 17, 2024.
| Version | Type | Class file format version[7] | Release date | End of public updates (free) | End of extended support (paid) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JDK 1.0 | 45[8] | 23rd January 1996 | May 1996 | — | |
| JDK 1.1 | 45 | 18th February 1997 | October 2002 | — | |
| J2SE 1.2 | 46 | 4th December 1998 | November 2003 | — | |
| J2SE 1.3 | 47 | 8th May 2000 | March 2006 | — | |
| J2SE 1.4 | 48 | 13th February 2002 | October 2008 | — | |
| J2SE 5.0 (1.5) | 49 | 30th September 2004 | October 2009 | — | |
| Java SE 6 (1.6) | 50 | 11th December 2006 | April 2013 | December 2016 for Red Hat[9] October 2018 for Oracle[10] March 2026 for BellSoft Liberica[11] December 2027 for Azul[12] | |
| Java SE 7 (1.7) | 51 | 28th July 2011 | July 2015 | June 2020 for Red Hat[9] July 2022 for Oracle[13] March 2026 for BellSoft Liberica[11] December 2027 for Azul[12] | |
| Java SE 8 (1.8) | LTS | 52 | 18th March 2014 | April 2019 for Oracle November 2026 for Eclipse Temurin[14] November 2026 for Red Hat[9] July 2026 for Amazon Corretto[15] December 2030 for Azul[12] March 2031 for BellSoft Liberica[11] |
December 2030 for Oracle[4] |
| Java SE 9 (1.9) | 53 | 21st September 2017 | March 2018 | — | |
| Java SE 10 (1.10) | 54 | 20th March 2018 | September 2018 | — | |
| Java SE 11 | LTS | 55 | 25th September 2018 | April 2019 for Oracle October 2024 for Red Hat[9] March 2027 for BellSoft Liberica[11] September 2027 for Microsoft Build of OpenJDK[16] October 2027 for Eclipse Temurin[14] October 2027 for Amazon Corretto[15] January 2032 for Azul[12] |
January 2032 for Oracle[4] |
| Java SE 12 | 56 | 19th March 2019 | September 2019 | — | |
| Java SE 13 | 57 | 17th September 2019 | March 2020 | — | |
| Java SE 14 | 58 | 17th March 2020 | September 2020 | — | |
| Java SE 15 | 59 | 16th September 2020 | March 2021 | — | |
| Java SE 16 | 60 | 16th March 2021 | September 2021 | — | |
| Java SE 17 | LTS | 61 | 14th September 2021 | September 2024 for Oracle[4] September 2027 for Microsoft Build of OpenJDK[16] October 2027 for Eclipse Temurin[14] October 2027 for Red Hat[9] October 2029 for Amazon Corretto[15] September 2029 for Azul[12] March 2030 for BellSoft Liberica[11] |
September 2029 for Oracle[4] |
| Java SE 18 | 62 | 22nd March 2022 | September 2022 | — | |
| Java SE 19 | 63 | 20th September 2022 | March 2023 | — | |
| Java SE 20 | 64 | 21st March 2023 | September 2023 | — | |
| Java SE 21 | LTS | 65 | 19th September 2023 | September 2028 for Oracle[4] September 2028 for Microsoft Build of OpenJDK[16] December 2029 for Red Hat[9] December 2029 for Eclipse Temurin[14] October 2030 for Amazon Corretto[15] September 2031 for Azul[12] March 2032 for BellSoft Liberica[11] |
September 2031 for Oracle[4] |
| Java SE 22 | 66 | 19th March 2024 | September 2024 | — | |
| Java SE 23 | 67 | 17th September 2024 | March 2025 | — | |
| Java SE 24 | 68 | March 2025 | September 2025 | — | |
| Java SE 25 | LTS | 69 | September 2025 | September 2030 for Oracle[4] | September 2033 for Oracle[4] |
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version Future release | |||||
| Released | January 23, 1996 |
|---|
The first version was released on January 23, 1996.[17][18] The first stable version, JDK 1.0.2, is called Java 1.[18]
| Released | February 19, 1997 |
|---|
Major additions in the release on February 19, 1997 included:[19]
- extensive retooling of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) event model
- inner classes added to the language
- JavaBeans
- Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
- Java remote method invocation (RMI) and serialization
- reflection which supported Introspection only, no modification at runtime was possible. (The ability to modify objects reflectively was added in J2SE 1.2, by introducing the AccessibleObject class and its subclasses such as the Field class.)
- Just-in-time compilation (JIT) on Microsoft Windows platforms, produced for JavaSoft by Symantec
- Internationalization and Unicode support originating from Taligent[20]
| Codename | Playground |
|---|---|
| Released | December 8, 1998 |
The release on December 8, 1998 and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded retrospectively Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). This was a very significant release of Java as it tripled the size of the Java platform to 1520 classes in 59 packages. Major additions included:[21]
strictfpkeyword (by JVM 17 an obsolete keyword, should not be used in new code)- The Swing graphical API was integrated into the core classes.
- Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time.
- Java plug-in
- Java IDL, an IDL implementation for CORBA interoperability
- Collections framework
| Codename | Kestrel |
|---|---|
| Released | May 8, 2000 |
The most notable changes in the May 8, 2000 release were:[22][23]
- HotSpot JVM included (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM)
- RMI was modified to support optional compatibility with CORBA.
- Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) included in core libraries (previously available as an extension)
- Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA)
- JavaSound
- Synthetic proxy classes
Java 1.3 is the last release of Java to officially support Microsoft Windows 95.[24]
| Codename | Merlin |
|---|---|
| Released | February 6, 2002 |
| Support ended | |
| Public | October 2008 |
| Paid | February 2013 |
The February 6, 2002 release was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included:[25][26]
- Language changes
- Library improvements
- Regular expressions modeled after Perl regular expressions
- Exception chaining allows an exception to encapsulate original lower-level exception
- Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) support
- Non-blocking I/O (named NIO) (specified in JSR 51)
- Logging API (specified in JSR 47)
- Image I/O API for reading and writing images in formats like JPEG and PNG
- Integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP) (specified in JSR 5 and JSR 63)
- Integrated security and cryptography extensions (JCE, JSSE, JAAS)
- Java Web Start included (Java Web Start was first released in March 2001 for J2SE 1.3) (specified in JSR 56)
- Preferences API (
java.util.prefs)
Public support and security updates for Java 1.4 ended in October 2008. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in February 2013.[27]
| Codename | Tiger |
|---|---|
| Released | September 30, 2004 |
| Support ended | |
| Public | November 2009 |
| Paid | April 2015 |
The release on September 30, 2004 was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. The number was changed to "better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE".[28] This version was developed under JSR 176.
Java SE 5 entered its end-of-public-updates period on April 8, 2008; updates are no longer available to the public as of November 3, 2009. Updates were available to paid Oracle customers until May 2015.[4]
Tiger added a number of significant new language features:[29][30]
- Generics: provides compile-time (static) type safety for collections and eliminates the need for most typecasts (type conversion) (specified by JSR 14)
- Metadata: also called annotations; allows language constructs such as classes and methods to be tagged with additional data, which can then be processed by metadata-aware utilities (specified by JSR 175)
- Autoboxing/unboxing: automatic conversions between primitive types (such as
int) and primitive wrapper classes (such asInteger) (specified by JSR 201) - Enumerations: the
enumkeyword creates a typesafe, ordered list of values (such asDay.MONDAY,Day.TUESDAY, etc.); previously this could only be achieved by non-typesafe constant integers or manually constructed classes (typesafe enum pattern) (specified by JSR 201) - Varargs: the last parameter of a method can now be declared using a type name followed by three dots (e.g.
void drawtext(String... lines)); in the calling code any number of parameters of that type can be used and they are then placed in an array to be passed to the method, or alternatively the calling code can pass an array of that type - Enhanced
for eachloop: theforloop syntax is extended with special syntax for iterating over each member of either an array or anyIterable, such as the standardCollectionclasses (specified by JSR 201) - Improved semantics of execution for multi-threaded Java programs; the new Java memory model addresses issues of complexity, effectiveness, and performance of previous specifications[31]
- Static imports
There were also the following improvements to the standard libraries:
- Automatic stub generation for RMI objects
- Swing: New skinnable look and feel, called synth
- The concurrency utilities in package
java.util.concurrent[32] - Scanner class for parsing data from various input streams and buffers
Java 5 is the last release of Java to officially support Microsoft Windows 98 and Windows ME,[33] while Windows Vista was the newest version of Windows that Java SE 5 was supported on prior to Java 5 going end-of-life in October of 2009.[27]
Java 5 Update 5 (1.5.0_05) is the last release of Java to work on Windows 95 (with Internet Explorer 5.5 installed) and Windows NT 4.0.[34]
Java 5 was first available on Apple Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger)[35] and was the default version of Java installed on Apple Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard).
Public support and security updates for Java 1.5 ended in November 2009. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in April 2015.
Versioning change
This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries:
Both version numbers "1.5.0" and "5.0" are used to identify this release of the Java 2 Platform Standard Edition. Version "5.0" is the product version, while "1.5.0" is the developer version. The number "5.0" is used to better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE.
— "Version 1.5.0 or 5.0?", Java release notes[36]
This correspondence continued through later releases (Java 6 = JDK 1.6, Java 7 = JDK 1.7, and so on).
| Codename | Mustang |
|---|---|
| Released | November 11, 2006 |
| Support ended | |
| Public | February 2013 |
As of the version released on December 11, 2006, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number.[37] Internal numbering for developers remains 1.6.0.[38]
This version was developed under JSR 270.
During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and bug fixes were released approximately weekly. Beta versions were released in February and June 2006, leading up to a final release that occurred on December 11, 2006.
Major changes included in this version:[39][40]
- Support for older Win9x versions dropped; unofficially, Java 6 Update 7 was the last release of Java shown to work on these versions of Windows.[citation needed] This is believed[by whom?] to be due to the major changes in Update 10.
- Scripting Language Support (JSR 223): Generic API for tight integration with scripting languages, and built-in Mozilla JavaScript Rhino integration.
- Dramatic performance improvements for the core platform,[41][42] and Swing.
- Improved Web Service support through JAX-WS (JSR 224).
- JDBC 4.0 support (JSR 221).
- Java Compiler API (JSR 199): an API allowing a Java program to select and invoke a Java Compiler programmatically.
- Upgrade of JAXB to version 2.0: Including integration of a StAX parser.
- Support for pluggable annotations (JSR 269).[43]
- Many GUI improvements, such as integration of SwingWorker in the API, table sorting and filtering, and true Swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect).
- JVM improvements include: synchronization and compiler performance optimizations, new algorithms and upgrades to existing garbage collection algorithms, and application start-up performance.
Java 6 can be installed to Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) running on 64-bit (Core 2 Duo and higher) processor machines.[44] Java 6 is also supported by both 32-bit and 64-bit machines running Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard).
Java 6 reached the end of its supported life in February 2013, at which time all public updates, including security updates, were scheduled to be stopped.[45][46] Oracle released two more updates to Java 6 in March and April 2013, which patched some security vulnerabilities.[47][48]
Java 6 updates
After Java 6 release, Sun, and later Oracle, released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs.[49]
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 6 | 2006-12-23 | This release adds many enhancements in the fields of Web services, scripting, databases, pluggable annotations, and security, as well as quality, compatibility, and stability. JConsole is now officially supported. Java DB support has been added. |
| Java SE 6 Update 1[citation needed] | 2007-05-07 | |
| Java SE 6 Update 2[citation needed] | 2007-07-03 | |
| Java SE 6 Update 3[citation needed] | 2007-10-03 | |
| Java SE 6 Update 4[citation needed] | 2008-01-14 | HotSpot VM 10 |
| Java SE 6 Update 5[citation needed] | 2008-03-05 | Several security flaws were eliminated. New root certificates from AOL, DigiCert, and TrustCenter are now included. |
| Java SE 6 Update 6[citation needed] | 2008-04-16 | A workaround for the infamous Xlib/XCB locking assertion issue was introduced. A memory leak when using Kerberos authentication with LoginContext was fixed. Several other bugs were fixed. |
| Java SE 6 Update 7[citation needed] | Unofficially, Java SE 6 Update 7 (1.6.0.7) is the last version of Java that was shown to be working on the Win9x family of operating systems[citation needed] | |
| Java SE 6 Update 10[citation needed] | 2008-10-15 | HotSpot VM 11. Major changes for this update include:
|
| Java SE 6 Update 11[52] [citation needed] | 2008-12-03 | 13 security fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 6 Update 12[citation needed] | 2008-12-12 | No security fixes; 64-bit Java plug-in (for 64-bit web browsers only); Windows Server 2008 support; performance improvements of graphics and JavaFX applications |
| Java SE 6 Update 13[citation needed] | 2009-03-24 | 7 security fixes, JNDI store and retrieve Java objects in LDAP slightly modified, JMX Change (createMBeanunregisterMBean), 4 new root certificates added |
| Java SE 6 Update 14[citation needed] | 2009-05-28 | HotSpot VM 14. This release includes extensive performance updates to the JIT compiler, compressed pointers for 64-bit machines, as well as support for the G1 (Garbage First) low-pause garbage collector.[53][54]
The Some developers have noticed an issue introduced in this release which causes debuggers to miss breakpoints seemingly randomly.[55] Sun has a corresponding bug, which is tracking the issue. The workaround applies to the Client and Server VMs.[56] Using the |
| Java SE 6 Update 15[citation needed] | 2009-08-04 | Introduced patch-in-place functionality |
| Java SE 6 Update 16[citation needed] | 2009-08-11 | Fixed the issue introduced in update 14 which caused debuggers to miss breakpoints |
| Java SE 6 Update 17[citation needed] | 2009-11-04 | Security fixes; two new root certificates |
| Java SE 6 Update 18[citation needed] | 2010-01-13 | No security fixes; Hotspot VM 16; support for Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Desktop Edition, SLES 11, Windows 7, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3, Firefox 3.6, VisualVM 1.2; updated Java DB; many performance improvements |
| Java SE 6 Update 19[citation needed] | 2010-03-30 | Security fixes; root certificate changes: seven new, three removed, five replaced with stronger signature algorithms; interim fix for TLS renegotiation attack |
| Java SE 6 Update 20[citation needed] | 2010-04-15 | 2 security fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 21[citation needed] | 2010-07-07 | No security fixes; Hotspot VM 17; support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 and 5.5, Oracle Enterprise Linux 4.8, 5.4, 5.5; Google Chrome 4 support; support for Customized Loading Progress Indicators; VisualVM 1.2.2 |
| Java SE 6 Update 22[citation needed] | 2010-10-12 | 29 security fixes; RFC 5746 support |
| Java SE 6 Update 23[citation needed] | 2010-12-08 | No security fixes; Hotspot VM 19; better support for right-to-left languages |
| Java SE 6 Update 24[citation needed] | 2011-02-15 | 21 security fixes; updated Java DB |
| Java SE 6 Update 25[citation needed] | 2011-03-21 | No security fixes; Hotspot VM 20; support for Internet Explorer 9, Firefox 4 and Chrome 10; improved BigDecimal; includes "tiered" compilation in the Server VM that enables it to start quickly as does the Client VM, while achieving better peak performance (this feature is enabled by specifying -server and -XX:+TieredCompilation command options) |
| Java SE 6 Update 26[citation needed] | 2011-06-07 | 17 new security fixes;[57] last version compatible with Windows Vista SP1 |
| Java SE 6 Update 27[citation needed] | 2011-08-16 | No security fixes; certification for Firefox 5 |
| Java SE 6 Update 29[citation needed] | 2011-10-18 | 20 security fixes, various bug fixes[58] |
| Java SE 6 Update 30[citation needed] | 2011-12-12 | No security fixes; fix for SSL regression in Update 29; support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
| Java SE 6 Update 31[citation needed] | 2012-02-14 | 14 security fixes and one bug fix; last version work reliably for Windows 2000[59] |
| Java SE 6 Update 32[citation needed] | 2012-04-26 | No security fixes, various bug fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 33[citation needed] | 2012-06-12 | 14 security fixes, improved VM configuration file loading |
| Java SE 6 Update 34[citation needed] | 2012-08-14 | No security fixes, various bug fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 35[citation needed] | 2012-08-30 | Contains a security-in-depth fix[60] |
| Java SE 6 Update 37[citation needed] | 2012-10-16 | 30 security fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 38[citation needed] | 2012-12-11 | Various bug fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 6 Update 39[citation needed] | 2013-02-01 | 50 security fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 41[citation needed] | 2013-02-19 | 5 security fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 43[citation needed] | 2013-03-04 | 2 security fixes |
| Java SE 6 Update 45[citation needed] | 2013-04-16 | 42 security fixes;[61] other changes; final public update.[62] |
| Java SE 6 Update 51 | 2013-06-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Apple Update for OS X Snow Leopard, Lion & Mountain Lion; up to 40 security fixes[63] |
| Java SE 6 Update 65 | 2013-10-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Apple Update for OS X Snow Leopard, Lion & Mountain Lion; at least 11 critical security fixes[64] |
| Java SE 6 Update 71 | 2014-01-14 | Not available for public download; 33 fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 6 Update 75 | 2014-04-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster no. #54; 25 security fixes[65] |
| Java SE 6 Update 81 | 2014-07-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 11 security fixes[66] |
| Java SE 6 Update 85 | 2014-10-16 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 18 security fixes[67] |
| Java SE 6 Update 91 | 2015-01-21 | Linux x64 and Windows i586 versions are available as the Java SE 6 Reference Implementation.[68] Other versions are only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 15 security fixes[69] |
| Java SE 6 Update 95 | 2015-04-14 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 14 security fixes[70] |
| Java SE 6 Update 101 | 2015-07-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 18 security fixes[71] Certification for IE 10 and 11 was introduced in 1.6.0_101 |
| Java SE 6 Update 105 | 2015-10-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 17 security fixes[72] |
| Java SE 6 Update 111 | 2016-01-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 13 security fixes[73] |
| Java SE 6 Update 113 | 2016-02-05 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 1 security fix[74] |
| Java SE 6 Update 115 | 2016-04-21 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 8 security fixes[75] |
| Java SE 6 Update 121 | 2016-07-19 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 15 security fixes[76] |
| Java SE 6 Update 131 | 2016-10-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 13 security fixes[77] |
| Java SE 6 Update 141 | 2017-01-17 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 17 security fixes[78] |
| Java SE 6 Update 151 | 2017-04-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 10 security fixes[79] |
| Java SE 6 Update 161 | 2017-07-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 5 security fixes[80] |
| Java SE 6 Update 171 | 2017-10-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 7 security fixes[81] |
| Java SE 6 Update 181 | 2018-01-16 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 12 security fixes[82] |
| Java SE 6 Update 191 | 2018-04-17 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 7 security fixes[83] |
| Java SE 6 Update 201 | 2018-07-17 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 3 security fixes[84] |
| Java SE 6 Update 211 | 2018-10-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 8 security fixes[85] |
Java 7 was a major update that launched on July 7, 2011[87] and was made available for developers on July 28, 2011.[88] The development period was organized into thirteen milestones; on June 6, 2011, the last of the thirteen milestones was finished.[88][89] On average, 8 builds (which generally included enhancements and bug fixes) were released per milestone. The feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project lists many of the changes.
Additions in Java 7 include:[90]
- JVM support for dynamic languages, with the new
invokedynamicbytecode under JSR-292,[91] following the prototyping work currently done on the Multi Language Virtual Machine - Compressed 64-bit pointers[92] (available in Java 6 with
-XX:+UseCompressedOops)[93] - These small language changes (grouped under a project named Coin):[94]
- Strings in switch[95]
- Automatic resource management in try-statement aka try-with-resources statement[96]
- Improved type inference for generic instance creation, aka the diamond operator
<>[97] - Simplified varargs method declaration[98]
- Binary integer literals[99]
- Allowing underscores in numeric literals[100]
- Catching multiple exception types and rethrowing exceptions with improved type checking[101]
- Concurrency utilities under JSR 166[102]
- New file I/O library (defined by JSR 203) adding support for multiple file systems, file metadata and symbolic links. The new packages are
java.nio.file,java.nio.file.attributeandjava.nio.file.spi[103][104] - Timsort is used to sort collections and arrays of objects instead of merge sort
- Library-level support for elliptic curve cryptography algorithms
- An XRender pipeline for Java 2D, which improves handling of features specific to modern GPUs
- New platform APIs for the graphics features originally implemented in version 6u10 as unsupported APIs[105]
- Enhanced library-level support for new network protocols, including SCTP and Sockets Direct Protocol
- Upstream updates to XML and Unicode
- Java deployment rule sets[106]
Lambda (Java's implementation of lambda functions), Jigsaw (Java's implementation of modules), and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7, and released as part of Java 8 (except for Jigsaw, which was released in Java 9).[107][108]
Java 7 was the default version to download on java.com from April 2012 until Java 8 was released.[109]
Java 7 updates
Oracle issued public updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis[110] until April 2015 when the product reached the end of its public availability.[111] Further updates for JDK 7, which continued until July 2022, are only made available to customers with a support contract.[112]
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 7[113] | 2011-07-28 | Initial release; HotSpot VM 21 |
| Java SE 7 Update 1[citation needed] | 2011-10-18 | 20 security fixes, other bug fixes |
| Java SE 7 Update 2[citation needed] | 2011-12-12 | No security fixes; HotSpot VM 22; reliability and performance improvements; support for Solaris 11 and Firefox 5 and later; JavaFX included with Java SE JDK, improvements for web-deployed applications |
| Java SE 7 Update 3[citation needed] | 2012-02-14 | 14 security fixes[114] |
| Java SE 7 Update 4[citation needed] | 2012-04-26 | No security updates; HotSpot VM 23; JDK Support for Mac OS X |
| Java SE 7 Update 5[citation needed] | 2012-06-12 | 14 security fixes[115] |
| Java SE 7 Update 6[citation needed] | 2012-08-14 | JavaFX and Java Access Bridge included in Java SE JDK and JRE installation, JavaFX support for touch-enabled monitors and touch pads, JavaFX support for Linux, JDK and JRE Support for Mac OS X, JDK for Linux on ARM[116] |
| Java SE 7 Update 7[citation needed] | 2012-08-30 | 4 security fixes[60] |
| Java SE 7 Update 9[citation needed] | 2012-10-16 | 30 security vulnerabilities fixes[117] |
| Java SE 7 Update 10[citation needed] | 2012-12-11 | New security features, such as the ability to disable any Java application from running in the browser and new dialogs to warn you when the JRE is insecure, and bug fixes |
| Java SE 7 Update 11[citation needed] | 2013-01-13 | Olson Data 2012i; bugfix for problems with registration of plugin on systems with Stand-alone version of JavaFX Installed, security fixes for CVE-2013-0422;[118] the default security level for Java applets and web start applications has been increased from "Medium" to "High" |
| Java SE 7 Update 13[119] [citation needed] | 2013-02-01 | 50 security fixes |
| Java SE 7 Update 15[citation needed] | 2013-02-19 | 5 security fixes |
| Java SE 7 Update 17[citation needed] | 2013-03-04 | 2 security fixes |
| Java SE 7 Update 21[citation needed] | 2013-04-16 | Multiple changes including 42 security fixes, a new Server JRE that does not include the plug-in, and the JDK for Linux on ARM |
| Java SE 7 Update 25[citation needed] | 2013-06-18 | Multiple changes including 40 security fixes[63][120] |
| Java SE 7 Update 40[citation needed] | 2013-09-10 | 621 bug fixes,[121] New security features, hardfloat ARM, Java Mission Control 5.2 and Retina Display support[122] |
| Java SE 7 Update 45[citation needed] | 2013-10-15 | 51 security fixes;[64] protections against unauthorized redistribution of Java applications; restore security prompts; JAXP changes; TimeZone.setDefault change |
| Java SE 7 Update 51[citation needed] | 2014-01-14 | 36 security fixes; block JAVA applets without manifest (like Remote console – Java Applet – IBM IMM card, HP iLO card) even if warning dialog is with sentence "will be blocked in next version",[123][124] 17 bug fixes |
| Java SE 7 Update 55[citation needed] | 2014-04-15 | 37 security fixes,[65] 19 bug fixes[125] |
| Java SE 7 Update 60[citation needed] | 2014-05-28 | Java Mission Control 5.3,[126] 130 bug fixes[127] |
| Java SE 7 Update 65[citation needed] | 2014-07-15 | 18 bug fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 7 Update 67[citation needed] | 2014-08-04 | 1 bug fix |
| Java SE 7 Update 71[citation needed] | 2014-10-14 | 16 bug fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 7 Update 72[citation needed] | 2014-10-14 | Same release date with Update 71 as a corresponding Patch Set Update (PSU) for Java SE 7,[128] 36 bug fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 7 Update 75[citation needed] | 2015-01-20 | 12 bug fixes,[citation needed] SSLv3 disabled by default |
| Java SE 7 Update 76[citation needed] | 2015-01-20 | Same release date with Update 75 as a corresponding Patch Set Update (PSU) for Java SE 7,[128] 97 bug fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 7 Update 79[citation needed] | 2015-04-14 | 21 security fixes, 6 bug fixes,[citation needed] |
| Java SE 7 Update 80[citation needed] | 2015-04-14 | Last public release of Java 7; same release date with Update 79 as a corresponding Patch Set Update (PSU) for Java SE 7, 104 bug fixes[citation needed] |
| Java SE 7 Update 85 | 2015-07-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 25 security fixes[129] |
| Java SE 7 Update 91 | 2015-10-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 20 security fixes[130] |
| Java SE 7 Update 95 | 2016-01-19 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 8 security fixes[131] |
| Java SE 7 Update 97 | 2016-02-05 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 1 security fix[74] |
| Java SE 7 Update 99 | 2016-03-23 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 1 security fix[132] |
| Java SE 7 Update 101 | 2016-04-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 22 security fixes[133] |
| Java SE 7 Update 111 | 2016-07-19 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 36 security fixes[76] |
| Java SE 7 Update 121 | 2016-10-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 32 security fixes[77] |
| Java SE 7 Update 131 | 2017-01-17 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 34 security fixes[78] |
| Java SE 7 Update 141 | 2017-04-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 8 security fixes[134] |
| Java SE 7 Update 151 | 2017-07-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 4 security fixes[80] |
| Java SE 7 Update 161 | 2017-10-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 4 security fixes[81] |
| Java SE 7 Update 171 | 2018-01-16 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 51 security fixes[82] |
| Java SE 7 Update 181 | 2018-04-17 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 12 security fixes[83] |
| Java SE 7 Update 191 | 2018-07-17 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 9 security fixes[84] |
| Java SE 7 Update 201 | 2018-10-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 13 security fixes[85] |
| Java SE 7 Update 211 | 2019-01-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 5 security fixes[135] |
| Java SE 7 Update 221 | 2019-04-16 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 5 security fixes[136] |
| Java SE 7 Update 231 | 2019-07-16 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 6 security fixes[137] |
| Java SE 7 Update 241 | 2019-10-15 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 15 security fixes[138] |
| Java SE 7 Update 251 | 2020-01-14 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 12 security fixes[139] |
| Java SE 7 Update 261 | 2020-04-14 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 15 security fixes[140] |
| Java SE 7 Update 271 | 2020-07-14 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 11 security fixes[141] |
| Java SE 7 Update 281 | 2020-10-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 8 security fixes[142] |
| Java SE 7 Update 291 | 2021-01-19 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 1 security fixes[143] |
| Java SE 7 Update 301 | 2021-04-12 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 11 security fixes[144] |
| Java SE 7 Update 311 | 2021-07-20 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 24 bug fixes[145] |
| Java SE 7 Update 321 | 2021-10-19 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 16 bug fixes[146] |
| Java SE 7 Update 331 | 2022-01-18 | Not available publicly, only available through the Java SE Support program and in Solaris 10's Recommended Patchset Cluster; 18 bug fixes[147] |
Java 8 was released on March 18, 2014,[148][149] and included some features that were planned for Java 7 but later deferred.[150]
Work on features was organized in terms of JDK Enhancement Proposals (JEPs).[151]
- JSR 335, JEP 126: Language-level support for lambda expressions (officially, lambda expressions; unofficially, closures) under Project Lambda[152] and default methods (virtual extension methods)[153][154][155] which can be used to add methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations. There was an ongoing debate in the Java community on whether to add support for lambda expressions.[156][157] Sun later declared that lambda expressions would be included in Java and asked for community input to refine the feature.[158] Supporting lambda expressions also enables functional-style operations on streams of elements, such as MapReduce-inspired transformations on collections. Default methods can be used by an author of an API to add new methods to an interface without breaking the old code using it. Although it was not their primary intent,[153] default methods can also be used for multiple inheritance of behavior (but not state).
- JEP 174: Project Nashorn, a JavaScript runtime which can run JavaScript code embedded within applications
- JEP 104: Annotation on Java types
- Unsigned integer arithmetic[159]
- JEP 120: Repeating annotations
- JEP 150: Date and time API
- JEP 178: Statically-linked JNI libraries
- JEP 153: Launch JavaFX applications (direct launching of JavaFX application JARs)
- JEP 122: Remove the permanent generation
Java 8 is not supported on Windows XP[160] but as of JDK 8 update 25, it can still be installed and run under Windows XP.[161] Previous updates of JDK 8 could be run under XP by downloading archived zip format file and unzipping it for the executable. The last version of Java 8 could run on XP is update 251.
From October 2014, Java 8 was the default version to download (and then again the download replacing Java 9) from the official website.[162] "Oracle will continue to provide Public Updates and auto updates of Java SE 8, Indefinitely for Personal Users".[163]
Java 8 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 8 | 2014-03-18 | Initial release |
| Java SE 8 Update 5[164] | 2014-04-15 | Using "*" in Caller-Allowable-Codebase attribute; 11 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 11[165] | 2014-07-15 | Java Dependency Analysis Tool (jdeps); Java Control Panel option to disable sponsors; JAR file attribute – Entry-Point; JAXP processing limit property – maxElementDepth; 18 security bug fixes,[166] 15 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 20[167] | 2014-08-19 | 669 bug fixes,[168] JMC 5.4, String deduplication (disabled by default) |
| Java SE 8 Update 25[169] | 2014-10-14 | 10 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 31[170] | 2015-01-19 | 26 bug fixes; SSLv3 (disabled by default) |
| Java SE 8 Update 40[171] | 2015-03-03 | 645 bug fixes,[172] Added the notion of "memory pressure" to help indicate how much of system's memory is still available (low pressure = high memory, high pressure = low memory) |
| Java SE 8 Update 45[173] | 2015-04-14 | 13 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 51[174] | 2015-07-14 | Added support for native sandbox on Windows platforms (disabled by default); also, 25 security fixes, 14 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 60[175] | 2015-08-18 | 480 bug fixes[176] |
| Java SE 8 Update 65[177] | 2015-10-20 | 25 security fixes, 3 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 66[178] | 2015-11-16 | 15 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 71[179] | 2016-01-19 | 8 security fixes, 5 bug fixes[180] |
| Java SE 8 Update 72[181] | 2016-01-19 | 8 security fixes, 5 bug fixes, several enhancements |
| Java SE 8 Update 73[182] | 2016-02-03 | 1 security fix |
| Java SE 8 Update 74[183] | 2016-02-03 | 1 security fix |
| Java SE 8 Update 77[184] | 2016-03-23 | 1 security fix |
| Java SE 8 Update 91[185] | 2016-04-19 | 9 security fixes, 4 bug fixes and enhancements |
| Java SE 8 Update 92[186] | 2016-04-19 | Security and bug fixes from 8u91, plus 76 additional bug fixes; the ExitOnOutOfMemoryError and CrashOnOutOfMemoryError flags have been introduced |
| Java SE 8 Update 101[187] | 2016-07-19 | Security and bug fixes from 8u92, plus 9 additional bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 102[188] | 2016-07-19 | Security and bug fixes from 8u101, plus 118 additional bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 111[189] | 2016-10-18 | 7 Security fixes and 9 bug fixes |
| Java SE 8 Update 112[190] | 2016-10-18 | Additional features and 139 bug fixes over 8u111 |
| Java SE 8 Update 121[191] | 2017-01-17 | 3 additional features, 5 changes, and 11 bug fixes over 8u112. |
| Java SE 8 Update 131[192] | 2017-04-18 | 4 changes and 42 bug fixes (2 notable). |
| Java SE 8 Update 141[193] | 2017-07-18 | Additional feature, 3 changes and 12 bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 144[194] | 2017-07-26 | 32 Security fixes and bug fixes from 8u141. |
| Java SE 8 Update 151[195] | 2017-10-17 | 22 Security fixes, 2 notes, 1 certificate revocation, 1 new feature, 6 changes and 24 bug fixes from 8u144. |
| Java SE 8 Update 152[196] | 2017-10-17 | Security fixes, 1 new feature, 1 change and 238 bug fixes from 8u151 (1 notable). |
| Java SE 8 Update 161[197] | 2018-01-16 | 21 Security fixes, 3 new features, 9 changes and 1 bug fix from 8u152. |
| Java SE 8 Update 162[198] | 2018-01-16 | Security fixes, 63 bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 171[199] | 2018-04-17 | Security fixes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 172[200] | 2018-04-17 | Security fixes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 181[201] | 2018-07-17 | Security fixes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 191[202] | 2018-10-16 | New features, changes, bug fixes, security fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 192[203] | 2018-10-16 | New features, changes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 201[204] | 2019-01-15 | New features, changes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 202[205] | 2019-01-15 | New features, changes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 211[206] | 2019-04-16 | New features, changes, bug fixes. License Update. |
| Java SE 8 Update 212[207] | 2019-04-16 | New features (e.g. 5 currency symbols, including for Bitcoin and "New Japanese Era Name Reiwa"[207]), changes, bug fixes. License Update. |
| Java SE 8 Update 221[208] | 2019-07-16 | New features, changes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 231[209] | 2019-10-15 | New features, changes, bug fixes and 18 security fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 241[210] | 2020-01-14 | New features, changes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 251[211] | 2020-04-14 | New features, changes, bug fixes. The last version that was shown to be working on Windows XP unofficially. |
| Java SE 8 Update 261[212] | 2020-07-14 | New features, changes, 133 bug fixes.[213] |
| Java SE 8 Update 271[214] | 2020-10-20 | New features, changes, 65 bug fixes.[215] |
| Java SE 8 Update 281[216] | 2021-01-19 | New features, changes, 33 bug fixes.[217] |
| Java SE 8 Update 291[218] | 2021-04-20 | New features, changes, 28 bug fixes.[219] |
| Java SE 8 Update 301[220] | 2021-07-20 | New features, changes, 90 bug fixes.[221] |
| Java SE 8 Update 311[222] | 2021-10-19 | New features, changes, 52 bug fixes.[223] |
| Java SE 8 Update 321[224] | 2022-01-18 | New features, changes, 62 bug fixes.[225] |
| Java SE 8 Update 331[226] | 2022-04-19 | New features, changes, 37 bug fixes.[227] |
| Java SE 8 Update 333[228] | 2022-05-02 | Patch w/1 change and 2 bug fixes.[229] |
| Java SE 8 Update 341[230] | 2022-07-19 | New features, changes, 42 bug fixes.[231] |
| Java SE 8 Update 351[232] | 2022-10-18 | New features, changes, 95 bug fixes.[233] |
| Java SE 8 Update 361[234] | 2023-01-17 | New features, changes, bug fixes. |
| Java SE 8 Update 371[235] | 2023-04-18 | |
| Java SE 8 Update 381[236] | 2023-07-18 | Security Patches |
| Java SE 8 Update 391[237] | 2023-10-17 | |
| Java SE 8 Update 401[238] | 2024-01-16 | |
| Java SE 8 Update 411[239] | 2024-04-16 | Update time zone data to IANA TZ Data 2024a, new features, changes, updates to third-party libraries, 37 bug fixes.[239] |
| Java SE 8 Update 421[240] | 2024-07-16 | |
| Java SE 8 Update 431[241] | 2024-10-15 | |
| Released | September 21, 2017 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 9 |
| Support ended | |
| Public | March 2018 |
Java SE 9 was made available on September 21, 2017[242] due to controversial acceptance of the current implementation of Project Jigsaw by Java Executive Committee[243] which led Oracle to fix some open issues and concerns and to refine some critical technical questions. In the last days of June 2017, Java Community Process expressed nearly unanimous consensus on the proposed Module System scheme.[244]
- JSR 376: Modularization of the JDK under Project Jigsaw (Java Platform Module System)[108]
- JavaDB was removed from JDK[245]
- JEP 193: Variable handles, define a standard means to invoke the equivalents of various
java.util.concurrent.atomicandsun.misc.Unsafeoperations - JEP 213: Milling Project Coin, allow @SafeVarargs on private instance methods; Allow effectively-final variables to be used as resources in the try-with-resources statement; Allow diamond with anonymous classes if the argument type of the inferred type is denotable; Complete the removal, begun in Java SE 8, of underscore from the set of legal identifier names; Support for private methods in interfaces
- JEP 222: jshell: The Java Shell (Read-Eval-Print Loop): JShell is a REPL command-line interface for the Java language.[246]
- JEP 254: Compact Strings
- JEP 263: HiDPI graphics: automatic scaling and sizing
- JEP 266: More concurrency updates, it includes a Java implementation of Reactive Streams,[247] including a new
Flowclass[248] that included the interfaces previously provided by Reactive Streams[249] - JEP 268: XML catalogs
- JEP 282: jlink: The Java Linker, create a tool that can assemble and optimize a set of modules and their dependencies into a custom run-time image. It effectively allows to produce a fully usable executable including the JVM to run it
- JEP 295: Ahead-of-Time Compilation, ahead-of-time compilation provided by GraalVM
The first Java 9 release candidate was released on August 9, 2017.[250] The first stable release of Java 9 was on September 21, 2017.[251]
History
At JavaOne 2011, Oracle discussed features they hoped to release for Java 9 in 2016.[252] Java 9 should include better support for multi-gigabyte heaps, better native code integration, a different default garbage collector (G1, for "shorter response times")[253] and a self-tuning JVM.[254] In early 2016, the release of Java 9 was rescheduled for March 2017[255] and later again postponed four more months to July 2017.[256]
Java 9 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 9[257] | 2017-09-21 | Initial release |
| Java SE 9.0.1[258] | 2017-10-17 | New features
Known issues
Changes
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 9.0.4[260] | 2018-01-16 | New features
Changes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 20, 2018 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 12 |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2018 |
OpenJDK 10 was released on March 20, 2018, with twelve new features confirmed.[262] Among these features were:
- JEP 286: Local-Variable Type Inference
- JEP 296: Consolidate the JDK Forest into a Single Repository
- JEP 304: Garbage-Collector Interface
- JEP 307: Parallel Full GC for G1
- JEP 310: Application Class-Data Sharing
- JEP 312: Thread-Local Handshakes
- JEP 313: Remove the Native-Header Generation Tool (javah)
- JEP 314: Additional Unicode Language-Tag Extensions
- JEP 316: Heap Allocation on Alternative Memory Devices
- JEP 317: Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler
- JEP 319: Root Certificates
- JEP 322: Time-Based Release Versioning
The first of these JEP 286 Local-Variable Type Inference, allows the var keyword to be used for local variables with the actual type calculated by the compiler. Due to this change, developers can do the following instead of manually specifying the variable's type:
var list = new ArrayList<String>(); // infers ArrayList<String>
var stream = list.stream(); // infers Stream<String>
Java 10 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 10[263] | 2018-03-20 | Initial release |
| Java SE 10.0.1[264] | 2018-04-17 | New features
Changes
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 10.0.2[266] | 2018-07-17 | Changes
Bug fixes
|
| LTS version | |
| Released | September 25, 2018 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 17 |
| Removal(s) | |
| Notable | Java applets, Java Web Start, JavaFX, JavaEE, and CORBA modules |
JDK 11 was released on September 25, 2018 and the version is currently open for bug fixes. It offers LTS, or Long-Term Support. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as:[268]
- JEP 181: Nest-Based Access Control
- JEP 309: Dynamic Class-File Constants
- JEP 315: Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics
- JEP 318: Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector
- JEP 320: Remove the Java EE and CORBA Modules
- JEP 321: HTTP Client (Standard)
- JEP 323: Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters
- JEP 324: Key Agreement with Curve25519 and Curve448
- JEP 327: Unicode 10
- JEP 328: Flight Recorder
- JEP 329: ChaCha20 and Poly1305 Cryptographic Algorithms
- JEP 330: Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs
- JEP 331: Low-Overhead Heap Profiling
- JEP 332: Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3
- JEP 333: ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector (Experimental)
- JEP 335: Deprecate the Nashorn JavaScript Engine
- JEP 336: Deprecate the Pack200 Tools and API
A number of features from previous releases were dropped; in particular, Java applets and Java Web Start are no longer available. JavaFX, Java EE and CORBA modules have been removed from JDK.[269]
Java 11 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 11[270] | 2018-09-25 | Initial release |
| Java SE 11.0.1[271] | 2018-10-16 | Changes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.2[273] | 2019-01-15 | Known issues
Changes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.3[275] | 2019-04-16 | New features
Known issues
Changes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.4[277] | 2019-07-16 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.5[279] | 2019-10-15 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.6[281] | 2020-01-14 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.7[283] | 2020-04-14 | New features
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.8[285] | 2020-07-14 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.9[287] | 2020-10-20 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.10[289] | 2021-01-19 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.11[291] | 2021-04-20 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.12[293] | 2021-07-20 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.13[295] | 2021-10-19 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.14[297] | 2022-01-18 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.15[299] | 2022-04-19 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.16[301] | 2022-07-19 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.16.1[303] | 2022-08-18 | Changes
|
| Java SE 11.0.17[304] | 2022-10-18 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.18[306] | 2023-01-17 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.19[308] | 2023-04-18 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.20[310] | 2023-07-18 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.21[312] | 2023-10-17 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 11.0.22[314] | 2024-01-16 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 19, 2019 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 8 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Preview(s) | Enhanced switch statements |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2019 |
JDK 12 was released on March 19, 2019. Among others, Java 12 includes a number of new features, such as:[316]
- JEP 189: Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector (Experimental)
- JEP 230: Microbenchmark Suite
- JEP 325: Switch Expressions (Preview)
- JEP 334: JVM Constants API
- JEP 340: One AArch64 Port, Not Two
- JEP 341: Default CDS Archives
- JEP 344: Abortable Mixed Collections for G1
- JEP 346: Promptly Return Unused Committed Memory from G1
The preview feature JEP 325 extends the switch statement so it can also be used as an expression, and adds a new form of case label where the right hand side is an expression. No break statement is needed. For complex expressions a yield statement can be used. This becomes standard in Java SE 14.
int ndays = switch(month) {
case JAN, MAR, MAY, JUL, AUG, OCT, DEC -> 31;
case APR, JUN, SEP, NOV -> 30;
case FEB -> {
if (year % 400 == 0) yield 29;
else if (year % 100 == 0) yield 28;
else if (year % 4 == 0) yield 29;
else yield 28; }
};
Java 12 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 12[317] | 2019-03-19 | Initial release |
| Java SE 12.0.1[318] | 2019-04-16 | Known issues
Changes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 12.0.2[320] | 2019-07-16 | Removed features and options
Other notes
|
| Released | September 17, 2019 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 5 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Preview(s) | Enhanced switch statements, text blocks |
| Support ended | |
| Public | March 2023[321] |
JDK 13 was released on September 17, 2019. Java 13 includes the following new features, as well as "hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes".[322]
- JEP 350: Dynamic CDS Archives
- JEP 351: ZGC: Uncommit Unused Memory
- JEP 353: Reimplement the Legacy Socket API
- JEP 354: Switch Expressions (Preview)
- JEP 355: Text Blocks (Preview)
JEP 355 Text Blocks allows multiline string literals:
String html = """
<html lang="en">
<body>
<p>Hello, world</p>
</body>
</html>
""";
Java 13 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 13[323] | 2019-09-17 | Initial release |
| Java SE 13.0.1[324] | 2019-10-15 | Other notes
|
| Java SE 13.0.2[325] | 2020-01-14 | Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 17, 2020 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 16 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable | Helpful NullPointerExceptions, enhanced switch statements |
| Preview(s) | Pattern matching for instanceof, records, text blocks |
| Incubating | jpackager, Foreign memory access |
| Removal(s) | |
| Notable | Remove Concurrent Mark Sweep garbage collector |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2020 |
JDK 14 was released on March 17, 2020. Java 14 includes the following new features, as well as "hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes".[327]
- JEP 305: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview)
- JEP 343: Packaging Tool (Incubator)
- JEP 345: NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1
- JEP 349: JFR Event Streaming
- JEP 352: Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers
- JEP 358: Helpful NullPointerExceptions
- JEP 359: Records (Preview)
- JEP 361: Switch Expressions (Standard)
- JEP 362: Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports
- JEP 363: Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector
- JEP 364: ZGC on macOS
- JEP 365: ZGC on Windows
- JEP 366: Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination
- JEP 367: Remove the Pack200 Tools and API
- JEP 368: Text Blocks (Second Preview)
- JEP 370: Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)
JEP 305, Pattern Matching for instanceof simplifies the common case of an instanceof test being immediately followed by cast, replacing
if (obj instanceof String) {
String s = (String)obj;
System.out.println(s.length());
}
with
if (obj instanceof String s) {
System.out.println(s.length());
}
JEP 359 Records allows easy creation of simple immutable Tuple-like classes.[328]
record Point(int x, int y) { }
Point p = new Point(3, 4);
System.out.println(p.x());
Java 14 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 14[329] | 2020-03-17 | Initial release |
| Java SE 14.0.1[330] | 2020-04-14 | Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 14.0.2[332] | 2020-07-14 | Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | September 15, 2020 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 14 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable | Hidden classes, ZGC (garbage collector), Shenandoah (garbage collector), text blocks |
| Preview(s) | Sealed classes, pattern matching of instanceof, records |
| Incubating | Foreign-memory access |
| Removal(s) | |
| Notable | JavaScript engine, Solaris and SPARC ports |
| Support ended | |
| Public | March 2023[321] |
JDK 15 was released on September 15, 2020. Java 15 adds e.g. support for multi-line string literals (aka Text Blocks). The Shenandoah and Z garbage collectors (latter sometimes abbreviated ZGC) are now ready for use in production (i.e. no longer marked experimental). Support for Oracle's Solaris operating system (and SPARC CPUs) is dropped (while still available in e.g. Java 11). The Nashorn JavaScript Engine is removed. Also removed some root CA certificates.
- JEP 339: Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
- JEP 360: Sealed Classes (Preview)
- JEP 371: Hidden Classes
- JEP 372: Remove the Nashorn JavaScript Engine
- JEP 373: Reimplement the Legacy DatagramSocket API
- JEP 374: Disable and Deprecate Biased Locking
- JEP 375: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Second Preview)
- JEP 377: ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector
- JEP 378: Text Blocks
- JEP 379: Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector
- JEP 381: Remove the Solaris and SPARC Ports
- JEP 383: Foreign-Memory Access API (Second Incubator)
- JEP 384: Records (Second Preview)
- JEP 385: Deprecate RMI Activation for Removal
JEP 360 Sealed Classes adds sealed classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. Only those classes specified in a permits clause may extend the class or interface.
package com.example.geometry;
public abstract sealed class Shape
permits Circle, Rectangle, Square {...}
Together with records, sealed classes are sum types. They work well with other recent features like records, switch expressions, and pattern matching for instance-of. They all form part of a system for "Pattern matching in Java" first discussed by Gavin Bierman and Brian Goetz, in September 2018.[334]
Java 15 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 15[335] | 2020-09-15 | Initial release |
| Java SE 15.0.1[336] | 2020-10-20 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 15.0.2[338] | 2021-01-19 | Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 16, 2021 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 17 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable | Windows/AArch64 Port, jpackager, pattern matching for instanceof, records |
| Preview(s) | Sealed classes |
| Incubating | Foreign linker, Foreign-memory access |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2021 |
JDK 16 was released on March 16, 2021. Java 16 removes Ahead-of-Time compilation (and Graal JIT) options.[340] The Java implementation itself was and is still written in C++, while as of Java 16, more recent C++14 (but still not e.g. C++17 or C++20) is allowed. The code was also moved to GitHub, dropping Mercurial as the source control system.
- JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator)
- JEP 347: Enable C++14 Language Features
- JEP 357: Migrate from Mercurial to Git
- JEP 369: Migrate to GitHub
- JEP 376: ZGC: Concurrent Thread-Stack Processing
- JEP 380: Unix-Domain Socket Channels
- JEP 386: Alpine Linux Port – not yet stable
- JEP 387: Elastic Metaspace
- JEP 388: Windows/AArch64 Port
- JEP 389: Foreign Linker API (Incubator)
- JEP 390: Warnings for Value-Based Classes
- JEP 392: Packaging Tool
- JEP 393: Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)
- JEP 394: Pattern Matching for instanceof
- JEP 395: Records
- JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default
- JEP 397: Sealed Classes (Second Preview)
Java 16 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 16[341] | 2021-03-16 | Initial release |
| Java SE 16.0.1[342] | 2021-04-20 | Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 16.0.2[344] | 2021-07-20 | Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| LTS version | |
| Released | September 14, 2021 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 14 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable | macOS/AArch64 Port, sealed classes |
| Preview(s) | Switch pattern matching |
| Incubating | Vector API, Foreign function & memory API |
| Removal(s) | |
| Notable | AOT compiler, RMI activation, strictfp keyword made obsolete (JEP 306) |
JDK 17 was released in September 2021.[346] Java 17 is the 2nd long-term support (LTS) release since switching to the new 6-month release cadence (the first being Java 11).
- JEP 306: Restore Always-Strict Floating-Point Semantics
- JEP 356: Enhanced Pseudo-Random Number Generators
- JEP 382: New macOS Rendering Pipeline
- JEP 391: macOS/AArch64 Port
- JEP 398: Deprecate the Applet API for Removal
- JEP 403: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals
- JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch (Preview)
- JEP 407: Remove RMI Activation
- JEP 409: Sealed Classes
- JEP 410: Remove the Experimental AOT and JIT Compiler
- JEP 411: Deprecate the Security Manager for Removal
- JEP 412: Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)
- JEP 414: Vector API (Second Incubator)
- JEP 415: Context-Specific Deserialization Filters
JEP 406 extends the pattern matching syntax used in instanceof operations to switch statements and expressions. It allows cases to be selected based on the type of the argument, null cases and refining patterns
Object o = ...;
return switch (o) {
case null -> "Null";
case String s -> "String %s".formatted(s);
case Long l -> "long %d".formatted(l);
case Double d -> "double %f".formatted(d);
case Integer i && i > 0 // refining patterns
-> "positive int %d".formatted(i);
case Integer i && i == 0
-> "zero int %d".formatted(i);
case Integer i && i < 0
-> "negative int %d".formatted(i);
default -> o.toString();
};
Java 17 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 17[347] | 2021-09-14 | Initial release |
| Java SE 17.0.1[348] | 2021-10-19 | Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.2[350] | 2022-01-18 | Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.3[352] | 2022-04-19 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.3.1[354] | 2022-05-02 | Changes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.4[356] | 2022-07-19 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.4.1[358] | 2022-08-18 | Changes
|
| Java SE 17.0.5[359] | 2022-10-18 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.6[361] | 2023-01-17 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.7[363] | 2023-04-18 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.8[365] | 2023-07-18 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.9[367] | 2023-10-17 | New features
Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 17.0.10[369] | 2024-01-16 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 22, 2022 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 9 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable |
|
| Preview(s) | Switch pattern matching |
| Incubating |
|
| Removal(s) | |
| Notable | Deprecated finalization for removal |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2022 |
JDK 18 was released on March 22, 2022.[371]
- JEP 400: UTF-8 by Default
- JEP 408: Simple Web Server
- JEP 413: Code Snippets in Java API Documentation
- JEP 416: Reimplement Core Reflection with Method Handles
- JEP 417: Vector API (Third Incubator)
- JEP 418: Internet-Address Resolution SPI
- JEP 419: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Incubator)
- JEP 420: Pattern Matching for switch (Second Preview)
- JEP 421: Deprecate Finalization for Removal
Java 18 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 18[372] | 2022-03-22 | Initial release |
| Java SE 18.0.1[373] | 2022-04-19 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 18.0.1.1[375] | 2022-05-02 | core-libs/java.io
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 18.0.2[377] | 2022-07-19 | Removed features and options
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 18.0.2.1[379] | 2022-08-18 | Changes
|
| Released | September 20, 2022 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 7 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Preview(s) |
|
| Incubating |
|
| Support ended | |
| Public | March 2023 |
JDK 19 was released on 20 September 2022.[380]
- JEP 405: Record Patterns (Preview)
- JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V Port
- JEP 424: Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)
- JEP 425: Virtual Threads (Preview)
- JEP 426: Vector API (Fourth Incubator)
- JEP 427: Pattern Matching for switch (Third Preview)
- JEP 428: Structured Concurrency (Incubator)
JEP 405 allows record patterns, extending the pattern matching capabilities of instanceof operators, and switch expressions, to include record patterns that explicitly refer to the components of the record.
record Rectangle(int x, int y, int w, int h) {}
int area(Object o) {
if (o instanceof Rectangle(int x, int y, int w, int h)) {
return w * h;
}
return 0;
}
Such patterns can include nested patterns, where the components of records are themselves records, allowing patterns to match more object graphs.
Java 19 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 19[381] | 2022-09-20 | Initial release |
| Java SE 19.0.1[382] | 2022-10-18 | Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 19.0.2[384] | 2023-01-17 | New features
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 21, 2023 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 7 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Incubating | Scoped values |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2023 |
Java 20 was released on 21 March 2023.[386] All JEPs were either incubators or previews.
- JEP 429: Scoped Values (Incubator)
- JEP 432: Record Patterns (Second Preview)
- JEP 433: Pattern Matching for switch (Fourth Preview)
- JEP 434: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Preview)
- JEP 436: Virtual Threads (Second Preview)
- JEP 437: Structured Concurrency (Second Incubator)
- JEP 438: Vector API (Fifth Incubator)
Java 20 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 20[387] | 2023-03-21 | Initial release |
| Java SE 20.0.1[388] | 2023-04-18 | Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 20.0.2[390] | 2023-07-18 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
Java 21 was released on 19 September 2023.[392] The 32-bit version of Java for Windows on x86 was deprecated for removal with this release. The following JEPs were added, including eight JEPs that graduated from the incubating and preview stages, compared to Java 20 which only had previewing and incubating JEPs. Java 21 introduces features first previewed in Java 17 (pattern matching for switch statements) and Java 19 (record patterns). All JEPs added with Java 21 include the following:
- JEP 430: String Templates (Preview)
- JEP 431: Sequenced Collections
- JEP 439: Generational ZGC
- JEP 440: Record Patterns
- JEP 441: Pattern Matching for switch
- JEP 442: Foreign Function & Memory API (Third Preview)
- JEP 443: Unnamed Patterns and Variables (Preview)
- JEP 444: Virtual Threads
- JEP 445: Unnamed Classes and Instance Main Methods (Preview)
- JEP 446: Scoped Values (Preview)
- JEP 448: Vector API (Sixth Incubator)
- JEP 449: Deprecate the Windows 32-bit x86 Port for Removal
- JEP 451: Prepare to Disallow the Dynamic Loading of Agents
- JEP 452: Key Encapsulation Mechanism API
- JEP 453: Structured Concurrency (Preview)
JEP 445, previewing unnamed classes, allows for a barebones Main class without boilerplate code:
void main() {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
instead of :
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
Java 21 updates
| Release | Release date | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Java SE 21[393] | 2023-09-19 | Initial release |
| Java SE 21.0.1[394] | 2023-10-17 | Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 21.0.2[396] | 2024-01-16 | New features
Known issues
Issues fixed
Other notes
Bug fixes
|
| Java SE 21.0.3[398] | 2024-04-16 | New features
Known issues
Other notes
Updates to Third Party Libraries
Bug fixes
|
| Released | March 19, 2024 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 12 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable | Foreign function and memory API, unnamed variables and patterns |
| Preview(s) | Structured concurrency, string templates |
| Incubating | Vector API |
| Support ended | |
| Public | September 2024 |
Java 22 was released on March 19, 2024.[400][401] The following features, or JEPs, were added with this release:
- JEP 423: Region Pinning for G1
- JEP 447: Statements before super(...) (Preview)
- JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API
- JEP 456: Unnamed Variables & Patterns
- JEP 457: Class-File API (Preview)
- JEP 458: Launch Multi-File Source-Code Programs
- JEP 459: String Templates (Second Preview)
- JEP 460: Vector API (Seventh Incubator)
- JEP 461: Stream Gatherers (Preview)
- JEP 462: Structured Concurrency (Second Preview)
- JEP 463: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Second Preview)
- JEP 464: Scoped Values (Second Preview)
An API related to Java's threading implementation, java.lang.Thread.countStackFrames, was removed.[3][402]
| Released | September 17, 2024 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 12 |
| Addition(s) | |
| Notable | Markdown documentation comments |
| Preview(s) | Primitive types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch, Class-File API, Stream Gatherers, Module import declarations, Implicitly declared classes and instance main methods, structured concurrency, scoped values, flexible constructor bodies |
| Incubating | Vector API |
Java 23 was released on September 17, 2024,[403][404][405] with the following JEPs:
- JEP 455: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Preview)
- JEP 466: Class-File API (Second Preview)
- JEP 467: Markdown Documentation Comments
- JEP 469: Vector API (Eighth Incubator)
- JEP 473: Stream Gatherers (Second Preview)
- JEP 471: Deprecate the Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe for Removal
- JEP 474: ZGC: Generational Mode by Default
- JEP 476: Module Import Declarations (Preview)
- JEP 477: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Third Preview)
- JEP 480: Structured Concurrency (Third Preview)
- JEP 481: Scoped Values (Third Preview)
- JEP 482: Flexible Constructor Bodies (Second Preview)
The String Templates preview feature was removed in Java 23 due to issues with the design of the feature.[406]
| Releasing | March 2025 |
|---|---|
| # of JEPs | 9 |
As of November 2024[update], the specification for Java 24 has not yet been finalized. Java 24 is scheduled for release in March 2025.[407]
The following JEPs have been proposed for this release but have not yet been confirmed and are still in their review period:
- JEP 450: Compact Object Headers (Experimental) (formerly known as Project Lilliput)
- JEP 488: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Second Preview)
- JEP 493: Linking Run-Time Images without JMODs
The following JEPs have been confirmed to be released with this release of Java SE:
- JEP 404: Generational Shenandoah (Experimental)
- JEP 472: Prepare to Restrict the Use of JNI
- JEP 475: Late Barrier Expansion for G1
- JEP 478: Key Derivation Function API (Preview)
- JEP 484: Class-File API
- JEP 485: Stream Gatherers
- JEP 487: Scoped Values (Fourth Preview)
- JEP 489: Vector API (Ninth Incubator)
- JEP 490: ZGC: Remove the Non-Generational Mode
- Project Valhalla: Value classes, whose objects lack identity, but can in certain cases get an improved memory layout (with less indirection), or have their allocation optimized away entirely.
- Project Panama:
- Improved interoperability with native code, to enable Java source code to call functions and use data types from other languages, in a way that is easier and has better performance than today (this part of Project Panama is getting stabilized in Java 22 under JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API).
- Vector API, a portable and relatively low-level abstraction layer for SIMD programming. Its stabilization is dependent on Project Valhalla.
- Project Lilliput: Reduce the size of Java object headers. First down to 64 bits, and then down to 32 bits.
- Reducing startup time and warm-up time (time to peak performance) in JIT mode:
- Project CRaC enables making snapshots of whole JVM (together with the running application) and restoring it with necessary adjustments (reopening files, sockets, etc).
- Project Leyden, among other things, will allow partial or (in the long term) full AOT compiling, reducing overall dynamism (by adopting so called "closed-world constraints") to reduce dynamic compiling overhead.
- Project Babylon aims to extend the Java language's reach to alternative programming models with an enhancement to its reflective programming abilities, called code reflection (i.e., reflection over code itself). The stated main goal is to run Java code on GPUs, with SQL and other programming models as secondary targets.
The officially supported Java platform, first developed at Sun and now stewarded by Oracle, is Java SE. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java's early history as proprietary software. In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research. Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat, which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment.
Visual J++ and the Microsoft Java Virtual Machine were created as incompatible implementations. After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the .NET platform. In 2021, Microsoft started distributing compatible "Microsoft Build of OpenJDK" for Java 11 first then also for Java 17. Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS.
Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul's Zing. Azul offers certified open source OpenJDK builds under the Zulu moniker.
Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun's implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform. Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in 2012.
The Apache Harmony project was started shortly before the release of OpenJDK. After Sun's initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license, in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK. Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Android incorporated parts of the Harmony project, supplemented with Google's own Dalvik virtual machine and ART. Apache Harmony has since been retired, and Google has switched its Harmony components with equivalent ones from OpenJDK.
Both Jikes and Jikes RVM are open-source research projects that IBM developed.
Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9[408] but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation. JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions.
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