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Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a constitutional semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Algeria is head of state while the Prime Minister of Algeria is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the People's National Assembly and the Council of the Nation.
Since the early 1990s, a shift from a socialist to a free market economy has been ongoing with official support.
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The civil war resulted in more than 100,000 deaths since 1991. However, Algerians believe that the national death count was close to 3,000,000. Although the security situation in the country has greatly improved, addressing the underlying issues which brought about the political turmoil of the 1990s remains the government's major task. The government officially lifted the state of emergency declared in 1999.[1]
Under the 1976 Constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the Constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, or region."
The head of state is the President of the republic, who is elected to a five-year term, renewable once (changed by the 2008 Constitution to an infinite mandate but reinstated in 2016). Algeria has universal suffrage. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who also is the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Abdelmadjid Tebboune | Independent | 19 December 2019 |
| Prime Minister | Nadir Larbaoui | Independent | 11 November 2023 |
People's National Assembly
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The People's National Assembly has less power relative to the executive branch than many parliaments and has been described as "rubber-stamping" laws proposed by the president.[2]
As of 2012 there were 462 seats in parliament. In the May 2012 election the government reported a 42.9% turnout, though the BBC reported that correspondents saw "only a trickle of voters" at polling places.[2] In that election 44 political parties participated with the ruling National Liberation Front winning more than any other group—220 seats—and an alliance of moderate Islamists coming in second with 66 seats. The Islamists disputed the results.[3]
Council of the Nation
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In keeping with its amended Constitution, the Algerian Government espouses participatory democracy and free-market competition. The government has stated that it will continue to open the political process and encourage the creation of political institutions. More than 40 political parties, representing a wide segment of the population, are currently active in Algerian national politics. The most recent legislative election was 2017. President Bouteflika pledged to restructure the state as part of his overall reform efforts. However, no specifics are yet available as to how such reforms would affect political structures and the political process itself.
In the 2002 elections, there were 17,951,127 eligible voters, and 8,288,536 of them actually voted which made a turn out of 46.17%. Out of the ballots cast, there were 867,669 void ballots according to the Interior ministry and 7,420,867 which went to the various candidates.
Legislative elections
The most recent legislative election now is the 2017 one:
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Liberation Front | 1,681,321 | 25.99 | 164 | –44 | |
| National Rally for Democracy | 964,560 | 14.91 | 100 | +32 | |
| MSP–FC | 393,632 | 6.09 | 33 | – | |
| Rally for Hope for Algeria | 270,112 | 4.18 | 19 | New | |
| Future Front | 265,564 | 4.11 | 14 | +12 | |
| Algerian Popular Movement | 241,087 | 3.73 | 13 | +6 | |
| Ennahda–FJD | 239,148 | 3.70 | 15 | – | |
| Workers' Party | 191,965 | 2.97 | 11 | –13 | |
| Socialist Forces Front | 152,489 | 2.36 | 14 | –13 | |
| National Republican Alliance | 121,156 | 1.87 | 6 | +4 | |
| Freedom and Justice Party | 88,418 | 1.37 | 2 | ||
| New Dawn | 82,993 | 1.28 | 1 | ||
| Dignity Party | 81,180 | 1.26 | 3 | ||
| Movement for National Reform | 77,290 | 1.19 | 1 | – | |
| El Fath | 69,063 | 1.07 | 1 | ||
| Rally for Culture and Democracy | 65,841 | 1.02 | 9 | +9 | |
| National Front for Social Justice | 63,827 | 0.99 | 1 | ||
| Party of Youth | 63,682 | 0.98 | 2 | ||
| Movement of National Understanding | 51,960 | 0.80 | 4 | ||
| New Algeria Front | 49,413 | 0.76 | 1 | ||
| Independante El Wihda | 42,757 | 0.66 | 3 | ||
| Ahd 54 | 42,160 | 0.65 | 2 | –1 | |
| Republican Patriotic Rally | 40,645 | 0.63 | 2 | 0 | |
| El-Infitah Movement | 38,061 | 0.59 | 1 | 1 | |
| National Struggle Front | 34,695 | 0.54 | 2 | ||
| Union of Democratic and Social Forces | 33,372 | 0.52 | 1 | –2 | |
| National Front for Freedom | 31,976 | 0.49 | 1 | ||
| Free Democratic Front | 28,790 | 0.45 | 2 | ||
| National Party for Solidarity and Development | 28,617 | 0.44 | 2 | –2 | |
| Party of Algerian Renewal | 24,584 | 0.38 | 1 | 0 | |
| National Assembly Union | 17,577 | 0.27 | 1 | ||
| El Taouasol | 16,334 | 0.25 | 1 | ||
| National Union for Development | 15,037 | 0.23 | 1 | ||
| El Hillal | 14,582 | 0.23 | 1 | ||
| National Movement of Algerian Workers | 14,369 | 0.22 | 1 | ||
| Movement of Free Citizens | 14,085 | 0.22 | 1 | 0 | |
| Equity and Proclamation Party | 13,400 | 0.21 | 1 | ||
| Hope and Work | 12,803 | 0.20 | 1 | ||
| Nidaa El Awfiaa | 12,224 | 0.19 | 1 | ||
| El Wafa Wa Tawassol | 12,170 | 0.19 | 1 | ||
| El Wihda Oua Ettadaoul | 10,771 | 0.17 | 1 | ||
| El Wafa | 10,561 | 0.16 | 1 | ||
| Voice of the People | 9,831 | 0.15 | 1 | ||
| Abnaa Echaab | 9,427 | 0.15 | 1 | ||
| El Ouancharisse | 9,046 | 0.14 | 2 | ||
| En Nadjah | 9,019 | 0.14 | 1 | ||
| El Ichrak | 8,901 | 0.14 | 1 | ||
| El Moubadara | 8,662 | 0.13 | 1 | ||
| Elamel | 8,388 | 0.13 | 1 | ||
| Al Kafaa Wal Masdakia | 7,856 | 0.12 | 1 | ||
| Old Ksar | 7,149 | 0.11 | 1 | ||
| Sawt Echaab | 6,652 | 0.10 | 1 | ||
| Izewran Independent List | 6,402 | 0.10 | 1 | ||
| El Amel | 6,361 | 0.10 | 1 | ||
| Independent Citizen Alternative List | 5,977 | 0.09 | 1 | ||
| El Darrouri | 5,675 | 0.09 | 1 | ||
| Forsane Ouargla | 5,414 | 0.08 | 1 | ||
| El Badr | 5,161 | 0.08 | 1 | ||
| El Noor | 4,549 | 0.07 | 1 | ||
| Citizen Initiative | 4,309 | 0.07 | 1 | ||
| Algerian National Front | 615,130 | 9.51 | 0 | –9 | |
| Other parties | 0 | – | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,757,043 | – | – | – | |
| Total | 8,225,223 | 100 | 462 | 0 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 23,251,503 | 37.37 | – | – | |
| Source: Constitutional Council[4] | |||||
Presidential elections
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelmadjid Tebboune | Independent | 4,945,116 | 58.15 | |
| Abdelkader Bengrina | El Binaa | 1,477,735 | 17.38 | |
| Ali Benflis | Talaie El Houriyate | 896,934 | 10.55 | |
| Azzedine Mihoubi | Democratic National Rally | 617,753 | 7.26 | |
| Abdelaziz Belaïd | El Moustakbal Front | 566,808 | 6.66 | |
| Spoiled ballots | 1,243,458 | – | ||
| Disputed votes | 11,588 | – | ||
| Total valid votes | 8,504,346 | 100 | ||
| Total (valid + spoiled) | 9,759,392 | |||
| Registered voters and percent turnout | 24,474,161 | 39.88 | ||
| Source: APS[5] | ||||
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Algeria is divided into 58 wilaya (province) headed by walis (governors) who report to the Minister of Interior. Each wilaya is further divided into daïras, themselves divided in communes. The wilayas and communes are each governed by an elected assembly.
Algeria has more than 30 daily newspapers published in French and Arabic, with a total publication run of more than 1.5 million copies. Although relatively free to write as they choose, in 2001, the government amended the penal code provisions relating to defamation and slander, a step widely viewed as an effort to rein in the press. Government monopoly of newsprint and advertising is seen as another means to influence the press, although it has permitted newspapers to create their own printing distribution networks.
See also List of Algerian newspapers.
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