Inejirō Asanuma

The native form of this personal name is Asanuma Inejirō. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Inejiro Asanuma (浅沼 稲次郎, Asanuma Inejirō, 27 December 1898 – 12 October 1960) was a Japanese politician and leader of the Japan Socialist Party. During World War II, Asanuma was aligned with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and advocated for war in Asia. Asanuma later became a forceful advocate of socialism in post-war Japan. He was noted for his support of the newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) as well as the criticism of United States–Japanese relations, making him a polarizing figure.

Inejirō Asanuma
浅沼 稲次郎
Asanuma in 1952
Chairman of the Japan Socialist Party
In office 23 March 1960 – 12 October 1960
Preceded by	Suzuki Mosaburō
Succeeded by	Jōtarō Kawakami Saburo Eda (acting)
General Secretary of the Japan Socialist Party
In office 13 October 1955 – 23 March 1960
Preceded by	Position created
Succeeded by	Saburo Eda
Member of the Japanese House of Representatives from Tokyo 1st district
In office 11 April 1946 – 12 October 1960
In office 21 February 1936 – 30 April 1942
Personal details
Born	(1898-12-27)27 December 1898 Miyake-jima, Tokyo, Empire of Japan
Died	12 October 1960(1960-10-12) (aged 61) Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
Manner of death	Assassination (stab wound)
Resting place	Tama Cemetery, Tokyo, Japan
Political party	Japan Socialist Party
Other political affiliations	Imperial Rule Assistance Association (1940–1942)
Alma mater	Waseda University
Occupation	Politician

Asanuma was assassinated with a wakizashi, a traditional short sword,^[1] by far-right ultranationalist Otoya Yamaguchi while speaking in a televised political debate in Tokyo. His violent death was seen in graphic detail on national television by millions of Japanese, causing widespread public shock and outrage.

Early life and education

Asanuma was born on the island of Miyake-jima, a remote volcanic island that is administratively part of Tokyo, on 27 December 1898. His mother died in childbirth. He was consequently raised by his father, who later died of cancer, leaving Asanuma an orphan.^[2] After completing high school, Asanuma entered Waseda University, graduating in 1923.^[3] While still in college, Asanuma joined the newly formed Farmer-Labor Party and took part in various forms of leftist activism.^[3][4] Among other activities, he founded the "Builders League," which studied the works of English socialists, worked for Russian famine relief, and protested against military-related research being conducted at Waseda.^[5] In 1924, Asanuma left the Farmer-Labor Party after the party became divided into three different factions, and became involved in tenant organizing and the Labor-Farmer movement.^[6][7]

Political career

In 1926, Asanuma was one of the main founders of the Japan Labour-Farmer Party, as part of his efforts to link urban labor movements with rural peasant's movements.^[8] In 1929, Asanuma began running for Tokyo City Council, representing Fukagawa ward.^[5] He was elected in 1933. In 1936, Asanuma was elected to the National Diet of Japan for the first time, as a member of the newly-formed Social Masses Party, which merged into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association in 1940. Asanuma would serve in the Diet for a total of 20 years.^[3]

As a member of the Diet, Asanuma pivoted from his earlier anti-imperialist views and became a vocal supporter of Japan's "holy war" in East Asia, claiming that it was necessary to "liberate" Asia from the forces of western imperialism.^[6] He even led the drive to censure Saitō Takao and expel him from the Social Masses Party following the latter's anti-war speech on the floor of the Diet in 1940.^[9] Asanuma decided not to run for reelection in 1942, due to suffering a mental breakdown, despite securing a "recommendation" from the government.^[10]

In the immediate aftermath of Japan's defeat in World War II, Asanuma was one of the founders of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP). He rose to become its secretary-general (1955–1960) and eventually, party chairman (1960).^[3] As a politician, Asanuma cultivated an "everyman" image.^[11] He lived modestly in public housing his entire life, and was particularly popular among ordinary laborers, small shopkeepers, and other members of the working class.^[3][12]

In contrast to his pro-war stance during World War II, in the postwar period, Asanuma spearheaded the JSP's staunch opposition to revising Article 9 of Japan's postwar constitution and remilitarizing Japan.^[12] However, historian Andrew Gordon argues that Asanuma was consistent in his antipathy to western imperialism and a desire for Asia to chart its own course in world affairs.^[12]

In 1959, Asanuma was widely criticized for an incident in which he visited the People's Republic of China and called the United States "the shared enemy of China and Japan" during a speech in front of the Chinese Communist Party in Beijing.^[3] When he returned from this trip, he wore a Mao suit while disembarking from a plane in Japan, sparking criticism even from Socialist leaders.^{[2][page needed]} At this time, Japan, its ally the United States, and many other countries recognized the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China.^[13] Under Asanuma's leadership, the JSP played a leading role in the massive Anpo protests against revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960, which led to the resignation of prime minister Nobusuke Kishi, angering rightists and ultranationalists who supported the treaty.^[12]

Assassination

Main article: Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma

Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph by Yasushi Nagao. The photo was taken directly after Yamaguchi stabbed Asanuma and is here seen attempting a second stab, although he was restrained before that could happen.

On 12 October 1960, Asanuma was assassinated by 17-year-old Otoya Yamaguchi, a right-wing ultranationalist, during a televised political debate ahead of upcoming elections for the House of Representatives.^[1] While Asanuma spoke from the lectern at Tokyo's Hibiya Hall, Yamaguchi rushed onstage and ran his wakizashi, a traditional samurai short sword,^[1] through Asanuma's ribs on the left side, fatally wounding him. Japanese public broadcaster NHK was videorecording the debate for later transmission and the tape of Asanuma's assassination was shown many times to millions of viewers.^[14][15] The photograph of Asanuma's assassination won its photographer Yasushi Nagao both the Pulitzer Prize and World Press Photo of the Year.

Yamaguchi was captured at the scene of the crime, and a few weeks afterwards committed suicide by hanging himself while in police custody.^[1]

Commemoration

Asanuma's assassination shocked Japan's political establishment. Shortly after his death, conservative prime minister and erstwhile electoral rival Hayato Ikeda captured the mood of his fellow lawmakers when he gave a heartfelt eulogy for Asanuma on the floor of the Diet. Commemorating Asanuma as a "speech-giving everyman" (enzetsu hyakushō), Ikeda declared:

You made service to the people the core of your political principles. Literally running from east to west, you were constantly appealing directly to the people with unrivaled eloquence and unmatched passion.

’Numa truly is a speech-giving everyman

With his soiled clothes and tattered briefcase;

Today in this public hall,

Tomorrow at a roadside temple in Kyoto.

This is what Asanuma’s comrades used to sing about him back in the 1920s, when they were founding the Japan Labour-Farmer Party. Even after he became Chairman [of the JSP], this “speech-making everyman” spirit never showed the least sign of flagging. Even now, we all still have vivid recollections of you giving all those speeches in every corner of this nation.^[16]

According to reportage at the time, Ikeda's short speech was met with thunderous applause and left many lawmakers in tears.^[11]

Legacy

The Japan Socialist Party had been a union between left socialists, centrist socialists, and right socialists, who had been forced together in order to oppose the consolidation of conservative parties into the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955. Asanuma had been able to hold many of these mutually antagonistic factions together, and under Asanuma's leadership, the party had won an increasing amount of seats in the Diet in every election over the latter half of the 1950s and seemed to be gathering momentum.

Asanuma's death deprived the party of his leadership, and thrust Saburō Eda into the leadership role instead.^[17] A centrist, Eda rapidly took the party in a more centrist direction, far faster than the left socialists were ready to accept.^[17] This led to growing infighting within the party, and damaged its ability to present a cohesive message to the public. Over the rest of the 1960s and going forward, the number of seats the Socialists held in the Diet continued to decline until the party's extinction in 1996.^[18]

References

1. Kapur 2018, p. 254.
2. 鶴崎友亀『浅沼稲次郎小伝』（たいまつ新書、1979年）1998年に新時代社より復刻。ISBN 4167209047（復刻版）
3. Hoover 2018, p. 31.
4. 私の履歴書 (浅沼 稲次郎 日本経済新聞社 ) (in Japanese).
5. Hastings 1995, p. 183.
6. Huffman 2013, p. 15.
7. "资讯_凤凰网". news.ifeng.com. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
8. Victoria 2020, p. 16.
9. Huffman 2013, pp. 15–16.
10. Drea 1979, p. 79.
11. Kapur 2018, p. 86.
12. Huffman 2013, p. 16.
13. Michael Y.M. Kao, "Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification," in Harvey Feldman, Michael Y.M. Kao, eds., Taiwan in a Time of Transition (New York: Paragon House, 1988), 188.
14. Chun, Jayson Makoto (2006). A Nation of a Hundred Million Idiots?: A Social History of Japanese Television, 1953–1973. Routledge. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-0-415-97660-2. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
15. Langdon, Frank (1973). Japan's Foreign Policy. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 19. ISBN 0774800151. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
16. Kapur 2018, pp. 85–86.
17. Kapur 2018, p. 127.
18. Kapur 2018, pp. 125–126.

Works cited

• Drea, Edward J. (1979). "The 1942 Japanese General Election: Political Mobilization in Wartime Japan". International Studies East Asian Series Research Publication. 11. Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas.
• Hastings, Sally Ann (1995). Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo, 1905–1937. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press. ISBN 978-0822938842.
• Hoover, William D. (2018). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538111567.
• Huffman, James L., ed. (2013). Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0815325253.
• Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674984424.
• Victoria, Brian Daizen (2020). Zen Terror in Prewar Japan: Portrait of an Assassin. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538131664.

Party political offices
Preceded by Mosaburō Suzuki	Chairman of the Japan Socialist Party 1960	Succeeded by Jōtarō Kawakami Saburo Eda (acting)
Preceded by N/A	General Secretary of the Japan Socialist Party 1955–1960	Succeeded by Saburo Eda
Preceded by New post	General Secretary of the Farmer-Labour Party 1925	Succeeded by Party banned