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City in Hamadan province, Iran From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hamadan (/ˌhæməˈdæn/ HAM-ə-DAN;[4] Persian: همدان, pronounced [hæmeˈdɒːn])[a] is a city in western Iran. It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as the capital of the province, county, and district.[5] As of the 2016 Iranian census, it had a population of 554,406 people in 174,731 households.
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Hamadan
همدان | |
|---|---|
City | |
     Central square, Nazari Museum garden, Monument, Abbasabad Spa, Quranic and International Convention Center, Tomb of Avicenna | |
  Hamadan Hamadan | |
| Coordinates: 34°47′54″N 48°30′53″E[1] | |
| Country |  Iran |
| Province | Hamadan |
| County | Hamadan |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Seyed Masoud Hosseini [2] |
| Elevation | 1,850 m (6,069 ft) |
| Population (2016)[3] | |
• Total | 554,406 |
| • Rank | 13th in Iran |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Website | www |
Hamadan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities. It was referred to in classical sources as Ecbatana (Old Persian Hamgmatāna). It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100 BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, states that it was the capital of the Medes, around 700 BCE.
Hamadan is situated in a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in midwestern Iran. The city is 1,850 meters above sea level. It is located approximately 360 kilometres (220 miles) southwest of Tehran.
The old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer. The major sights of this city are the Ganj Nameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. The main language in the city is Persian.[6][7][8]
According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "Hamedan is a very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from ca. 1100 BC, the time of Assyrian King Tiglath-pilesar I, but is certainly mentioned by Herodotus who says that the king of Media Diokes built the city of Agbatana or Ekbatana in the 7th century BC."[9]
Hamadan was established by the Medes. It then became one of several capital cities of the Achaemenid Dynasty.
Hamadan is mentioned in the biblical book of Ezra (Ezra 6:2) as the place where a scroll was found giving the Jews permission from King Darius to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Its ancient name of Ecbatana is used in the Ezra text. Because it was a mile above sea level, it was a good place to preserve leather documents.
During the Parthian era, Ctesiphon was the capital of the country, and Hamadan was the summer capital and residence of the Parthian rulers. After the Parthians, the Sassanids constructed their summer palaces in this city. In 642 the Battle of Nahavand took place and Hamadan fell into the hands of the Muslim Arabs.
During the rule of the Buyid dynasty, the city suffered much damage. However, the city regained its former glory under the rule of the Buyid ruler Fanna Khusraw. The Seljuks launched campaigns to take the city in the 1040s,[10] ultimately taking the final Kakuyid fortress in 1047.[11] The Seljuks later shifted their capital from Baghdad to Hamadan. In 1220, Hamadan was destroyed by the Mongols[12] during the Mongol invasions of Georgia before the Battle of Khunan. The city of Hamadan, its fortunes following the rise and fall of regional powers, was completely destroyed during the Timurid invasions, but later thrived during the Safavid era.
Thereafter, in the 18th century, Hamadan was surrendered to the Ottomans, but due to the work of Nader Shah, Hamadan was cleared of invaders and, as a result of a peace treaty between Iran and the Ottomans, it was returned to Iran. Hamadan stands on the Silk Road, and even in recent centuries the city enjoyed strong commerce and trade as a result of its location on the main road network in the western region of Iran. In the late 19th century, American missionaries, including James W. Hawkes and Belle Sherwood Hawke,[13][14] established schools in Hamadan.
During World War I, the city was the scene of heavy fighting between Russian and Turko-German forces. It was occupied by both armies, and finally by the British, before it was returned to the control of the Iranian government at the end of the war in 1918.
A majority of the population speaks the Hamadani dialect of Persian and standard Persian, with a Turkic minority.[15]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 473,149 in 127,812 households.[16] The following census in 2011 counted 525,794 people in 156,556 households.[17] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 554,406 people in 174,731 households.[3]
Hamadan has a hot-summer, Mediterranean-influenced continental climate (Köppen: Dsa, Trewartha: Dc), in transition with a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. The temperature may drop below −30 °C (−22 °F) on the coldest days. Heavy snowfall is common during winter and this can persist for periods of up to two months. During the short summer, the weather is hot, and mostly sunny.
Lowest recorded temperature: −34.0 °C (−29 °F) on 7 January 1964[18]
Highest recorded temperature: 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 14 July 1989[18]
| Climate data for Hamadan Airport (1991-2020, extremes 1961-2020)[b] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
34.5 (94.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.2 (104.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
12.0 (53.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
4.1 (39.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34 (−29) |
−33.0 (−27.4) |
−26.6 (−15.9) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−18 (0) |
−29 (−20) |
−34 (−29) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.6 (1.20) |
38.2 (1.50) |
53.0 (2.09) |
50.9 (2.00) |
23.8 (0.94) |
3.6 (0.14) |
3.5 (0.14) |
2.2 (0.09) |
1.5 (0.06) |
23.9 (0.94) |
44.0 (1.73) |
40.0 (1.57) |
315.2 (12.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.5 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 48.6 |
| Average snowy days | 6.9 | 6.1 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 22 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 68 | 57 | 54 | 49 | 37 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 45 | 64 | 72 | 50.8 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −7.5 (18.5) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.1 (39.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 160 | 177 | 217 | 233 | 296 | 355 | 346 | 340 | 314 | 259 | 177 | 153 | 3,027 |
| Source 1: NOAA[19][18] (snow/sleet days for 1981-2010[20]) | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(extremes[21][22]) | |||||||||||||
PAS Hamedan F.C. were founded on June 9, 2007 after the dissolution of PAS Tehran F.C. The team, along with Alvand Hamedan F.C., is in the Azadegan League.
Some sport complexes in this city include: Qods Stadium, Shahid Mofatteh Stadium, Takhti Sport Complex and the National Stadium of Hamadan.
Before the Persian Constitutional Revolution, education in Hamadan was limited to some Maktab Houses and theological schools. Fakhrie Mozafari School was the first modern school of Hamadan, which was built after that revolution. Alliance and Lazarist were also the first modern schools founded by foreign institutions in Hamadan.
Some of the popular universities in Hamadan include:
Hamadan celebrities are divided into 3 categories: pre-Islamic, post-Islamic and contemporary people.
Among the pre-Islamic celebrities in Hamadan is Mandana, the mother of Cyrus the Great and the daughter of the last king of Media, Ishtovigo.
Famous people of Hamadan after Islam are great people such as:
In February 1990, the bank's central branch in Hamadan experienced a tragic robbery. The event resulted in the loss of life of the bank manager Abdulrahman Nafisi, his family, and a security guard. The bank manager, Abdulrahman Nafisi, displayed extraordinary courage by prioritizing the safety of the bank's funds over his own life. Despite being under torture, he pleaded with the robbers to take his personal belongings instead of the people's money.[28]
Hamadan is twinned with:
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