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Thomas Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood, PC, KC (7 February 1870 – 10 September 1948), known as Sir Hamar Greenwood, 1st Baronet between 1915 and 1929, was a Canadian-born British lawyer and politician. He served as the last Chief Secretary for Ireland between 1920 and 1922 and is associated with the activities of the Black and Tans in Ireland. Both his sons died unmarried meaning that the title of Viscount Greenwood became extinct in 2003.
The Viscount Greenwood | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Chief Secretary for Ireland | |
| In office 2 April 1920 – 19 October 1922 | |
| Monarch | George V |
| Prime Minister | David Lloyd George |
| Preceded by | Ian Macpherson |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished - replaced by Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State |
| Secretary for Overseas Trade | |
| In office 1919–1920 | |
| Board Pres. | Sir Auckland Geddes |
| Preceded by | Sir Arthur Steel-Maitland |
| Succeeded by | F. G. Kellaway |
| Member of Parliament for York | |
| In office 8 February 1906 – 10 January 1910 | |
| Preceded by | John Butcher Denison Faber |
| Succeeded by | Arnold Stephenson Rowntree John Butcher |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 February 1870 Whitby, Durham Region, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | 10 September 1948 (aged 78) London, Middlesex, England |
| Nationality | Canadian British |
| Political party | Liberal Conservative |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 4; including Angela |
| Education | University of Toronto |
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Greenwood was born in Whitby, Ontario, Canada, to John Hamar Greenwood (1829-1903), a lawyer who emigrated from Llanbister, Radnorshire, Wales, as a youth, and wife Charlotte Churchill Hubbard, who was from a United Empire Loyalist family that had an ancestor who immigrated to Canada after the American Revolutionary War.[1] He was educated at the University of Toronto and worked at the Department of Agriculture in Ontario before emigrating to England as a young man and qualifying as a barrister at Gray's Inn in 1906.[2]
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Greenwood served as an officer in the Canadian Militia before emigrating. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant in King Edward's Horse (The King's Overseas Dominions Regiment), a London-based Militia unit, in 1902 and was promoted to Captain in 1905. He went onto the Reserve in 1913. On the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 he served in the Department of Recruiting at the War Office, and when David Lloyd George formed the Welsh National Executive Committee to recruit a Welsh Army Corps for 'Kitchener's Army' Greenwood was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel to raise and command the 10th (Service) Battalion, South Wales Borderers (1st Gwent) in December. He took the battalion to the Western Front in December 1915, but was recalled to serve as a Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General at the War Office in April 1916 before the unit saw serious action. He was later appointed Honorary Colonel of the Winnipeg Grenadiers.[2][3]
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Greenwood first stood for election as a Liberal and sat as a Member of Parliament for York from 1906 to 1910[4] and for Sunderland from 1910 to 1922.[5]
He served under David Lloyd George as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1919, as Additional Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Additional Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, as Secretary for Overseas Trade from 1919 to 1920, and as the last Chief Secretary for Ireland, with a seat in the Cabinet, from 1920 to 1922. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1920.[2]
As Chief Secretary, Greenwood was closely identified with the aggressive use of two specially formed paramilitary forces – the Black and Tans and the Auxiliaries – during the Irish War of Independence. Lord Riddell, a close friend of Prime Minister Lloyd George stated that although Greenwood's life was in constant danger he "seems to be tackling his job with great fearlessness and to be giving the Sinn Feiners some of their own medicine."[6] After the Burning of Cork by British auxiliary forces in December 1920, Greenwood blamed the "Sinn Féin rebels" and the people of Cork for burning their own city.[7] "A Lloyd George loyalist who believed in restoring British rule in Ireland by defeating the IRA, Greenwood’s denials and evasions became so frequent that he was lampooned with the phrase 'to tell a Greenwood'."[8]
Greenwood lost his seat in the 1922 general election. At the 1924 general election, he was one of a small number of Liberals, including Winston Churchill, to stand as Constitutionalist candidates.[citation needed] These were Liberals who advocated closer ties between Liberals and Conservatives. Greenwood's candidature in Walthamstow East was supported by the local Conservative association, but not by the local Liberals, who had their own candidate, and he won the seat. After the election, when it appeared that there was no prospect of closer formal ties between the two parties, Greenwood took the Conservative whip. He continued to represent Walthamstow East until 1929,[9] although he never held government office again.
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Greenwood had been created a baronet, of Onslow Gardens in the Royal Borough of Kensington, in 1915,[2][10] and in the 1929 Dissolution Honours he was raised to the peerage as Baron Greenwood, of Llanbister in the County of Radnor.[2][11]
In 1937 he was further honoured when he was created Viscount Greenwood, of Holbourne in the County of London.[2][12] He was president of the British Iron and Steel Federation from 1938 to 1939 and chairman of the Pilgrims Society from 1945 to 1948, and president of the Pilgrims Society in 1948.
He died on 10 September 1948 in London, England.[2][13]
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His wife, Margery Spencer, daughter of The Rev. Walter Spencer of Fownhope Court, Herefordshire, and wife Anne "Annie" Elizabeth Hudson, became Viscountess Greenwood. She was made a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1922.[2] She was the sister of Muriel Forbes-Sempill, second wife of Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple, known as Molly Mountemple.
They had two sons and two daughters. Their elder son, David Henry Hamar Greenwood, succeeded his father as second Viscount.[2][14][15] He died unmarried and was succeeded as third Viscount by his younger brother, Michael George Hamar Greenwood, who died unmarried as well, in 2003 rendering the title extinct.[16][17]
Their elder daughter, Angela Margo Hamar Greenwood, married Edward Dudley Delevingne and is the paternal grandmother of model sisters Poppy and Cara Delevingne. Their younger daughter, Deborah Hamar Greenwood, married Patrick David de László, son of painter Philip de László.[18][19][20]
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