Jnanpith Award

The Jnanpith Award is the oldest and the highest Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English,^[a] with no posthumous conferral.^[2]

Jnyanapeeth Award
Award for individual contributions to Literature Instituted in 1961
Citation plaque
Awarded for	Literary award in India
Sponsored by	Bharatiya Jnanpith
Reward(s)	₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹17 lakh or US$19,000 in 2023)
First award	1965
Final award	2024
Most recent winner	Vinod Kumar Shukla
Highlights
Total awarded	65
First winner	G. Sankara Kurup
Website	jnanpith.net

From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize and a bronze replica of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom.^[3][4][5] The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute), published in 1950.^[6] The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years, excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹1.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹31 lakh or US$35,000 in 2023) from 1981.^[7]

As of 2015^[update], the cash prize has been revised to ₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹17 lakh or US$19,000 in 2023). The award has been conferred upon 65 writers including eight women authors. In 1976, Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Prothom Protishruti (The First Promise), the first in a trilogy.^[b][8]

The most recent recipient of the award is the Hindi author Vinod Kumar Shukla, awarded for the year of 2024.

Background

The Bharatiya Jnanpith, a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family, conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages". Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.

On 2 April 1962, around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president.^[3] However, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee.^[3][9]

The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar, Niharranjan Ray, Karan Singh, R. R. Diwakar, V. Raghavan, B. Gopal Reddy, Harekrushna Mahatab, Rama Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand. Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award. The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English. The final round had four authors; Kazi Nazrul Islam (Bengali), D. V. Gundappa (Kannada), Viswanatha Satyanarayana (Telugu), and G. Sankara Kurup (Malayalam). On 19 November 1966, Kurup was presented with the citation, statue of Saraswati, and a cheque for prize of ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹60 lakh or US$69,000 in 2023) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan, Delhi.^[c] In his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing "integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane".^[10]

Rules and selection process

The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages.^[3] The language of the most recent recipient's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years.^[2] Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages. All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board.

The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms.^[3] The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English. The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board, which has final authority in selection.^[2]

List of recipients

Key

†	Indicates a joint award for the given year

G. Sankara Kurup was the first recipient of the award.

Rambhadracharya (top) and Gulzar (bottom); recipients of the 58th Jnanpith award.

List of award recipients, showing the year, and language(s)^[11]

Year	Recipient(s)	Language(s)	Refs./Notes
1965 (1st)	G. Sankara Kurup	Malayalam	[d][12]
1966 (2nd)	Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay	Bengali	[e][12]
1967 (3rd) †	Umashankar Joshi	Gujarati	[f][12]
	Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa 'Kuvempu'	Kannada	[g][12]
1968 (4th)	Sumitranandan Pant	Hindi	[h][12]
1969 (5th)	Firaq Gorakhpuri	Urdu	[i][12]
1970 (6th)	Viswanatha Satyanarayana	Telugu	[j][12]
1971 (7th)	Bishnu Dey	Bengali	[k][12]
1972 (8th)	Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'	Hindi	[l][12]
1973 (9th) †	D. R. Bendre	Kannada	[m][12]
	Gopinath Mohanty	Odia	[n][12]
1974 (10th)	Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar	Marathi	[o][12]
1975 (11th)	Akilan	Tamil	[p][12]
1976 (12th)	Ashapoorna Devi	Bengali	[q][12]
1977 (13th)	K. Shivaram Karanth	Kannada	[r][12]
1978 (14th)	Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya'	Hindi	[s][12]
1979 (15th)	Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya	Assamese	[t][12]
1980 (16th)	S. K. Pottekkatt	Malayalam	[u][12]
1981 (17th)	Amrita Pritam	Punjabi	[v][12]
1982 (18th)	Mahadevi Varma	Hindi	[w][13]
1983 (19th)	Masti Venkatesha Iyengar	Kannada	[14]
1984 (20th)	Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai	Malayalam	[15]
1985 (21st)	Pannalal Patel	Gujarati	[16]
1986 (22nd)	Sachidananda Routray	Odia	[17]
1987 (23rd)	Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj'	Marathi	[18]
1988 (24th)	C. Narayana Reddy	Telugu	[19]
1989 (25th)	Qurratulain Hyder	Urdu	[20]
1990 (26th)	Vinayaka Krishna Gokak	Kannada	[21]
1991 (27th)	Subhash Mukhopadhyay	Bengali	[22]
1992 (28th)	Naresh Mehta	Hindi	[23]
1993 (29th)	Sitakant Mahapatra	Odia	[24]
1994 (30th)	U. R. Ananthamurthy	Kannada	[25]
1995 (31st)	M. T. Vasudevan Nair	Malayalam	[26]
1996 (32nd)	Mahasweta Devi	Bengali	[27]
1997 (33rd)	Ali Sardar Jafri	Urdu	[28]
1998 (34th)	Girish Karnad	Kannada	[29]
1999 (35th) †	Nirmal Verma	Hindi	[30]
	Gurdial Singh	Punjabi	[30]
2000 (36th)	Mamoni Raisom Goswami	Assamese	[31]
2001 (37th)	Rajendra Shah	Gujarati	[32]
2002 (38th)	Jayakanthan	Tamil	[33]
2003 (39th)	Vinda Karandikar	Marathi	[34]
2004 (40th)	Rehman Rahi	Kashmiri	[35]
2005 (41st)	Kunwar Narayan	Hindi	[36]
2006 (42nd) †	Ravindra Kelekar	Konkani	[36]
	Satya Vrat Shastri	Sanskrit	[36]
2007 (43rd)	O. N. V. Kurup	Malayalam	[37]
2008 (44th)	Akhlaq Mohammed Khan 'Shahryar'	Urdu	[38]
2009 (45th) †	Amarkant	Hindi	[39]
	Shrilal Shukla	Hindi	[39]
2010 (46th)	Chandrashekhara Kambara	Kannada	[40]
2011 (47th)	Pratibha Ray	Odia	[41]
2012 (48th)	Ravuri Bharadhwaja	Telugu	[42]
2013 (49th)	Kedarnath Singh	Hindi	[43]
2014 (50th)	Bhalchandra Nemade	Marathi	[44]
2015 (51st)	Raghuveer Chaudhari	Gujarati	[45]
2016 (52nd)	Shankha Ghosh	Bengali	[46]
2017 (53rd)	Krishna Sobti	Hindi	[47]
2018 (54th)	Amitav Ghosh	English	[48]
2019 (55th)	Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri	Malayalam	[49]
2021 (56th)	Nilamani Phookan	Assamese	[50] [51]
2022 (57th)	Damodar Mauzo	Konkani	[52]
2023 (58th) †	Rambhadracharya	Sanskrit	[53]
	Gulzar	Urdu	[54]
2024 (59th)	Vinod Kumar Shukla	Hindi	[55]

Jnanpith recipients by language

Out of twenty-three eligible languages the award has been presented for works in sixteen languages. The 65 Jnanpith awardees from 1965 to 2024 wrote in the following languages:

Language	Number
Hindi	12
Kannada	8
Bengali	6
Malayalam	6
Urdu	5
Gujarati	4
Marathi	4
Odia	4
Assamese	3
Telugu	3
Konkani	2
Punjabi	2
Sanskrit	2
Tamil	2
English	1
Kashmiri	1
Bodo	0
Dogri	0
Maithili	0
Manipuri	0
Nepali	0
Santali	0
Sindhi	0

See also

• Moortidevi Award, another annual literary award conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith.

Notes

1. The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty-two languages viz. Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.^[1]
2. The trilogy consists of Prothom Protishruti, Subarnalata, and Bakul Katha.
3. The Malayalam language committee headed by N. V. Krishna Warrier submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup's work Odakkuzhal although the Kerala Sahitya Akademi opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize.^[10]
4. Awarded for Odakkuzhal.
5. Awarded for Ganadevta.
6. Awarded for Nishitha.
7. Awarded for Sri Ramayana Darshanam.
8. Awarded for Chidambara.
9. Awarded for Gul-e-Naghma.
10. Awarded for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu.
11. Awarded for Smriti Satta Bhavishyat.
12. Awarded for Urvashi.
13. Awarded for Nakutanti.
14. Awarded for Matimatal.
15. Awarded for Yayati.
16. Awarded for Chitttrappavai.
17. Awarded for Pratham Pratisruti.
18. Awarded for Mookajjiya Kanasugalu.
19. Awarded for Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar.
20. Awarded for Mrityunjay.
21. Awarded for Oru Desathinte Katha.
22. Awarded for Kagaj te Canvas.
23. Awarded for Yaama. In 1982, when Mahadevi Varma received it for her poetry anthology Yaama it did not adhere to the earlier criterion of recognizing a single work. Instead, Yaama represented a collection of selected poems highlighting her overall contribution rather than a singular creation.