Duce

This article is about Italian title. For the Canadian television series, see Il Duce Canadese.

For other uses, see Duce (disambiguation).

Duce (/ˈduːtʃeɪ/ DOO-chay, Italian: [ˈduːtʃe]) is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word dux, 'leader', and a cognate of duke. National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as Il Duce ('The Leader') of the movement since the birth of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919. In 1925 it became a reference to the dictatorial position of Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ('His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire').^[1] Mussolini held this title together with that of President of the Council of Ministers: this was the constitutional position which entitled him to rule Italy on behalf of the King of Italy. Founder of the Empire was added for the exclusive use by Mussolini in recognition of his founding of an official legal entity of the Italian Empire on behalf of the King in 1936 following Italy's victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The position was held by Mussolini until 1943, when he was removed from office by the King and the position of Duce was discontinued, while Marshal The 1st Duke of Addis Abeba was appointed Presidente del Consiglio.

Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire
Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero (Italian)
Standard of the Duce
Benito Mussolini 23 March 1919 – 28 April 1945
Residence	Palazzo Chigi (1925–1929) Palazzo Venezia (1929–1943) Villa Torlonia (1925–1943)
Appointer	Grand Council of Fascism
Precursor	Prime Minister
Formation	23 March 1919
First holder	Benito Mussolini
Final holder	Benito Mussolini
Abolished	28 April 1945

This position was the model which other fascist leaders adopted, such as the position of Führer by Adolf Hitler and Caudillo by Francisco Franco. In September 1943, Mussolini styled himself as the "Duce of the Italian Social Republic" (Italian: Duce della Repubblica Sociale Italiana), and held the position until the collapse of the Italian Social Republic and his execution in April 1945.^[2]

History of the term

The title was used outside its traditional noble sense in some of the publications praising Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification in 1860, although not taken up officially by Garibaldi himself.^[3]

Duce Supremo (lit. 'Supreme Leader') was more formally used by Victor Emmanuel III in 1915, during World War I, referring to his role as the commander in chief of the armed forces. The term was also used by Gabriele d'Annunzio as dictator of the self-proclaimed Italian Regency of Carnaro in 1920, and most significantly by Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. The first record of the term being used in reference to Mussolini dates to a banquet held in his honor in Forlì in 1912, celebrating his new position as editor-in-chief of Avanti!.^[4]

Because the title Il Duce has become associated with fascism, it is no longer in common use other than in reference to Mussolini. Because of modern anti-fascist sentiment, Italian speakers in general now use other words for leader, mainly including the English loanword. Duce survives as an antonomasia for Mussolini.

Succession

Mussolini intended that the Grand Council of Fascism would choose a successor from a list of three men chosen by him, and submit the name for approval by the King. As of 1940, he may have been preparing his son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano for the role.^[5]

Title holder

Portrait	Duce (Born–Died)	Took office	Left office	Tenure	Party
	Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)	23 March 1919	9 November 1921	26 years, 33 days		Italian Fasces of Combat
		9 November 1921	25 July 1943			National Fascist Party
		23 September 1943	28 April 1945 †			Republican Fascist Party

See also

The dictionary definition of duce at Wiktionary

• Caudillo
• Conducător
• Doge
• Führer
• Poglavnik
• Roman dictator
• Strongman (politics)
• Supreme Leader (disambiguation)

References

1. Image Description: Propaganda poster of Benito Mussolini, with caption "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire ...".
2. Quartermaine, L. (2000). Mussolini's Last Republic: Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic. p. 21
3. Lucy Riall, "Garibaldi, Invention of a Hero", London, 2007, Ch. 9
4. Gallo, Max (2019-10-10). Mussolini's Italy: Twenty Years of the Fascist Era. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-65543-2.
5. Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 255, 257–258.