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Gynomonoecy is defined as the presence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual of a plant species.[1] It is prevalent in Asteraceae but is poorly understood.[2]
It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.[3]
This sexual system occurs in about 2.8% of flowering plants.[4] It is present in 3% of Silene species[5] and 23 families of flowering plants, but is most common in the daisy family, Asteraceae.[6] Of the approximately 23000 species in the Asteraceae[7]: 480 about 200 are gynomonoecious.[8]
Gynomonoecy may be an intermediate evolutionary state between monoecy and hermaphroditism.[9] It is also postulated to be the ancestor to trimonoecy.[3]
Gynomonecy evolved once in Hawaiian Tetramolopium.[10]
In families like Compositae or Chenopodiaceae, gynomonoecy is considered leading path to monoecy from hermaphroditism and vice versa.[11]
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