Halo (franchise)
Video game series From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Halo is a military science fiction video game series and media franchise, originally developed by Bungie and currently managed and developed by Halo Studios (previously 343 Industries), part of Microsoft's Xbox Game Studios. The series launched in November 2001 with the first-person shooter video game Halo: Combat Evolved and its tie-in novel, The Fall of Reach. The latest major installment, Halo Infinite, was released in 2021. Spinoffs include real-time strategy and twin-stick shooter games.
| Halo | |
|---|---|
_logo.svg){kind=logo} Logo since Combat Evolved Anniversary | |
| Genre(s) | |
| Developer(s) |
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| Publisher(s) | Xbox Game Studios |
| Platform(s) | |
| First release | Halo: Combat Evolved November 15, 2001 |
| Latest release | Halo Infinite December 8, 2021 |
Bungie began as a developer of computer games for the Macintosh platform. After the company was acquired by Microsoft in 2000, their in-progress game, which started life as a real-time strategy game, became Halo: Combat Evolved, a first-person shooter exclusive to Microsoft's Xbox video game. Following the success of Halo, Bungie developed additional Halo sequels before and after regaining its independence from Microsoft in 2007. Microsoft established 343 Industries to oversee Halo going forward, producing games itself and in partnership with other studios.
Halo: Combat Evolved was the Xbox's flagship "killer app" and cemented Microsoft as a major competitor in the video game console space, and its sequels pioneered online matchmaking, social features, and video game marketing. The games have sold more than 81 million copies worldwide. With more than $6 billion in franchise sales, Halo is one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time, spanning novels, graphic novels, comic books, short films, animated films, feature films, fan-made short machinima animations and other licensed products.
Story
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Many millions of years ago, a species known as the Precursors assumed the Mantle of Responsibility – the guardianship of life in the galaxy. The Precursors chose an ancient form of humanity as their successors, over another species known as the Forerunners. In retaliation, the Forerunners attacked their former masters and drove the Precursors into extinction. Instead of fighting back, the Precursors allowed themselves to die, with some turning into dust intended to spread and later transform into themselves once again. This dust eventually became defective, infecting and contorting organisms into a new parasitic species, connected by a hivemind to the minds of the last Precursors: the Flood. The Forerunners sent the humans to Earth, reverting them to a primitive civilization based in Africa, and fought the Flood, which spread through an infestation of sentient life and overran much of the Milky Way Galaxy. Exhausting all other strategies, the Forerunners conceived the Halo Array— ring-shaped megastructures and weapons of last resort that would destroy all sentient life in the galaxy to stop the Flood. A civil war began between the Forerunners' commander, known as the Ur-Didact, who wanted to assimilate all the humans on Earth into his army as AIs, thus immune to the Flood, and his wife, the Librarian, who created the Ark, an instrument that was to shelter sentient species outside the galaxy and allow for the mass creation of Halo installations which could all be activated simultaneously. The Librarian, along with all the remaining Forerunners, trapped her husband inside a Forerunner repository of knowledge known as the Domain, and disappeared as the Array was activated, thus destroying all sentient life in the galaxy and ending the outbreak of the Flood— though some Forerunners are known to have left the Milky Way galaxy for a different, unknown galaxy.
Nearly a hundred thousand years later, in the 26th century, humanity—under the auspices of the Unified Earth Government, or UEG, and their United Nations Space Command, or UNSC— has colonized many worlds thanks to the development of faster-than-light "slipstream space" (i.e., hyperspace) travel. Tensions between the government and colonies desiring independence sparked violent clashes. The UNSC's Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) created the SPARTAN-II Project to create an elite group of enhanced supersoldiers to suppress the rebellions covertly. In the year 2525, human worlds came under attack by a theocratic alliance of alien races known as the Covenant, whose leadership declared humanity heretics and an affront to their gods: the Forerunners. The Covenant began a genocidal holy war. Their superior technology and numbers proved to be decisive advantages; although effective, the Spartans were too few to turn the tide of battle in humanity's favor. After the Covenant invaded Reach in 2552, the UNSC's last major stronghold besides Earth, Master Chief John-117 was left as one of the few remaining Spartans.
The rediscovery of the Halo rings prompts a desperate battle against the Covenant, who believe they are instruments of transcendence, not destruction. Master Chief and his artificial intelligence Cortana are instrumental in the destruction of a Halo ring to stop the Covenant and the threat of the Flood. The assassination of one of the Covenant high prophets, turmoil within the Covenant, and the revelation of the Halo Array's true purpose leads to civil war. The disgraced former Covenant Sangheili commander known as the Arbiter, along with many of his species, helps the humans stop the Prophet of Truth from activating the Halo Array via the Ark. The Human-Covenant War ends, though new conflicts begin to emerge throughout the universe.
In the post-war era, the UNSC trains a new generation of Spartans, and tensions between the UNSC and colonist rebels resumes. The Master Chief and Cortana accidentally free the Didact and he briefly returns to assert supremacy over humanity. Master Chief and Cortana halt his plans, although Cortana is initially believed dead in the attempt. Cortana's survival through the Domain leads her to break with the UNSC and assert a new hegemony over the galaxy, with artificial intelligence (the "Created") in control.[1] After two years of a scattered war between Cortana and the UNSC, Cortana attacks the Banished, a mercenary organization largely led by the Jiralhanae species. The Banished win the resultant conflict, terminating Cortana and battling the UNSC for control of Zeta Halo.[2]
Game series
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| 2001 | Halo: Combat Evolved |
|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | |
| 2004 | Halo 2 |
| 2005–2006 | |
| 2007 | Halo 3 |
| 2008 | |
| 2009 | Halo Wars |
| Halo 3: ODST | |
| 2010 | Halo: Reach |
| 2011 | Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary |
| 2012 | Halo 4 |
| 2013 | Halo: Spartan Assault |
| 2014 | Halo: The Master Chief Collection |
| 2015 | Halo: Spartan Strike |
| Halo 5: Guardians | |
| 2016 | |
| 2017 | Halo Wars 2 |
| 2018 | Halo: Fireteam Raven |
| 2019–2020 | |
| 2021 | Halo Infinite |
2001–2007: Original trilogy
Video game studio Bungie was founded in 1991 by Alex Seropian in Chicago, Illinois, who partnered with programmer Jason Jones the following year to market and release Jones' game Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete. Focusing on the Mac game market because it was smaller and easier to compete, Bungie became a preeminent game developer on the platform, releasing the successful Myth and Marathon. Bungie began development on a new game in 1998, referring to it by the temporary code names "Monkey Nuts" and later "Blam!" after Jones could not bring himself to say the previous codename to his mother.[3][4]: ix "Blam!" was conceived as a science fiction real-time strategy game and took place on a hollowed-out world called Solipsis. The planet eventually became a ringworld called "Halo", in turn giving the game its title.[3]
As the development team began experimenting with incorporating vehicles with realistic physics simulations, they began moving the distant third-person camera closer to the action. Bungie decided it would be more fun to directly control units than direct them, and the game shifted to a third-person shooter.[3][5] Halo was announced on July 21, 1999, during the Macworld Conference & Expo. The title of the game was finalized only days before it was announced at Macworld.[5]
Bungie was undergoing financial difficulties, and Microsoft was looking for games for its upcoming Xbox video game console. In June 2000, Microsoft announced their acquisition of Bungie, and Halo—now having morphed into a first-person shooter—became a launch title for the Xbox video game console.[3][5] Relocated from Chicago to Redmond, Washington, Bungie had roughly 14 months to finish the game before the Xbox launched. The story slowly began to take shape, with an internal debate at Bungie over how much personality to give the main character. Writer Joe Staten wanted to do more than have the player character be an "empty vessel" like Half-Life's Gordon Freeman, so they wrote him with a sense of humor. Deciding he should be referred to by his naval rank, Bungie decided on "Master Chief". Despite a difficult and hectic development schedule, Halo: Combat Evolved shipped as a launch title for the Xbox on November 15, 2001.[3][5][6]: 112–113 The Xbox's marketing heavily featured Halo, whose green color palette meshed with the console's design scheme.[7] Halo was a critical and commercial success, selling alongside half of every Xbox sold.[8] By July 2006, the game had sold 4.2 million copies and earned $170 million in the United States.[9]
Halo: Combat Evolved introduced many elements common to the franchise. Players battle enemies on foot and in vehicles to complete objectives across a mysterious alien landscape. Halo limited the number of weapons players could carry to two, forcing them to carefully select their preferred armament.[10] Players fight with ranged and melee attacks, as well as grenades. Bungie referred to the "weapons-grenades-melee" format as the "Golden Triangle of Halo".[11] The player's has health measured in hit points that must be replenished with health packs, but also has a perpetually recharging energy shield.[12]
While Halo had not been intended as a franchise, the Bungie team wanted to make an ambitious sequel, looking to story and gameplay ideas that had been ultimately cut from Combat Evolved, and inspired by how fans had received the game.[5][13] In particular, Bungie was surprised by how many fans used the System Link capability to network consoles together and play multiplayer in LAN parties. With the launch of the Xbox Live online multiplayer service, Bungie wanted to bring Halo multiplayer to the internet.[13]
Halo 2, was announced on August 8, 2002, at Microsoft's X02 press event,[14] and an impressive demo of the game was shown at Electronic Entertainment Expo the following year. The demo showed off new features like dual-wielding weapons and hijacking enemy vehicles, but behind the scenes the game was undergoing a troubled development; Bungie had to scrap the ambitious graphics engine as it would not run effectively on the Xbox hardware, leadership changes resulted in more infighting, and artists and designers wasted time developing assets that would ultimately not ship in the game. A planned massive multiplayer mode was entirely cut, leading to developer Max Hoberman's smaller-scale local mode becoming the only multiplayer offering. As the game's release date slipped, the studio entered a sustained period of crunch to finish the game, with other Bungie games being canceled and their staff absorbed into the Halo team.[3][5][13] The final act of the game had to be cut entirely in the rush to complete the game.[5] Halo 2 was released on the Xbox on November 9, 2004, and later for Windows Vista on May 17, 2007.[citation needed] Part of the marketing took the form of an alternative reality game, I Love Bees, centered around a website apparently hacked by a mysterious intelligence. Over the course of the game, audio clips were released that formed a narrative set on Earth between Halo and Halo 2.[15] Halo 2 was a critical and commercial success, grossing $125 million in the first day and becoming the highest-grossing release in entertainment history up to that point; it would ultimately sell 8 million copies, becoming the best-selling Xbox game.[citation needed] Halo 2 was also a significant motivator for subscriptions to the Xbox Live multiplayer service.[16]
Frustrated by the development of Halo 2 and wanting to move on to new non-Halo projects, Bungie wanted to wrap things up in a satisfying manner with Halo 3. Burned out by Halo 2, Jason Jones went on an extended sabbatical, and the Halo 3 effort started without direction as no one was definitively in charge. Designer Paul Bertone recalled that the large development staff (70–80 people) meant more meetings and less efficiency. Multiple staff members temporarily or permanently departed the development team, including Hoberman, who started his own studio, Certain Affinity after developing Halo 3's online systems. Despite the difficult development, overall Halo 3's development went more smoothly than Halo 2.[5] Halo 3 was announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo,[17] and released on the Xbox 360 on September 25, 2007.[citation needed] It added new gameplay elements, including deployable equipment and heavy weapons.[18] The game also added a limited map-editing tool, known as Forge, which allows players to insert game objects, such as weapons and vehicles, into existing multiplayer map geometry.[citation needed] A saved films feature allowed players to record gameplay and review it from any angle.[19] Backed by an extensive marketing campaign, Halo 3 was a critical and commercial success, grossing $170 million in the U.S. in the first 24 hours.[20] The game was the best-selling title of the year in the U.S., and the fourteenth best-selling game of the 2000s.[21]
Lingering dissatisfaction with Bungie's acquisition by Microsoft in 2000 and a desire for more favorable profit-sharing on Halo 3 led to an agreement where Bungie would become an independent studio after shipping a set number of new Halo games.[5] Bungie announced their independence in October 2007.[22] They were contractually obligated to produce two more Halo games as part of the deal. One project turned into the game Halo: Reach, while the other was initially going to be a production with Peter Jackson's Wingnut Interactive. When that project was scrapped, Bungie took elements prototyped for it and added them to a smaller Halo 3 expansion, originally titled Halo 3: Recon.[5]
Produced using the Halo 3 engine and assets and with a smaller staff of only around 20 full-time employees, Recon—later renamed Halo 3: ODST—was conceived as a noir detective story, with the player character uncovering clues in a hub world that triggered playable flashbacks. The player had flexibility to explore and play missions in any order. Bungie staffers recalled that getting resources for the game was tough, as most of the studio's attention was on Halo: Reach.[5] In the game, players assume the role of weaker Orbital Drop Shock Troopers (ODSTs) rather than Spartan supersoldiers; lost health must be replenished with scrounged health packs. A VISR mode illuminates dark environments and highlights friends and foes, and the player is equipped with new equipment, such as silenced submachine guns and pistols. In addition to shipping with the complete Halo 3 multiplayer, ODST also added a cooperative survival mode called Firefight, where players fight against waves of enemies with limited lives.[citation needed] Halo 3: ODST released September 22, 2009, and was positively received, though its price as a full game, rather than a cheaper expansion, was occasionally criticized.[5][23] It was the top-selling title of the month in the U.S. and ultimately sold more than three million copies worldwide.[citation needed]
Tired of focusing on the character of Master Chief, Bungie cast Halo: Reach as a prequel to Combat Evolved, taking place on the doomed human world of Reach as it falls under attack from the Covenant.[5] The step backwards in the timeline was mirrored by the gameplay, which Bungie wanted to harken to Combat Evolved with more open environments and exploration, and the return of health packs.[23] Among the new additions were the replacement of single-use equipment with persistent armor abilities that enables sprinting, jetpacks, or temporary invincibility.[24] The game's release was preceded by an beta to help balance the game and squash bugs.[25] Reach released September 14, 2010 and was a success, making $200 million its first day and selling more than 4.7 million units by September 2011.[26][27]
2010–2024: 343 Industries games
While Bungie finished their association with Halo, the rights to the franchise remained with Microsoft.[22] Bonnie Ross, Xbox general manager at the time, recalled that her colleagues felt Halo was a waning property and wanted to outsource new game development,[28][29]: 21:45–23:00 while Ross argued for an internal studio.[29]: 26:15–27:05 Ross' vision won out, and she was put in charge of a new internal Halo studio, 343 Industries, named after the character 343 Guilty Spark.[30][31][32][33] The studio started with a small staff in late 2007.[29]: 28:22
While 343 Industries worked with Bungie on ODST and Reach, the new company's first game project was Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary, a remaster of the franchise's debut title. The game was developed in partnership with Saber Interactive, with 343 Industries handling creative and Saber the engineering.[29]: 29:00–30:55 Saber had just one year to develop the game in anticipation of Combat Evolved's tenth anniversary.[34] Players can switch between the original graphics and updated visuals with a button press.[35] Both classic and new graphics are presented in high-definition, 16:9 widescreen compared to the original game's 480i resolution and 4:3 aspect ratio.[36] Certain Affinity helped develop multiplayer maps for the game, beginning a long collaboration between the two studios.[5] Reviews were generally positive,[37] though critics disagreed if the original, unaltered gameplay held up to modern standards.[38][39]
343 Industries began staffing up their studio while beginning development on the next major Halo title, eventually growing to nearly 200,[40] and decided where they wanted to take Master Chief's story over the course of future games. Ryan Payton was initially offered the role of creative director, but his ideas for the game did not mesh with the expected first-person shooter focus, and before prototyping was done Payon was replaced and ultimately left in 2011. Josh Holmes took over as creative designer, and the studio shifted focus from ideating to producing the game in earnest. The end result was a more safe, straightforward sequel to Halo 3.[5] Holmes wanted the game's story mode to explore Master Chief's relationship with Cortana, who would break down into a dementia-like state.[41] Struggling with making the plot accessible for new players,[40] the team considered dropping the storyline. Holmes, drawing inspiration from his own mother's battle with dementia, insisted it stayed in.[41]
Halo 4 was announced at E3 2011 and released November 6, 2012.[42][43] The game picks up years after the events of Halo 3, as Master Chief and Cortana fight against a reawakened Forerunner.[citation needed] The game achieved record first-day sales for the franchise.[44] While reviews were generally positive,[45] the story was dinged for being incomprehensible to casual players and relying on knowledge of the wider franchise media.[46]
Intending to create a 10th anniversary edition of Halo 2, like they had with Combat Evolved, 343 Industries, Saber Interactive, Certain Affinity and other studios collaborated on Halo: The Master Chief Collection, repacking Combat Evolved Anniversary, Halo 2 Anniversary, Halo 3 and Halo 4 in a single collection for the Xbox One console. The launch was marred with glitches and matchmaking issues, which required numerous patches to fix.[47] Ross apologized to fans for the state of the game, and promised future Halo games would have public betas.[48] Reach and ODST were subsequently added to the collection, which was ported to PC and received enhancements for the Xbox Series X.[49]
343 Industries' next installment, Halo 5: Guardians, was announced in 2014.[50] The game takes place across many worlds, mainly the Elite homeworld, and revolves around Spartan Locke's hunt for the rogue Master Chief, who is trying to find a still-living Cortana.[51]
The third part of the Reclaimer Saga, Halo Infinite, was announced during E3 2018.[52] It brings the focus back to Master Chief, and Halo's roots by taking place on the new Zeta Halo. The story mainly focuses on exploring the deeper lore of the Halo series, finding what happened to Cortana, and battles with the Banished.[2] It released December 2021.[53]
Halo Studios and future projects
On October 6, 2024, 343 Industries unveiled a seven-minute video where they officially announced their rebranding as Halo Studios, while also confirming that multiple new games in the series were currently in development, and that said games would use Unreal Engine 5 as opposed to the proprietary Slipspace Engine.[54] Studio head Pierre Hintze explained that the decision to rebrand the studio came from an internal shift in development philosophy behind the franchise, giving the team a "clean break" as was the case with transitioning between Bungie and 343.[55]
Spin-offs
Halo returned to its real-time strategy roots with Halo Wars, developed by Ensemble Studios for the Xbox 360 and released in 2009. The game takes place 21 years prior to the events of Halo: Combat Evolved.[citation needed] Ensemble focused their efforts on developing a control scheme that was simple and intuitive for console strategy games, traditionally considered inferior to their keyboard-and-mouse-driven computer game siblings.[citation needed] The game received generally positive reviews from critics,[56] and sold an estimated 2.6 million units, a massive success for the genre on consoles.[57] Halo Wars was Ensemble's last project as a studio before shuttering; post-release updates and content were developed by Robot Entertainment.[58] A sequel, Halo Wars 2, was developed by Creative Assembly and released on Xbox One and PC platforms simultaneously in February 2017.[57]
Interested in bringing Halo to mobile devices, 343 Industries partnered with Vanguard Games to produce Halo: Spartan Assault, a twin-stick shooter initially released on Windows 8 tablets and phones in 2013; the game later came to the Xbox One and iOS platforms.[citation needed] Spartan Assault was followed by a sequel, Halo: Spartan Strike, in 2015.[59]
Other Halo spinoffs include a virtual reality experience, Halo Recruit,[60] and Halo: Fireteam Raven, a coin-operated arcade game developed by Raw Thrills and PlayMechanix released in 2018, starting with Round1 USA and Dave & Buster's arcades.[61] Fireteam Raven takes place during the events of Halo: Combat Evolved and puts the players in control of up to four ODST Members battling Covenant forces and the Flood within 6 levels.[citation needed]
Unrealized projects
In the 2000s, spin-off titles were rumored or pitched for the Game Boy Advance,[62] Gizmondo,[63] Ultra-Mobile PC,[64] and Nintendo DS.[65] An episodic video game, Halo: Chronicles, was announced in 2006. To be developed by film director Peter Jackson's Wingnut Interactive, it was canceled as part of budget cuts tied to job layoffs in January 2009.[66] Ensemble Studios developed a Halo-themed massively multiplayer online game, Titan. The project was canceled internally in 2007–2008, as Microsoft lost interest in a PC-based game.[65][67] Certain Affinity was slated to develop their own Halo title, but it was never greenlit because the team was needed to develop the Halo Waypoint online portal instead. A Mega Bloks-branded spinoff game, similar to the style of Lego video games, was prototyped for the Xbox 360 but not pursued; footage of the game leaked several years later in 2017.[65]
343 Industries announced a free-to-play Halo multiplayer game for Windows PC, Halo Online, in 2015. The game launched with a closed beta test limited to Russia that year. The title was developed with Saber Interactive using modified version of the Halo 3 engine, and published by Innova Systems. The project was canceled in August 2016.[65][68] Players modified the game to circumvent the region limitations and add new content after the project's official cancellation.[69] This "ElDewrito" project saw legal takedowns from Microsoft for violating its game usage rules.[70] The modders claimed its ElDewrito's popularity hastened Microsoft's plans to release a Windows version of Halo: The Master Chief Collection, which would later include content from Halo Online.[71][72]
Cultural influences and themes
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Bungie acknowledged that the Halo series' use of ring-shaped megastructures followed on from concepts featured in Larry Niven's Ringworld and Iain M. Banks' Culture series (of which Consider Phlebas and Excession were said to be particularly influential.)[73][74] Jaime Griesemer commented that the influence of Ringworld was less in the appearance of the Halo rings, but instead "in that feeling of being somewhere else. That sense of scale and an epic story going on out there."[73] Griesemer also explained, "One of the main sources of inspiration was Armor [by John Steakley], in which a soldier has to constantly re-live the same war over and over again. That sense of hopelessness, a relentless battle, was influential."[73] The Flood were influenced by the assimilating alien species in Christopher Rowley's The Vang;[73] it has also been speculated that the Master Chief's name "John 117" may have been a reference to a character named Jon 6725416 in Rowley's Starhammer,[75] or to the John Spartan character of Demolition Man.[76] An IGN article exploring the literary influences present in the Halo franchise commented on similarities between Halo and Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game: aspects of the SPARTAN Project and the design of the Covenant Drones are perceived as reminiscent of the super soldier program and Buggers found in the novel.[75] Bungie has also acknowledged James Cameron's film Aliens as a strong cinematic influence.[77]
A report written by Roger Travis and published by The Escapist compares Halo with the Latin epic Aeneid, written by classical Roman poet Virgil. Travis posits similarities between the plots of both works and compares the characters present in them, with the Flood and Covenant taking the role performed by the Carthaginians and Master Chief taking the role of Aeneas.[78]
The Halo franchise draws heavily from religious iconography and nomenclature. The Flood and especially the Gravemind serve as demonic or satanic figures,[79] and the Master Chief's first encounter with the Flood can be likened to a journey to hell.[80] Academic P.C. Paulissen notes that the name 'Flood' suggests a reference to the biblical deluge, with the Forerunner Ark being shelter from the Flood's destructive and cleansing power akin to the Bible.[81]
Esports
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Players began creating impromptu Halo tournaments and local parties after the release of the first game. Bungie looked at the success of these matches as inspiration for crafting the online multiplayer components of Halo 2.[82] Larger organizations soon began operating Halo competitive games. In August 2002, G4 hosted the Halo National Championship Finals, a FFA [free-for-all] tournament involving sixteen players from across the country (hosted by Wil Wheaton of Star Trek fame.)[83] The Associates of Gaming Professionals (AGP), which focused solely on Halo, held its first event in November 2002.[84] Inspired by friends placing bets on their Halo matches, Mike Sepso and Sundance DiGiovanni formed Major League Gaming the same year.[85]
Microsoft and 343 Industries sponsored their own professional Halo league, called the Halo Championship Series (HCS), in 2014.[86] It was started in partnership with the Electronic Sports League (ESL). Seasons 1 and 2 ran on The Master Chief Collection.[87] In August 2015 Microsoft announced it would be increasing the total prize pool of the HCS to US$1 million, for the newly announced Halo World Championship, which will be the debut event for Halo 5.[88] This prize pool was later announced to be crowd-funded, which later resulted in Major League Gaming announcing that the prize pool had climbed to US$2 million. Later that week, 343 announced that the prize pool was locked at US$2.5 million. This was the largest console esports prize pool ever.[89]
Forge
First introduced in Halo 3, Forge is an in-game map editor designed for adjusting weapon, vehicle, and prop placement. While in Editor Mode, the player becomes a floating robot, or "monitor", who can spawn, move, and delete any game object on the map. All objects are assigned a monetary value, and cost money to spawn; the level's "Forge budget" determines how much money the player can use to spawn objects.[90] Outside of its intended use as a map editor, Forge was used to create draw pictures or write messages.[91] Fan content inspired a popular user-created Forge map and game mode styled after rugby called Grifball, which would become an official game mode in later releases[92] In subsequent games, the Forge editor would gain new capabilities.[citation needed]
Music
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Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori collaborated to produce the soundtracks for Bungie's Halo games. Approached by Bungie to produce something ancient and mysterious for Halo's debut, O'Donnell decided to use Gregorian chant, joining in with others to sing the vocal parts.[5] The music was designed to change dynamically based on what was occurring in-game;[93] for a more enjoyable listening experience on the soundtrack releases, O'Donnell arranged the music into standalone suites.[94] For Halo 2, the soundtrack included licensed music from Incubus and Breaking Benjamin alongside the orchestral score; rock guitar virtuoso, Steve Vai, performed various solos throughout the score.[citation needed]
For Halo 3, O'Donnell noted he wanted to bring back the themes from the original game to help tie together the end of the trilogy.[95] The tracks are presented, similarly to the previous soundtrack for Halo 2,[96] in a suite form. Unlike previous soundtracks, where much of the music had been synthesized on computer, the soundtrack for Halo 3 was recorded using a 60-piece orchestra, along with a 24-voice chorus.[97][98][99] A soundtrack for Halo 3: ODST was released alongside the game and included many of the tracks from the game.[100] For Bungie's last game in the Halo series, Halo: Reach, Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori returned to compose the soundtrack. O'Donnell wrote "somber, more visceral" music to reflect the darker nature of the campaign and style of the game. As Bungie had been making Halo 3: ODST and Halo: Reach at the same time, Martin O'Donnell had also been composing the soundtracks at the same time, but production for the music of Halo: Reach did not begin until after the release of Halo 3: ODST.[citation needed]
The music of Halo helped spur a renewed interest in chant music.[101]
For Halo Wars, the task of creating the game's music fell to Stephen Rippy. Rippy listened to O'Donnell's soundtracks for inspiration and incorporated the Halo theme into parts of his arrangements. In addition to synthesized and orchestral components, the composer focused on the choir and piano as essential elements, feeling these were important in creating the "Halo sound".[102]
The music of Halo 4 was composed by Neil Davidge and Kazuma Jinnouchi. The Halo 4 Original Soundtrack was released on October 22, 2012, followed by a two-disc Special Edition on November 6. Neil Davidge served as an out-of-house composer for 343 Industries which proved to be very expensive leading Kazuma Jinnouchi to take over the responsibility of music production for Halo 5: Guardians. The music by Neil Davidge and Kazuma Jinnouchi for Halo 4 received mixed reviews, being recognized as creative music but too different from the original Halo formula. Jinnouchi returned to compose the music for Halo 5: Guardians.
In 2017, 343 Industries and Creative Assembly released a sequel to Halo Wars titled Halo Wars 2. The soundtrack was composed by Gordy Haab, Brian Lee White and Brian Trifon under the direction of Paul Lipson who had helped in the audio and music of nearly every previous Halo title. The Halo Wars 2 soundtrack featured many melodies from the music that Stephen Rippy had composed for the first Halo Wars but with new arrangements and more melodies to represent the individual characters. The original game soundtrack was released on February 17, 2017, and released digitally on February 21, 2017.
The music for Halo Infinite was a collaboration between Gareth Coker, Curtis Schweitzer, Joel Corelitz, Alex Bhore, and Eternal Time & Space, overseen by 343 Industries Music Supervisor Joel Yarger. Infinite's soundtrack was released digitally on December 8, 2021, in two albums, one covering the score for the campaign, and another covering the music for the game's multiplayer component.
Other media
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The Halo franchise includes various types of merchandise and adaptations outside of the video games. This includes bestselling novels, graphic novels, and other licensed products, from action figures to a packaging tie-in with Mountain Dew.[citation needed] Numerous action figures and vehicles based on Halo have been produced. Joyride Studios created Halo and Halo 2 action figures, while Halo 3 poseable and collectible action figures, aimed at collectors, were produced by McFarlane Toys and became some of the top-selling action figures of 2007 and 2008.[103] MEGA Bloks has partnered with Microsoft to produce Halo-themed toys.[104]
Books
As part of Microsoft's multimedia efforts, Microsoft Studios decided to create a tie-in novel for Combat Evolved. Eric Nylund wrote Halo: The Fall of Reach in seven weeks, and it was published in October 2001.[citation needed] Nylund would write additional Halo works including the novels First Strike (2003) and Ghosts of Onyx (2006).[citation needed] The game itself was turned into a novelization by William C. Dietz in 2003, called Halo: The Flood.[citation needed] Other novels have been written by Joseph Staten (Contact Harvest), Tobias S. Buckell, Karen Traviss, Greg Bear (The Forerunner Saga), Matt Forbeck, John Shirley, Troy Denning, Cassandra Rose Clarke, and Kelly Gay.[105]
A collection of Halo short stories, Halo: Evolutions, was simultaneously released in print and audiobook formats in November 2009. Evolutions includes original material by Nylund, Buckell, Traviss, and contributions from Bungie.[106] Tor re-released the first three Halo novels with new content and cover art.[107] Another collection, Halo: Fractures, compiled new and previously released short fiction in 2016.[108]
Comics
The Halo universe was adapted into comics in 2006 with the release of The Halo Graphic Novel, a collection of four short stories published by Marvel Comics. Marvel produced a number of other Halo comic series. Halo: Uprising, by Brian Michael Bendis and Alex Maleev, bridges the gap between the events of Halo 2 and Halo 3;[109] initially planned to conclude shortly before the release of Halo 3 in 2007, delays led to the final issue being published April 2009.[citation needed] Two additional comic runs were announced in 2009.[110] Peter David's series, Halo: Helljumper, is set prior to Halo: Combat Evolved and focuses on the elite Orbital Drop Shock Troopers. The five-part series was published between July and November 2009.[111] Fred Van Lente's series, Halo: Blood Line, revolves around a black ops team of Spartan supersoldiers assigned to the UNSC Office of Naval Intelligence,[112] and debuted in December 2009.[113] Marvel also released a three-part comic adaptation of the novel Halo: The Fall of Reach in 2011.[114]
Dark Horse Comics has produced a number of Halo series, beginning with the three-part series Halo: Initiation, released in August 2013.[115] Also announced was Halo: Escalation, an ongoing comic series covering the period directly after Halo 4; it ran for 24 issues from 2013 to 2015.[116][citation needed]
Live-action
Unproduced feature
In 2005, Columbia Pictures president Peter Schlessel began working outside the studio system to produce a Halo film adaptation. Alex Garland wrote a script,[117] which was then pitched to studios by couriers dressed as Master Chief. Microsoft's terms required $10 million against 15 percent of gross; most studios passed, citing the lack of risk for Microsoft compared to their large share of potential profits. 20th Century Fox and Universal Pictures decided to partner to produce the film, paying Microsoft $5 million to option the film and 10 percent of grosses.[118] Peter Jackson was slated to be the executive producer,[119] with Neill Blomkamp as director. Before Blomkamp signed on, Guillermo del Toro was in negotiations to direct.[120]
D. B. Weiss and Josh Olson rewrote Garland's script during 2006.[121] Pre-production of the film was halted and restarted several times.[122] Later that year, 20th Century Fox threatened to pull out of the project, leading Universal to issue an ultimatum to Jackson and Schlessel: either reduce their large "first-dollar" revenue deals, or the project was ended. Both refused, and the project stalled.[118] Blomkamp would produce a series of live-action shorts as promotion for Halo 3, collectively titled Halo: Landfall.[123] The rights for the film reverted to Microsoft.[124]
Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn
Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn is a live-action film and miniseries set in the Halo universe. Although shot as a feature-length film, Forward Unto Dawn was originally released as a webseries consisting of five episodes released between October 5, 2012, and November 2, 2012. The series' plot, occurring in the early days of the Human-Covenant War, revolves around Thomas Lasky, a young cadet at Corbulo Academy of Military Science, and how John-117 inspired him to eventually become a leader. Lasky is also a prominent character in Halo 4 as a commander on the UNSC Infinity. The name of the series, aside from being a reference to the UNSC frigate Forward Unto Dawn, is given new significance in the series as part of a running motif based on a poem. The film cut was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 4, 2012.
Halo: Nightfall
On April 3, 2014, it was announced that Ridley Scott and his production company, Scott Free Productions, were working on a Halo digital feature alongside 343 Industries and Xbox Entertainment Studios; Scott would be the executive producer, with David W. Zucker and Sergio Mimica-Gezzan as the directors. The feature was expected to follow the same format as Machinima's Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn.[125] On June 9, 2014, it was announced at E3 2014 that the feature, titled Halo: Nightfall, would be included with Halo: The Master Chief Collection at its November 2014 launch. The feature introduces a new character to the franchise, Agent Jameson Locke, played by actor Mike Colter; Nightfall is considered to be his origin story.[126] Locke is one of the Spartans portrayed on the cover art and plays a large role in the series.[127] On July 24, 2014, 343 Industries released the first trailer for the feature.[128] Halo: Nightfall is available to watch through Halo Channel, an application for the Xbox One, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone.[129] On March 16, 2015, the series became available to stream, download, and buy on physical disc.[130]
Paramount+ television series
On May 21, 2013, Xbox Entertainment Studios and 343 announced that a live-action television show of Halo would be produced with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer through what is now Amblin Television. It was originally titled Halo: The Television Series.[citation needed] Later, it was announced the series would premiere on the American premium cable network Showtime.[131] The series subsequently sat in development hell for many years; the series began casting in 2019 and filming in 2021.[132][133][134] The series premiered on Paramount+ on March 24, 2022.[135]
Animation
Microsoft announced at Comic-Con 2009 that it was overseeing production of a series of seven short anime films, together called Halo Legends. Financed by 343 Industries, the animation was created by six Japanese production houses: Bee Train Production, Bones, Casio Entertainment, Production I.G., Studio 4°C, and Toei Animation. Shinji Aramaki, creator and director of Appleseed and Appleseed Ex Machina, served as the project's creative director. Warner Bros. distributed Legends on DVD and Blu-ray in February 2010.[32][136] Six of the stories are officially part of the Halo canon, with the seventh, made by Toei, intended to be a parody of the universe.[137]
An animated version of The Fall of Reach is included in the Halo 5: Guardians Limited Edition and Collector's Edition.[138][139]
Legacy
Summarize
Perspective
Sales of games in the Halo series were more than 81 million by 2021.[146] Total franchise sales were reported at $6 billion the same year.[147] Non-game merchandise grosses counted for $1.8 billion of that figure.[148] Many of the Halo novels have appeared on Publishers Weekly, USA Today and The New York Times bestsellers lists,[149] and multiple Halo soundtracks have charted on the Billboard 200.[150]
Halo redefined first-person shooters on consoles and was a major component in the Xbox console's early success.[151] Halo's success led to the term "Halo killer" being used to describe console games that aspire, or are considered, to be better than Halo.[152] It was the Xbox's killer app.[153] In a retrospective of Halo 2, journalist Anthony John Agnello described the game's impact as akin to the astroid hit that killed the dinosaurs, remaking the gaming landscape and creating the modern conception of games as shared social experiences.[82]
In 2007 IGN listed Combat Evolved as the top Xbox game of all time, while readers ranked it the fourteenth best game ever on "IGN Readers' Choice 2006 – The Top 100 Games Ever".[154][155] IGN listed Halo 2 as the number two top Xbox game of all time in March 2007.[154] Halo 3 was nominated for and won multiple awards; it won Time magazine's "Game of the Year" and IGN chose it as the Best Xbox 360 Online Multiplayer Game and Innovative Design of 2007.[156][157][158] Most publications called the multiplayer aspect one of the best features; IGN said the multiplayer map lineup was the strongest of the series, and GameSpy added that the multiplayer offering will greatly please "Halo veterans".[159][160] Complaints focused on the game's plot. The New York Times said the game had a "throwaway" plot and Total Video Games judged the single-player aspect ultimately disappointing.[161][162] The series' music and audio has received enthusiastic response from game reviewers.[160][163][164]
The musical theme and Master Chief are considered gaming icons, and the Chief and Halo are considered important mascots and aspects of the Xbox brand.[citation needed]
GamesTM stated Halo: Combat Evolved "changed video game combat forever", and Halo 2 showcased Xbox Live as a tool for communities.[165] Game Daily noted Halo 2's launch was "easily comparable to the biggest in other sectors of the entertainment industry", marking the first time a video game launch has become a major cultural event in the United States.[166] Halo has been described as a series that "has reinvented a genre that didn't know it needed to be reinvented", with aspects of the main trilogy being duplicated in other first-person shooter games multiple times.[167]
Variety called Halo "the equivalent of Star Wars".[168]
Characters and elements from the series have made their way to other games such as Killer Instinct, Guitar Hero, Forza, and Fortnite.[169]
Ed Fries, former vice president of game publishing at Microsoft, published a demake of Halo, Halo 2600, for the Atari 2600.[170]
The Halo franchise spurred an array of productions in an emerging genre of machinima—the use of games for filmmaking.[171] Most productions are set outside Halo canon, while others are based on fan fiction closely relating to the story. Halo 3 includes a saved film function that allows camera angles not possible in previous games, and other features that simplify production. The game has become one of the most popular tools for generating machinima, and Microsoft updated its user license agreement to allow noncommercial distribution of such films.[172] Among the notable machinima productsion made with Halo is the comedy series Red vs. Blue created by Rooster Teeth Productions. It has achieved an unparalleled level of success in Halo machinima in specific, and machinima in general; it is credited with bringing attention to the genre.[173][174] Other machinima series include Arby ‘n the Chief, Fire Team Charlie, The Codex, and the in-game interview show This Spartan Life.[citation needed]
References
External links
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