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Han Chinese subgroup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Hoklo people (Chinese: 福佬人; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ho̍h-ló-lâng) are a Han Chinese subgroup[6] who speak Hokkien,[7] a Southern Min language,[8] or trace their ancestry to southeastern Fujian in China,[9] and known by various related terms such as Banlam people (闽南人; Bân-lâm-lâng), Minnan people, Fujianese people or more commonly in Southeast Asia as the Hokkien people (福建人; Hok-kiàn-lâng).[a] The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar, and the United States. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes Taiwanese Hokkien, is the mainstream Southern Min, which is partially mutually intelligible to the Teochew language, Hainanese, Leizhou Min, and Haklau Min.
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闽南人 | |
|---|---|
_(14597338250).jpg) A Hokkien family in Southern Fujian, 1920 | |
| Total population | |
| 60,000,000 (est.)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Mainland China | Southern Fujian parts of Guangdong parts of Zhejiang |
| Taiwan | 22,277,000 (est.) |
| Malaysia | Largest group of Malaysian Chinese[quantify] |
| Singapore | Largest group of Chinese Singaporeans[quantify] |
| Philippines | Largest group of Chinese Filipinos[quantify][2] |
| Indonesia | Largest group of Chinese Indonesians[quantify][3] |
| Brunei | Largest group of Bruneian Chinese[quantify] |
| Myanmar | One of the four largest groups of Burmese Chinese[quantify][4] |
| United States | 70,000+[5] |
| Vietnam | 45,000 (est.) |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
In Southern Fujian, the Hokkien speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people (閩南人; Bân-lâm-lâng) or generally speaking, Hokkien people (福建人; Hok-kiàn-lâng). In Mandarin, they also call themselves Minnan people (閩南人; 闽南人; Mǐnnán rén).
In Taiwan, the term "Hoklo" is usually used for the people. The term Holo[10] (Ho̍h-ló)[11] is also used to refer to Taiwanese Hokkien and those people who speak it.
The term is likely an exonym originating from Hakka or Cantonese that some Hokkien and Teochew speakers, particularly in Taiwan and mainland China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in Southeast Asia.
There are several spellings for the word Hoklo (Ho̍h-ló / Hô-ló), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:
In the Philippines, Chinese Filipinos, where most are usually of ethnic Hokkien descent, usually generally refer to themselves as Lannang (咱儂; Lán-lâng / Lán-nâng / Nán-nâng; 'Our People') or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Malaysians and Singaporeans generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (唐儂; Tn̂g-lâng; 'Tang People'), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In Indonesia, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Indonesians generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (中華; Tiong-hôa; 'Central Chinese'), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In genomic studies, the Han Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations, albeit at a position closer to the northeast Asian Sinitic cline.[16] This reflects the history of demic diffusion out of the Central Plains region.
Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer,[17] with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).
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Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.
Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam.
The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua, Teochew, and Hainanese.
The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among sinitic varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Standard Yue. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the /ʈ/ initial as /t/, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.[18] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The Amoy dialect for example, has 7-8 tones.
Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Teochew people or Hailufeng people.
About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.[19][better source needed] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with the Punti, Hakka and Tanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.[20]
The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.
The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among Chinese Indonesians.
In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the Sinitic people in the country known as Chinese Filipinos. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.
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After the 1960s, many Hoklo Taiwanese began immigrating to the United States and Canada.
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