Jiménez dynasty

The Jiménez dynasty, alternatively called the Jimena, the Sancha, the Banu Sancho, the Abarca or the Banu Abarca,^[1] was a medieval ruling family which, beginning in the 9th century, eventually grew to control the royal houses of several kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula during the 11th and 12th centuries, namely the Kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon, Castile, León and Galicia as well as of other territories in the South of France.^[2][3][4][5] The family played a major role in the Reconquista, expanding the territory under the direct control of the Christian states as well as subjecting neighboring Muslim taifas to vassalage. Each of the Jiménez royal lines ultimately went extinct in the male line in the 12th or 13th century.

Jiménez
Country	Kingdom of Navarre (Kingdom of Pamplona) (control lost in 1234) Kingdom of Aragon (control lost in 1164) Kingdom of Castile (control lost in 1126) Kingdom of León (control lost in 1126)  Kingdom of Galicia (control lost in 1126)
Founded	835
Founder	Prince García Jiménez of Pamplona
Current head	Extinct
Final ruler	Sancho VII
Titles	Emperor of all Spain King of Leon King of Castile King of Galicia King of Aragon King of Pamplona King of Navarre King of Viguera Queen Consort of England Queen Consort of Sicily Count of Aragon Count of the Principate Count of Montescaglioso Countess of Champagne
Dissolution	1234

History

The first known member of the family, García Jiménez of Pamplona, is obscure, it being stated by the Códice de Roda that he was "king of another part of the kingdom" of Pamplona, presumably lord of part of Navarre beyond the area of direct control of the Íñiguez kings: probably the frontier areas of Álava and the western Pyrenees given the list of their landholdings preserved in a later charter. It was long believed that their origins lay in Gascony.^[6]

In 905 Sancho Garcés, a younger son of the dynasty founder, used foreign assistance to displace the Íñiguez ruler Fortún Garcés and consolidate the monarchy in his dynasty's hands. He would be viewed as founder of the dynasty, with several Iberian Muslim sources calling the family the Banu Sanjo (Arabic: بنو شانجه - the descendants of Sancho) for several subsequent generations, while a 12th-century Tunisian chronicler of Al-Andalus, Ibn al-Kardabūs, referred to Sancho III of Pamplona as ibn Abarca (Arabic: بن أبرك - son or descendant of Abarca), referencing a nickname originally borne by Sancho I in the naming of this Banu Abarca dynasty.^[1] In addition to repulsing several attacks from the Emir of Córdoba, Sancho I crushed the neighboring Banu Qasi and thus expanded Pamplona to the upper Ebro River valley, as well as incorporating the previously-autonomous County of Aragon into the realm.

Following the death of Sancho in 925, his brother Jimeno Garcés maintained a position of strength, intervening in the politics of neighboring Christian and Muslim states. His death left the crown to his nephew, Sancho's son García Sánchez I, who was still a child. Originally ruling under the tutelage of his mother, the Íñiguez descendant Toda Aznar who established a web of political and marital alliances among the Iberian Christian states, invited the intervention of his cousin Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba to achieve emancipation from his mother. Thereupon followed three generations of defeat and subjugation by the Caliphate. For his younger son, García created a short-lived sub-kingdom centered at Viguera, which lasted for several decades until its reabsorption into the Kingdom of Pamplona.

The latter only emancipated itself from Cordoban suzerainty during the reign of Sancho the Great, who ruled from 1000 to 1035 in Pamplona, but also ruled Aragon, Castile, Ribagorza and eventually León (but not Galicia) by right of conquest. He received the homage of the Count of Barcelona and possibly of the Duke of Gascony. After his coronation in León, he even took up the imperial title over all Spain. His vast domains were divided amongst his sons at his death, giving rise to three independent medieval kingdoms each ruled by a Jiménez monarch.

The Kingdom of Navarre, passing to the eldest son García, was unable to maintain its hegemony, leading to the full independence of Aragon under his illegitimate brother Ramiro I, who had previously taken over the territories of murdered brother Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. Younger sibling Ferdinand I, then Count of Castile, killed in battle his nominal overlord the King of León and Galicia in 1037 and thereby inheriting them and bringing them fully into the orbit of his ruling clan. He then defeated García, achieving a sort of hegemony over his brothers, but again divided his realm among his sons. One of these, Alfonso VI, not only succeeded to the reunited realm of his father, but also conquered Toledo, reclaimed the imperial title and even pretended to rule over both Christian and Muslim Spain.

The Navarre branch of the dynasty went into eclipse when in 1076 Sancho IV was assassinated by his siblings, and his cousins Alfonso VI of Castile and Sancho Ramírez of Aragon converged and divided the kingdom, with the Aragon ruler gaining the Navarre crown, while ceding western lands to Castile.

The holdings of the family were briefly reunited when Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon married Alfonso VI's daughter Urraca, Queen of Castile and León, and claimed the imperial title. However, the marriage failed and the kingdoms of Castile and León passed out of the dynasty, to Urraca's son by a prior marriage. The Kingdom of Aragon and that of Navarre likewise went their separate ways following Alfonso's death, the former passing to his brother, the latter to a descendant of its original ruling family, with each eventually passing to other dynasties through heiresses: Petronilla of Aragon, who married the ruler of Barcelona and thus united those two realms into the Crown of Aragon; and Blanca, sister of Sancho VII of Navarre, whose 1234 death brought Jiménez rule to an end.

The Borgias of Italy in the 15th century would present a pedigree that traced their ancestry to Pedro de Atarés, lord of Borja, Zaragoza, who had been a competitor for the thrones of Navarre and Aragon following the death of Alfonso the Battler. Pedro was a scion of this family, being grandson of Sancho Ramírez, Count of Ribagorza, illegitimate brother of king Sancho Ramírez of Aragon. Such a descent would thus have made the Borgias male-line descendants of the Jiménez dynasty. However, the descent was a fabrication.

Rulers

See also: Navarre rulers family tree

Emperors in bold. Date of assumption of imperial title in bold and parentheses.

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling part	Consort	Notes
García Jiménez		c.835	c.850-885	After 885	Pamplona	Oneca of Sangüesa two children Dadildis of Pallars two children	Sub- or co-king in a part of Pamplona, during the rule of Garcia I Iñiguez and/or Fortún Garcés of Pamplona.
Sancho I Abarca		c.860	905-925	10 December 925	Pamplona	Toda Aznárez of Larraun six children	Supplanted Fortun Garcés as king of Pamplona
Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona		c.860	925-932/3	932/3	Pamplona	Sancha Aznárez of Larraun three children	Brother of Sancho I. He appears as prince or king, first acting alone, then along with his nephew, Garcia.
Toda Aznárez of Larraun (regent)		2 January 876	925-933	15 October 958	Pamplona	Sancho I of Pamplona six children	Regent in name of her son.
Garcia Sánchez I		919	933-970	22 February 970	Pamplona	Andregoto Galíndez of Aragon c.935 (annulled 943) two children Teresa of León c.943 three children	Minor son of Sancho I at the time of his father's death, he first appears a few years later as co-king with his uncle Jimena, then sole king under the regency of his mother. At his death the Kingdom of Viguera was created for his younger son.
Sancho II		938	943-970	994	Aragon	Urraca Fernández of Castile 962 four children	Son of Garcia Sánchez I and Andregoto.
			970-994		Pamplona & Aragon
Ramiro Garcés		c.945	970-981	9 July 981	Viguera	Unknown two sons	Son of Garcia Sánchez I and Teresa of León. First king of Viguera.
Sancho Ramírez		?	981-1002	c.1002	Viguera	Unknown a daughter?	Left no male descendants and was succeeded by his brother. Possibly regent, or even king, of Pamplona 1000-1002
Garcia Sánchez II the Trembling		964	994-1000	(29 July?) 1000	Pamplona (994-1000)	Jimena Fernández of Cea c.988 four children
Urraca Fernández of Castile (regent)		?	994-997	1007	Aragon	Urraca Fernández of Castile 962 four children	Daughter of Fernán González of Castile and Sancha Sánchez of Pamplona. Previously wife of Ordoño III of León and Ordoño IV of León.
Gonzalo Sánchez		?	994-997	997	Aragon	Unmarried	Son of Sancho II. Ruled under regency of his mother, probably died still a minor.
In 997 Aragon was reabsorbed in Pamplona
Garcia Ramírez		?	1002-1025	c.1025?	Viguera	Toda two children	After his death with no male descendants, Viguera was reabsorbed in Pamplona.
In 997 Viguera was reabsorbed in Pamplona
Jimena Fernández of Cea (regent)		c.970	1000-1014	c.1045	Pamplona & Aragon	Garcia Sánchez II c.988 four children	Regent in name of her son, with her mother-in-law.
Sancho III the Great		c.992	1014-1035 (1034)	18 October 1035	Pamplona	Muniadona of Castile c.1011 five children	His death precipitated a division of the historical Pamplona lands, a distribution that evolved into three Iberian kingdoms: Aragon, Navarre and Castile.
Ferdinand I the Great		1016	1029-1037 1037-1065 (1056)	27 December 1065	Castile Castile & León	Sancha, Queen of León 1032 five children	Younger son of Sancho III, he was named count of Castile by his father following the death of his maternal uncle in 1029. He merged this into the Kingdom of León, which he acquired in right of his wife Sancha in 1037. At his death he divided his kingdom into three for his sons, while naming his daughters suzereign over cities.
Garcia Sánchez III of Nájera		1012	1035-1054	1 September 1054	Pamplona	Stephanie of Foix 1038 Barcelona eight children	Eldest legitimate son of Sancho III, received Pamplona and suzereignty over his brothers.
Gonzalo Sánchez		1020	1035-1045	26 June 1045	Sobrarbe & Ribagorza	Unmarried	Son of Sancho III, received the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, which came from his mother, who had rights over those territories. Left no descendants, and his territories went to his half-brother Ramiro.
Sobrabe and Ribagorza were absorbed by Aragon
Ramiro I		1006/7	1035-1063	8 May 1063	Aragon	Ermesinda of Foix c.1035 five children Agnes of Aquitaine I after 1049 no children	Natural son of Sancho III, received lands in Aragon that he eventually expanded into a sub-kingdom through the absorption of his brother Gonzalo's counties.
Sancho IV the Noble		1039	1054-1076	4 June 1076	Pamplona	Plaisance of Normandy c.1068 three children	Assassinated. He left a minor child, Garcia Sanchez, but he was considered not fit for the throne for his age, and the throne was given to the king of Aragon.
Sancho Ramírez (V of Pamplona)		1042	1063-1076 1076-1094	4 June 1094	Aragon Pamplona & Aragon	Isabella of Urgell 1065 (annulled 1070) one child Felicia of Roucy 1076 three children	Son of Ramiro I, was chosen as the new king of Pamplona in 1076, reuniting the kingdoms once more.
Sancho II the Strong		1038/9	1065-1071 1071-1072	7 October 1072	Castile Castile & León	Alberta no children	Son of Ferdinand I, from 1071 deposed his brothers and took briefly control of all the inheritance of his father, before he was assassinated.
Castile was reabsorbed in León
Garcia II		1042	1065-1071	21 March 1090	Galicia	Unmarried	Son of Ferdinand I, from 1071 he was deposed by Sancho II and Alfonso; tried to return after Sancho's assassination, but Alfonso arrested and banished him to the Castle of Luna, where he eventually died many years later.
Galicia was reabsorbed in Castile, and then in León
Alfonso VI the Brave		1040	1065-1071 1072-1109 (1077)	21 March 1090	León León & Castile	Agnes of Aquitaine 1073/4 no children Constance of Burgundy 1079 one child Bertha (of Savoy?) 25 November 1093 no children Isabel (Zaida?) c.1100 two (three?) children Beatrice 1108 no children	Reunited the inheritance of his father and conquered Kingdom of Toledo, but his only surviving children were daughters. The kingdom went to eldest daughter Urraca, while the County of Portugal, given to his daughter Theresa and her husband, would become the Kingdom of Portugal a generation later.
Peter I		1068	1094-1104	28 December 1104	Aragon & Pamplona	Agnes of Aquitaine 1086 Jaca two children Bertha (of Savoy II?) 1097 no children	Son of Sancho Ramírez. His own children didn't survive him and he was succeeded by his brother Alfonso.
Theresa		1080	1096-1128	11 November 1130	Portugal	Henry of Burgundy 1096 six children	Daughter of Alfonso VI, co-ruled in Portugal with her husband since 1096. Her ambition of reuniting the county with the old Kingdom of Galicia, with her adoption of royal title from 1116, and alliances with important Galician families led the Portuguese nobles to support her son Afonso Henriques as a candidate for the comital throne. Deposed after her defeat at Battle of São Mamede in 1128.
With the death of Teresa the line of the Jimena family died out in Portugal, which was inherited by Afonso Henriques, from the Portuguese House of Burgundy.
Alfonso I the Battler		1073	1104-1134 (1109)	7 September 1134	Aragon & Pamplona	Urraca I of León and Castile 1109 (annulled 1112) no children	Died without children. Left his kingsdoms to the knightly orders, the nobility of the two kingdoms chose different scions of the Jimenez dynasty as their kings, separating the two kingdoms.
Urraca the Reckless		April 1079	1109-1111 1109-1126 (1109)	8 March 1126	Galicia León & Castile	Raymond of Burgundy c.1087 two children Alfonso I of Aragon 1109 (annulled 1112) no children	Daughter of Alfonso VI, abdicated from Galicia to her son in 1111. Her problematic marriage with Alfonso of Aragon brought many conflicts between the spouses, even after their separation in 1112. Those conflicts endured throughout her reign.
With the death of Urraca the line of the Jimenez family died out in León & Castile, which were inherited by Alfonso VII of León and Castile, from the House of Ivrea.
Garcia V (Ramírez) the Restorer		?	1134-1150	21 November 1150	Pamplona	Margaret of L'Aigle 1130 four children Urraca of Castile the Asturian 24 June 1144 León no children	Grandson of Sancho Garcés, illegitimate son of Garcia Sánchez III of Pamplona.
Ramiro II the Monk		24 April 1086	1134-1137	16 August 1157	Aragon	Agnes of Aquitaine 13 November 1135 Jaca (annulled 1136/7) one child	Last surviving son of Sancho Ramirez. Withdrawn from monastic life to inherit the throne, then as soon as his daughter was old enough to marry, he wed her to the Count of Barcelona, to whom he passed royal authority.
Sancho VI the Wise		1133	1150-1194	27 June 1194	Navarre	Sancha of Castile 2 June 1157 Carrión de los Condes six children	He was the first monarch to adopt the title King of Navarre.
Petronilla I		29 June/11 August 1136	1137-1164	15 October 1173	Aragon	Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona August 1150 Lleida five children	Petronila I of Aragon, only daughter of Ramiro II, got married with Ramon Berenguer IV, ruler of the count of Barcelona. The dynastic union in 1137 gave rise to the Crown of Aragon. Through the prenuptial agreement (Capitulaciones matrimoniales) under Aragonese law, Petronila I was the sole queen, while Ramon Berenguer IV only becoming consort princeps but not king nor proprietor of the Kingdom of Aragon. After his death, Petronila abdicated in 1164 to their son, Alfonso II of Aragon who continued the dynasty of House of Aragon and also inheritating the title of count of Barcelona following his father's House of Barcelona. After the abdication, she pursued a monastic life for herself.[7]
Sancho VII the Strong		17 April 1154	1194-1234	7 April 1234	Navarre	Constance of Toulouse 1195 (annulled 1200) no children	Left no descendants. The Navarrese throne went to his French nephew, the count of Champagne.
With the death of Sancho VII the line of the Jimenez family died out in Navarre, which were inherited by Theobald I of Navarre, from the House of Champagne. As Sancho VII was the last living member of the family at the time of his death, Jimena dynasty became extinct after his death.

Family tree of the House of Jiménez

Aznar I count of Aragon HOUSE OF COUNTS OF ARAGON

Íñigo king of Pamplona HOUSE OF ÍÑIGUEZ

Galindo I count of Aragon

García king of Pamplona

Athnar II count of Aragon

Onneca Garcés

Jiméno HOUSE OF JIMÉNES

(daughter)

Sancho

Fortún king of Pamplona

Garcia co- or sub-king of Pamplona

Aznar count of Laron/Larraun

Onneca Fortúnez

Galindo II count of Aragon

Sancha Garcés

Sancho I king of Pamplona

Toda

Jiméno king of Pamplona

Sancha Aznares

Andregoto

Garcia I king of Pamplona, count of Aragon

Sancho II king of Pamplona, count of Aragon

Ramiro king of Viguera

Garcia II king of Pamplona, count of Aragon

Gonzalo count of Aragon

Sancho king of Viguera

Garcia king of Viguera

Sancho III king of Pamplona, count of Aragon

Muniadona countess of Castile HOUSE OF BENI MAMADUNA

Alfonso V king of León HOUSE OF ASTUR-LEÓN

(illeg.) Ramiro I king of Aragon HOUSE OF ARAGON

Garcia III king of Pamplona

Jiména

Bermundo III king of León

Ferdinand I king of Castile, León KINGDOM OF CASTILE-LEÓN

Sancha

Gonzalo count of Sobrabe & Ribagorza

(illeg.) Sancho Ramírez, Count of Ribagorza

Sancho V king of Pamplona, king of Aragon

García Ramírez (bishop)

Sancho IV king of Pamplona

(illeg.) Sancho lord of Uncastillo

Ramiro lord of Calhorra

Sancho II king of Castile

Alfonso VI king of León

Garcia II king of Galicia

Garcia lord of Aivar & Atarès

Peter I king of Pamplona, king of Aragon

Alfonso I king of Pamplona, king of Aragon

Ramiro II of Aragon king of Aragon

Christina (daughter of El Cid)

Ramiro lord of Monzón

Raymond CASTILIAN HOUSE OF IVREA

Urraca queen of Castile & León

Sancho heir apparent

Teresa countess of Portugal

Henry PORTUGUESE HOUSE OF BURGUNDY

Pedro de Atarés

Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona HOUSE OF BARCELONA

Petronilla I queen of Aragon

Garcia IV king of Navarre KINGDOM OF NAVARRE

Kings of Castille

Kings of Portugal

Alfonso II king of Aragon count of Barcelona

Sancho VI king of Navarre

Henry count of Montescaglioso

Kings of Aragon

Sancho VII king of Navarre

Blanche regent of Navarre

Theobald III count of Campagne HOUSE OF BLOIS

References

1. Alberto Cañada Juste, "¿Quién fue Sancho Abarca?, Príncipe de Viana, 73: 79–132.
2. Linehan, Peter (1993). History and the Historians of Medieval Spain. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198219453.
3. O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492648.
4. Cañada Juste, Alberto (mayo-agosto 2011). «En los albores del reino ¿dinastía Íñiga?, ¿dinastía Jimena?». En Gobierno de Navarra, ed. Príncipe de Viana. ISSN 0032-8472. Consultado el 18 de octubre de 2014.
5. Anónimo (junio de 2010). «Liber regum (o Libro de las generaciones y linajes de los reyes». Cuadro genealógico simplificado de los linajes regios navarros. e-Spania. Consultado el 18 de octubre de 2014.
6. Roger Collins, The Basques (Blackwell, 1986), p. 163.
7. Henry Kamen, Empire: how Spain became a world power, 1492-1762, 2002:20.

House of Jiménez
Preceded by House of Íñiguez	Ruling House of Pamplona 905 - 1234	Succeeded by House of Blois-Campagne
Preceded by (founder)	Ruling House of Aragon 948-1035 (as counts); 1035-1164 (as kings)	Succeeded by House of Barcelona
Preceded by House of Beni Mamaduna	Ruling House of Castile 1037 - 1126	Succeeded by Castilian House of Ivrea
Preceded by House of Asturias-León	Ruling House of León 1037 - 1126	Succeeded by Castilian House of Ivrea