Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest

Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 46 times since making its debut in 1973. The current Israeli participant broadcaster in the contest is the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC/Kan). Israel has won the contest four times, and has hosted the contest in Jerusalem in 1979 and 1999, and in Tel Aviv in 2019.

Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest
Participating broadcaster	Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC/Kan; 2018–) Formerly Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA; 1973–2017)
Participation summary
Appearances	46 (39 finals)
First appearance	1973
Highest placement	1st: 1978, 1979, 1998, 2018
Host	1979, 1999, 2019
Participation history 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Related articles
Israel Song Festival Kdam Eurovision HaKokhav HaBa The X Factor Israel
External links
Israel's page at Eurovision.tv
For the most recent participation see Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024

Israel's first appearance in the contest in 1973 was successful, with "Ey Sham" performed by Ilanit finishing fourth. Israel then achieved victories in 1978 and 1979, with "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" by Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta, and "Hallelujah" by Milk and Honey. In 1980, the Israeli broadcaster declined to host the contest for a second successive year for financial reasons, and as the date for the contest in the Hague conflicted with Yom HaZikaron – Israeli Memorial Day – Israel did not participate. This is the only instance of a winning country not competing the following year. The country's best results in the 1980s were second-place finishes for "Hora" by Avi Toledano in 1982 and "Hi" by Ofra Haza in 1983. Former winner Izhar Cohen returned to place fifth with "Olé, Olé" in 1985, before "Kan" by Duo Datz finished third in 1991. Israel achieved its third victory in 1998, with "Diva" by Dana International. "Happy Birthday" by Eden then finished fifth in 1999. To date, Israel has the record for most participations and most wins in the contest without ever coming last, but it has placed second to last in the final three times, in 1986, 1993, and 2006, and got nul points from the juries in 2019.

Since the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004, Israel has failed to reach the final six times. In 2005, "HaSheket SheNish'ar" by Shiri Maimon gave the country its tenth top five result, finishing fourth. Having failed to qualify for the final for four consecutive years (2011–14), Israel reached the final in 2015 with "Golden Boy" by Nadav Guedj ultimately finishing ninth, and the country has participated in the final every year since, with the exception of 2022. Israel won the contest for a fourth time in 2018, with "Toy" by Netta.

History

The Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was a member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest. It had participated in the contest, representing Israel, since the 18th edition in 1973. In 2017, the IBA was succeeded as national broadcaster by the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC/Kan), which has been in charge of participating in the contest for Israel since the following year.

To date, there have been four Israeli victories in the contest. Izhar Cohen and Alphabeta won in Paris in 1978 with "A-Ba-Ni-Bi". On home ground in Jerusalem the following year, Israel won again, this time with "Hallelujah" performed by Milk and Honey. Unusually, Israel did not defend the title in 1980^[1] (see below). The third victory came almost 20 years later in Birmingham in 1998, when Dana International took top honours with the song "Diva". It took a 20-year wait for Israel to record its fourth victory at the 2018 contest in Lisbon, with the song "Toy" by Netta, earning Israel its highest-ever score of 529 points.

Israel's earliest selections were picked by the IBA. The first singer to represent the country was Ilanit, who finished 4th in 1973. In 1972, while Ilanit was in Germany recording as part of the duo Ilan and Ilanit with her partner Shlomo Tzach, the duo received an offer to represent Germany in that year's contest. Since Israel was eligible to participate, they approached the IBA with a proposal that Ilanit would represent Israel. However, the registration period was over by then and Ilanit was told she could represent Israel in 1973.^[2][3] After she was sent again four years later, it was decided that henceforth the winner of the Hebrew Song Festival would represent Israel. The 1978 and 1979 Israeli Eurovision winners were selected by this method. From 1981, the selection process took place via the Kdam Eurovision with the exception of 1990, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002–2004, 2006–2007, and 2010, when the IBA selected its representatives internally.

After winning the contest in 1978 and 1979, the IBA was financially and logistically unable to organise the event for a second consecutive year. The Netherlands agreed to host the 1980 contest in Israel's place. The date chosen for that year's contest coincided with Yom HaZikaron, Israeli Memorial Day, so Israel could not compete. This made Israel the only country to date unable to defend its title. The 1980 winning song "Pizmon Chozer" by The Brothers & the Sisters never had an opportunity to compete.

In 1984, Israel again refrained from participating due to the same date conflict. It was rumoured that Ilanit and the song "Balalaika" would have been its representative that year, but this was denied by Shlomo Zach, the producer of the song.^{[4][better source needed]}

Israel's entries have had a mixed reception. Avi Toledano (1982) and Ofra Haza (1983) scored well with big revivalist numbers, but the all-singing, all-dancing style became less popular later in the decade and Israel's 1986 entry, "Yavo Yom" by Moti Giladi and Sarai Tzuriel, came in 19th.

In 1987, Israel finished 8th with "Shir Habatlanim" by the satiric duo Lazy Bums. Then-Israeli Minister of Culture, Yitzhak Navon, said he would resign if the song went on to represent Israel at the contest; this ultimately did not occur.

In 1990, Rita's "Shara Barkhovot" was not well received, but in 1991, Orna and Moshe Datz finished third, Israel's best result since 1983. Israel also had a 5th-place finish by Eden when it hosted the 1999 contest. Ping-Pong's disco effort in 2000 failed, though the group was noted for their optimistic lyrics and message of reconciliation and peace. They waved Syrian flags at the end of their performance, angering some Israelis.

In 2004, David D'Or came 11th in the semi-final with "Leha'amin", leaving Israel out of the final for the first time since 1997. Shiri Maimon with "HaSheket SheNish'ar" in 2005 brought Israel back to the top five, and ensured Israel a place in the 2006 final, where it was represented by singer Eddie Butler, who had finished 5th as part of Eden in 1999; however, his performance of the song "Together We Are One" finished 23rd, with only four points.

IBA's Eurovision committee chose Teapacks to represent Israel in the 2007 contest. Their humorous entry "Push the Button" finished in 24th place out of a semi-final field of 28 and failed to reach the final. Israel thus had to compete in the semi-final in 2008, from which it passed on to the final, with Boaz and "The Fire in Your Eyes" finishing ninth there. In 2009, an Arab citizen of Israel represented the country for the first time, as Mira Awad performed "There Must Be Another Way" alongside Jewish-Israeli singer Noa in Moscow. Israel was represented in 2010 by Harel Skaat, who came 14th in the final with "Milim".

Israel's participations from 2011 to 2014 were less successful, as former Eurovision winner Dana International in Düsseldorf, the band Izabo in Baku, Moran Mazor in Malmö and Mei Finegold in Copenhagen, all failed to qualify for the final. In 2015, Nadav Guedj brought Israel back to the final with "Golden Boy", the first Israeli entry without a Hebrew lyric. Prior to their fourth win, it also managed to qualify in 2016 with Hovi Star and "Made of Stars" (which finished 14th) and in 2017 with Imri Ziv and "I Feel Alive" (which finished 23rd, Israel's lowest placing in a Eurovision final since 2006). In 2019, as host country with Kobi Marimi and his song "Home", Israel was pre-qualified for the final, however, it eventually finished in 23rd place, making it the fourth time since 2015 that the host country ranked in the bottom five.

In 2020, Eden Alene was selected to represent the country with "Feker Libi". Following the cancellation of the 2020 edition, she was retained as the Israeli representative for 2021, this time with "Set Me Free", which went on to finish in 17th place in the final. The song notably includes a B6 whistle note, the highest note in the history of the contest. Michael Ben David represented Israel in 2022 with "I.M", but failed to qualify for the final, marking the first time that Israel missed out on a final since 2014.^[5] Noa Kirel with "Unicorn" finished in third place in 2023, the country's best result since its 2018 win. In 2024, Eden Golan finished in fifth place with "Hurricane", which scored more points overall than "Unicorn".

Participation overview

Table key

1	First place
2	Second place
3	Third place
X	Entry selected but did not compete
†	Upcoming event

Year	Artist	Song	Language	Final	Points	Semi	Points
1973	Ilanit	"Ey Sham" (אי שם)	Hebrew	4	97	No semi-finals
1974	Poogy	"Natati La Khaiai" (נתתי לה חיי)	Hebrew	7	11
1975	Shlomo Artzi	"At Ve'Ani" (את ואני)	Hebrew	11	40
1976	Chocolate, Menta, Mastik	"Emor Shalom" (אמור שלום)	Hebrew	6	77
1977	Ilanit	"Ahava Hi Shir Lishnayim" (אהבה היא שיר לשניים)	Hebrew	11	49
1978	Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta	"A-Ba-Ni-Bi" (א-ב-ני-בי)	Hebrew	1	157
1979	Milk and Honey	"Hallelujah" (הללויה)	Hebrew	1	125
1981	Habibi	"Halayla" (הלילה)	Hebrew	7	56
1982	Avi Toledano	"Hora" (הורה)	Hebrew	2	100
1983	Ofra Haza	"Hi" (חי)	Hebrew	2	136
1985	Izhar Cohen	"Olé, Olé" (עולה, עולה)	Hebrew	5	93
1986	Moti Giladi and Sarai Tzuriel	"Yavo Yom" (יבוא יום)	Hebrew	19	7
1987	Datner and Kushnir	"Shir Habatlanim" (שיר הבטלנים)	Hebrew	8	73
1988	Yardena Arazi	"Ben Adam" (בן אדם)	Hebrew	7	85
1989	Gili and Galit	"Derekh Hamelekh" (דרך המלך)	Hebrew	12	50
1990	Rita	"Shara Barkhovot" (שרה ברחובות)	Hebrew	18	16
1991	Duo Datz	"Kan" (כאן)	Hebrew	3	139
1992	Dafna	"Ze Rak Sport" (זה רק ספורט)	Hebrew	6	85
1993	Lehakat Shiru	"Shiru" (שירו)	Hebrew, English	24	4	Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
1995	Liora	"Amen" (אמן)	Hebrew	8	81	No semi-finals
1996	Galit Bell	"Shalom Olam" (שלום עולם)	Hebrew	Failed to qualify[a] X		28	12
1998	Dana International	"Diva" (דיווה)	Hebrew	1	172	No semi-finals
1999	Eden	"Happy Birthday"	Hebrew, English	5	93
2000	PingPong	"Sameach" (שמח)	Hebrew	22	7
2001	Tal Sondak	"Ein Davar" (אין דבר)	Hebrew	16	25
2002	Sarit Hadad	"Light a Candle"	Hebrew, English	12	37
2003	Lior Narkis	"Words for Love"	Hebrew	19	17
2004	David D'Or	"Leha'amin" (להאמין)	Hebrew, English	Failed to qualify		11	57
2005	Shiri Maimon	"HaSheket SheNish'ar" (השקט שנשאר)	English, Hebrew	4	154	7	158
2006	Eddie Butler	"Together We Are One"	English, Hebrew	23	4	Top 11 in 2005 final[b]
2007	Teapacks	"Push the Button"	English, French, Hebrew	Failed to qualify		24	17
2008	Boaz	"The Fire in Your Eyes"	Hebrew	9	124	5	104
2009	Noa and Mira Awad	"There Must Be Another Way"	English, Hebrew, Arabic	16	53	7	75
2010	Harel Skaat	"Milim" (מילים)	Hebrew	14	71	8	71
2011	Dana International	"Ding Dong"	Hebrew, English	Failed to qualify		15	38
2012	Izabo	"Time"	English, Hebrew			13	33
2013	Moran Mazor	"Rak Bishvilo" (רק בשבילו)	Hebrew			14	40
2014	Mei Finegold	"Same Heart"	English, Hebrew			14	19
2015	Nadav Guedj	"Golden Boy"	English	9	97	3	151
2016	Hovi Star	"Made of Stars"	English	14	135	7	147
2017	Imri	"I Feel Alive"	English	23	39	3	207
2018	Netta	"Toy"	English	1	529	1	283
2019	Kobi Marimi	"Home"	English	23	35	Host country
2020	Eden Alene	"Feker Libi" (ፍቅር ልቤ)	English, Amharic	Contest cancelled[c] X
2021	Eden Alene	"Set Me Free"	English, Hebrew	17	93	5	192
2022	Michael Ben David	"I.M"	English	Failed to qualify		13	61
2023	Noa Kirel	"Unicorn"	English	3	362	3	127
2024	Eden Golan	"Hurricane"	English, Hebrew	5	375	1	194
2025	Yuval Raphael[6]	TBA 9 March 2025 †[7]		Upcoming †

Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest

Artist	Song	Language	At Congratulations				At Eurovision
			Final	Points	Semi	Points	Year	Place	Points
Dana International	"Diva" (דיווה)	Hebrew	Failed to qualify		13	39	1998	1	172

Hosting

Year	Location	Venue	Presenters	Photo
1979	Jerusalem	International Convention Center	Yardena Arazi and Daniel Pe'er
1999			Dafna Dekel, Sigal Shachmon and Yigal Ravid
2019	Tel Aviv	Expo Tel Aviv	Erez Tal, Bar Refaeli, Assi Azar and Lucy Ayoub

Awards

Marcel Bezençon Awards

Year	Category	Song	Composer(s) lyrics (l) / Music (m)	Performer	Final	Points	Host city	Ref.
2010	Press Award	"Milim" (מילים)	Tomer Hadadi (m) and Noam Horev (l)	Harel Skaat	14	71	Oslo	[8]
	Artistic Award[d]							[8]
	Composer Award							[8]

Winner by OGAE members

Year	Song	Performer	Final result	Points	Host city	Ref.
2018	"Toy"	Netta	1	529	Lisbon	[9]

Related involvement

Conductors

Year	Conductor[e]	Musical Director	Notes	Ref.
1973	Nurit Hirsh	N/A		[10]
1974	Yoni Rechter
1975	Eldad Shrim
1976	Matti Caspi
1977	Eldad Shrim
1978	Nurit Hirsh	Izhak Graziani	[f]
1979	Kobi Oshrat		[f][g]
1981	Eldad Shrim	N/A		[11]
1982	Nansi Silviu Brandes		[h]
1983
1985	Kobi Oshrat
1986	Yoram Zadok
1987	Kobi Oshrat
1988	Eldad Shrim
1989	Shaike Paikov
1990	Rami Levin
1991	Kobi Oshrat
1992
1993	Amir Frohlich
1995	Gadi Goldman
1998	No conductor

Heads of delegation

Year	Head of delegation	Ref.
2002–2006	Izchak Sonnenschein	[12][13]
2007–2016	Yoav Ginai	[14][15][16]
2018	Tal Barnea	[17][18]
2019–2020	Tali Katz	[19][20]
2021–2023	Yuval Fischer	[19][20]
2024	Yoav Tzafir [he]	[21]

Commentators and spokespersons

Until 2018, Israel only had a television commentator once, in 1979. In most cases, the IBA opted instead to simply broadcast the transmission without commentary and with Hebrew subtitles. Beginning in 2013 and lasting until 2017, it also aired the contest with Arabic subtitles on Channel 33. In both 1984 and 1997, which Israel also had to miss due to the holiday, the IBA aired the show on delay, and there was no radio broadcast. It also typically provided radio commentary beginning in the early 1980s, unless the country was not participating that year (with the exception of 2000). The IBA did not provide commentary until 2013, when it resumed radio broadcasting. In 2018, the IBA's successor, Kan, employed television commentators for the contest, which was a first for the country since 1979. The Israeli transmission was also shown internationally via the Israeli Network between 2003 and 2004.^[22]

Year	Television commentator	Radio commentator	Spokesperson	Ref.
1970	No commentator	Unknown	Did not participate
1971	No broadcast
1972	No commentator
1973		No radio broadcast	No spokesperson
1974			Yitzhak Shim'oni [he]
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979	Yoram Arbel [he]	Yitzhak Shim'oni	Dan Kaner [he]
1980	No commentator	Unknown	Did not participate	[1]
1981		Daniel Pe'er	Dan Kaner
1982			Yitzhak Shim'oni
1983
1984	Delayed, no commentator	No radio broadcast	Did not participate
1985	No commentator	Daniel Pe'er	Yitzhak Shim'oni
1986
1987		Yigal Ravid
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992		Yitzhak Shim'oni	Daniel Pe'er
1993		Daniel Pe'er	Danny Rup [he]
1994		No radio broadcast	Did not participate
1995		Danny Roup	Daniel Pe'er
1996		No radio broadcast	Did not participate
1997
1998		Daniel Pe'er	Yigal Ravid
1999			Yoav Ginai [he]
2000		No radio broadcast
2001		Daniel Pe'er
2002			Michal Zoharetz [he]
2003
2004		No radio broadcast	Merav Miller
2005			Dana Herman [he]	[23]
2006
2007			Jason Danino-Holt	[24]
2008			Noa Barak-Weshler
2009			Ofer Nachshon	[25]
2010				[25]
2011				[25]
2012				[25]
2013		Kobi Menora (all shows); Ofer Nachshon (semi-final 1); Amit Kotler, Yuval Caspin (semi-final 2); Ron Levinthal, Kobi Oshrat, Yhaloma Bat Porat (final)[26]		[25]
2014		Kobi Menora, Yuval Caspin (all shows)[27]		[25]
2015		Kobi Menora (all shows); Yuval Caspin (semi-final 1); Tal Argaman (semi-final 2)[28]		[25]
2016		Kobi Menora, Or Vaxman, Nansi Brandes (semi-final 2 and final)[29][30]		[25]
2017		Kobi Menora, Dori Ben Ze'ev, Alon Amir (all shows)[31]		[25]
2018	Asaf Liberman, Shir Reuven (semi-final 1) Itai Herman, Goel Pinto (semi-final 2) Erez Tal, Idit Hershkowitz (final)		Lucy Ayoub	[25]
2019	Sharon Taicher, Eran Zarachowicz		Izhar Cohen	[32]
2020	Geula Even-Sa'ar, Asaf Liberman		Not announced before cancellation	[33]
2021	Asaf Liberman, Akiva Novick		Lucy Ayoub	[34]
2022			Daniel Styopin	[35]
2023	Asaf Liberman, Akiva Novick (all shows); Doron Medalie (final)	Asaf Liberman, Akiva Novick (semi-finals); Kobi Menora, Sharon Kantor (final)	Ilanit	[36]
2024	Asaf Liberman, Akiva Novick (all shows); Yoav Tzafir (final)	Unknown	Maya Alkulumbre [he]	[37][38][39][40]

Costume designers

Year	Costume designers	Ref.
1973	Rozi Ben-Yosef	[41]
1976	Gideon Oberson	[42]
1978	Dorin Frankfurt	[41]
1979
1982
1983
1985	Nissim Mizrachi	[43]
1988	Perach Reuven	[41]
1990	Gideon Oberson	[41]
1991	Yaron Minkowsky	[44]
1995
1998	Galit Levi	[41]
2002	Pnina Tournet	[45]
2005	Riva Oshida	[46]
2009		[47]
2011	Jean Paul Gaultier	[48]
2013	Efrat Kalig	[49]
2014	Dana Barak	[50]
2017	David Sassoon
2018	Maor Zabar	[51]
2021	Alon Livne	[52]
2024	Alon Livne	[53]

Photo gallery

• 
  Chocolate, Menta, Mastik in The Hague (1976)
• 
  David D'Or in Istanbul (2004)
• 
  Teapacks in Helsinki (2007)
• 
  Boaz in Belgrade (2008)
• 
  Harel Skaat in Oslo (2010)
• 
  Dana International in Düsseldorf (2011)
• 
  Moran Mazor in Malmö (2013)
• 
  Mei Finegold in Copenhagen (2014)
• 
  Nadav Guedj in Vienna (2015)
• 
  Hovi Star in Stockholm (2016)
• 
  Imri in Kyiv (2017)
• 
  Netta in Lisbon (2018)
• 
  Kobi Marimi in Tel Aviv (2019)
• 
  Eden Alene in Rotterdam (2021)
• 
  Michael Ben David in Turin (2022)
• 
  Noa Kirel in Liverpool (2023)
• 
  Eden Golan in Malmö (2024)

Controversies

Further information: Controversies of the Eurovision Song Contest § Israeli participation

This section is an excerpt from Eurovision Song Contest § Political controversies.[edit]

A mural in Girona promoting a boycott of the 2019 contest in Israel

Israel's participation in the contest has resulted in several controversial moments in the past, with the country's first appearance in 1973, less than a year after the Munich massacre, resulting in an increased security presence at the venue in Luxembourg City.^{[54][55][56][57]} Israel's first win in 1978 proved controversial for Arab states broadcasting the contest which would typically cut to advertisements when Israel performed due to a lack of recognition of the country, and when it became apparent Israel would win, many of these broadcasters cut the feed before the end of the voting.^[58][59][60] Arab states which are eligible to compete have declined to participate due to Israel's presence, with Morocco the only Arab state to have entered Eurovision, competing for the first, and as of 2024^[update] the only time, in 1980 when Israel was absent.^[61][62] Israeli participation has been criticised by those who oppose current government policies in the state, with calls raised by various political groups for a boycott ahead of the 2019 contest in Tel Aviv, including proponents of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement in response to the country's policies towards Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as groups who take issue with perceived pinkwashing in Israel.^[63][64] Others campaigned against a boycott, asserting that any cultural boycott would be antithetical to advancing peace in the region.^[65][66] Israel's participation in the contest was again put into question following the outbreak of the Gaza war in October 2023, with renewed calls for the nation's exclusion ahead of the 2024 event.^[67] Israel's entry for that year's contest was, however, accepted by the EBU,^[68][69] although it was required to undergo rewrites as the EBU objected to the political nature of the original lyrics, which made reference to the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel.^[70][71][72]

Arab reaction

In 1978, during the performance of the Israeli entry, the Jordanian broadcaster JRTV suspended the broadcast, and instead showed pictures of flowers. When it became apparent during the later stages of the voting sequence that Israel was going to win the contest, JRTV abruptly ended the transmission.^[73] Afterwards, Jordanian news media refused to acknowledge Israel's victory, and announced that the winner was Belgium (which had actually come in second).^[74] By coincidence, Israel did not broadcast the victory as well, as the IBA was unable to buy enough broadcasting time; the victory was broadcast the following day. At the time, Israeli television was in its infancy and broadcasting in black-and-white. Most Israelis therefore watched international events in colour, with the signal relayed via Jordan. As Jordan did not broadcast the Israeli entry and the IBA did not broadcast the results portion of the event, the win only became known via radio broadcasts.^{[citation needed]}

Because of Israel's participation in the contest, many Arab states that are eligible to participate do not do so.^[75][76] Tunisia intended to participate in 1977, but opted not to do so in the end; Lebanon also intended to participate in 2005 but later withdrew (incurring a fine by the EBU) because Lebanese law does not allow the promotion of Israeli content, and consequently Lebanese television was not allowed to transmit the Israeli entry – which would have been a violation of the contest's rules.^[77]

See also

• Music of Israel
• Political controversies in the Eurovision Song Contest

Notes

1. In order to reduce the number of participating countries at the 1996 event a qualifying round was held among all countries except the hosts. Israel failed to progress from this round; entries which failed to progress have subsequently been discounted by the EBU and do not feature as part of the countries' list of appearances.
2. According to the then-Eurovision rules, the top ten non-Big Four countries from the previous year along with the Big Four automatically qualified for the Grand Final without having to compete in semi-finals. For example, if Germany and France placed inside the top ten, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's Grand Final along with all countries ranked in the top ten.
3. The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
4. Voted by commentators.
5. All conductors are of Israeli nationality unless otherwise noted.
6. Conducted by Izhak Graziani at the national final.
7. Graziani also conducted the interval music.
8. Went by "Silviu Nansi Brandes" at the contest.

References

1. 1980 Eurovision, eurovision.tv
2. ימים טובים, ימים רעים: אילנית פותחת פה על המדינה ועל נינט Sagi Ben-Nun, 27 April 2012, Makor Rishon (in Hebrew)
3. ללכת שבי אחריה Yuval Abramovich, 16 April 2013, Israel HaYom (in Hebrew)
4. "1984: עוד יישמע שירי בארץ ישראל" [1984: My song will be heard in the land of Israel]. Israel Hayom (in Hebrew). 22 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
5. "Israel has decided: Michael Ben David to Eurovision 2022". Eurovisionworld. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
6. "יובל רפאל היא זוכת "הכוכב הבא" שתייצג את ישראל באירוויזיון 2025" [Yuval Raphael is the winner of "HaKokhav HaBa" who will represent Israel at Eurovision 2025]. Maariv (in Hebrew). 22 January 2025. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
7. Jersey, Ofek (30 December 2024). "השיר הישראלי לאירוויזיון 2025 ייבחר על ידי ועדה – אירוויזיון 2025" [The Israeli song for Eurovision 2025 will be chosen by a committee]. EuroMix (in Hebrew). Retrieved 30 December 2024.
8. "Israeli grand slam in the Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
9. "OGAE POLL 2018 – FINAL Results". OGAE. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
10. Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
11. Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
12. "הארץ".
13. "סידורים אחרונים בקייב".
14. Yudilovitch, Medal (5 November 2007). "Teapacks out of Eurovision". Ynet. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
15. "Confirmed: Dana International makes Eurovision comeback". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
16. Laufer, Gil (31 May 2016). "Israel: Yoav Ginai concludes decades of Eurovision songwriting with compilation CD". ESCToday. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
17. Jiandani, Sanjay (5 November 2018). "Eurovision 2019: Tal Barnea and Sharon Ben-David to join the CORE Team". ESCToday. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
18. Lewis, Oliver (15 November 2018). "Tal Barnea and Sharon Ben-David join Tel Aviv's core team". ESCXTRA. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
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Sources

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• West, Chris (2020). Eurovision! A History of Modern Europe Through the World's Greatest Song Contest (2nd ed.). London: Melville House UK. ISBN 978-1-911545-55-2.