Henry Opukahaia

Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia (c. 1792 – 1818) was one of the first Native Hawaiians to become a Christian, inspiring American Protestant missionaries to come to the islands during the 19th century. He is credited with starting Hawaii's conversion to Christianity. His name was usually spelled Obookiah during his lifetime. His name Henry is sometimes Hawaiianized as Heneri.

Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia
Born	c. 1793 Nīnole, Hawaii
Died	February 17, 1818 Cornwall, Connecticut
Burial place	Napoʻopoʻo
Parent(s)	Keau and Kamohoula
Signature

Biography

ʻŌpūkahaʻia was born at Ka`ū on the island of Hawai`i in 1792. When he was 10, his family was murdered by the warriors of Kamehameha I during the rebellion of Nāmakehā.^[1][2] The 1866 Hawaiian biography by Reverend S. W. Papaula would state that ʻŌpūkahaʻia was born in 1787 instead.^[3]

In 1807, when Captain Caleb Britnall took him aboard the Triumph, the teenage boy had his first English lessons en route to New Haven, Connecticut, along with fellow Hawaiian cabin boy Thomas Hopu. As a student in the New Haven area, he was looked after in a succession of homes, and worked summers to help earn his keep. The future Reverend Edwin W. Dwight, a senior in Yale College at the time, met him in 1809 when he discovered`Ōpūkaha`ia sitting on the steps of the college. When `Ōpūkaha`ia lamented that "No one give me learning," Dwight agreed to help him find tutoring.^[4] `Ōpūkaha`ia took up residence with one of Dwight's relatives, Yale president Timothy Dwight IV, a founder of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, who instructed him in Christian and secular subjects.^[4] He had studied English grammar and the usual curriculum in public schools by the time he converted to Christianity in 1815, during the Second Great Awakening.^[5]

He and other Polynesians and Native Americans requested training to spread the Gospel back home. This inspired the founding of the Foreign Mission School in 1816, administered from Boston by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). It had broad support from the residents of Cornwall, Connecticut, where it moved in 1817, and from donors elsewhere in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. During its ten years, about 100 students attended: "43 Native Americans, 13 Americans (white), and 20 Hawaiians, and other natives of the Pacific. including 2 Chinese".^[6]

Even before this school opened, Edwin Dwight wrote in 1818, `Ōpūkaha`ia had begun "'reducing to system his own native tongue. As it was not a written language, but lay in its chaotic state, every thing was to be done…he had made some progress towards completing a Grammar, a Dictionary, and a Spelling-book.'"^[7] However, these books no longer exist. Samuel B. Ruggles, one of the First Company of missionaries to Hawaii and a fellow student of `Ōpūkaha`ia at Cornwall, mentions in an 1819 letter that his own grammar was "much assisted by one which `Ōpūkaha`ia attempted to form." Elisha Loomis, who was to be the printer for the first mission, was inspired to join it by reading `Ōpūkaha`ia's memoirs, edited by Dwight in the year of his death from typhus fever, over a year before the First Company set sail from Boston.

`Ōpūkaha`ia planned to return to Hawaii himself to preach, but contracted typhus fever and died in 1818 in Cornwall at the age of 26.

In 1826 the Foreign Mission School was closed by a scandal – two interracial marriages were too much for Cornwall residents. But both the school and `Ōpūkaha`ia were a catalyst for the Sandwich Island Mission and for the first concentrated efforts to analyze the language.

Re-interment

In 1993, some descendants of `Ōpūkaha`ia's family decided to return his body from his grave in Connecticut to Hawaii.^[8] On Aug. 15, 1993, his remains were laid in a vault facing the sea at Kahikolu Church near the town of Napoʻopoʻo, Kona, on the Island of Hawaii. It was the third church established in Hawaii by missionaries inspired by Opukahaʻia. Hawaii's churches observe the third Sunday in February as a day of commemoration in honor of its first Christian. A plaque at the Cornwall gravesite reads: "In July of 1993, the family of Henry Opukahaia took him home to Hawaii for interment at Kahikolu Congregational Church Cemetery, Napo'opo'o, Kona, Island of Hawaii. Henry's family expresses gratitude, appreciation, and love to all who cared for and loved him throughout the past years. Ahahui O Opukahaia"

Works

Besides translating the Book of Genesis into Hawaiian, `Ōpūkaha`ia nearly completed a Hawaiian dictionary, grammar, and spelling book. The Memoirs of Henry Obookiah were published in New York City in 1818 and have been republished by the Woman's Board of Missions for the Pacific Islands several times since the 1960s. They have recently republished the 195-year-old book with a new epilogue of how his body was returned to the Big Island of Hawaii, along with new photographs.^[9]

Notes

1. Bartlett, Samuel Colcord (1872). Sketches of the Missions of the American Board. Boston: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. p. 38. Retrieved 29 April 2015. In a civil war, his father and mother had been slain before his eyes; and when he fled with his infant brother on his back, the child was killed with a spear, he was then taken and raised by the very person who slaughtered his family.
2. Wilson 2009, pp. 49–51.
3. Morris & Benedetto 2019, p. 234.
4. Schiff, Judith Ann (July 2004). "Aloha Blue". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
5. Schütz, Albert J. (1994). The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies. Honolulu: Hawaii UP. p. 95n8. The First Great Awakening [mid-18th century]…produced a conflict, often intense, between conservative Protestants—Old Lights—and the revivalistic reformers – New Lights.
6. Mitchell, Sydney K. 1939. Phases of the History of Cornwall. (Torrington, CT: Cornwall Historical Society 1981). Cited in Schütz, p.87.
7. Dwight, Edwin Wells. 1818. Memoirs of Henry Obookiah…; who died at Cornwall, Connecticut, February 17, 1818. Cited in Schütz p.88.
8. Renner, Gerald (16 July 1993). "A Final Resting Place For Henry Opukahala". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
9. "Home". henryobookiahmemoirs.com.

References

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Obookiah, Henry" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
• Forbes, David W.; Kam, Ralph Thomas; Woods, Thomas A. (2018). Partners in Change: A Biographical Encyclopedia of American Protestant Missionaries in Hawaiʻi and Their Hawaiian and Tahitian Colleagues, 1820–1900. Honolulu: Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site & Archives. ISBN 978-0-692-18267-3. OCLC 1088735785.
• Morris, Nancy J.; Benedetto, Robert (2019). Nā Kahu: Portraits of Native Hawaiian Pastors at Home and Abroad, 1820–1900. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-7777-4. OCLC 1098290393.
• Wilson, Rob (2009). Be Always Converting, be Always Converted: An American Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03343-6.

Further reading

• Bellantoni, Nick (2018). The Long Journeys Home: The Repatriations of Henry 'Opukaha'ia and Albert Afraid of Hawk. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-7685-9. OCLC 1027737102.

Lyons, J. K. (2004). Memoirs of Henry Obookiah: A Rhetorical History. Hawaiian Journal of History, 38, 35-57.