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The Gorani ([ɡɔ̌rani], Cyrillic: Горани) or Goranci ([ɡɔrǎːntsi], Cyrillic: Горанци), are a Slavic ethnic group inhabiting the Gora region—the triangle between Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia. They number an estimated 60,000 people, and speak a transitional South Slavic dialect, called Goranski. The vast majority of the Gorani people adhere to Sunni Islam.[12]
 Gorani inhabited area (green) in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 60,000 (estimate)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Kosovo | 10,265 (2011 census)[2] |
 Serbia | 7,700 (2022 census)[3] |
 North Macedonia | 148 (2021 census)[4] |
 Albania | Unknown |
 Croatia | 428 (2011 census)[5] |
 Montenegro | 197 (2011 census)[6] |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 24 (2013 census)[7] |
| Languages | |
| Goranski (Našinski) Albanian Macedonian Serbian | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Bosniaks, Pomaks, Torbeši,[8][9][10][11] Bulgarians, Macedonians, Serbs | |
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The ethnonym Goranci, meaning "highlanders", is derived from the Slavic toponym gora, which means "hill, mountain".[13][14] Another autonym of this people is Našinci,[15] which literally means "our people, our ones".
In Macedonian sources, the Gorani are sometimes grouped together with Torbeši.[14]
In the Albanian language, they are known as Goranët[16] and sometimes by other exonyms, such as Bullgarët ("Bulgarians"),[17] Torbesh[13] ("bag carriers") and Poturë ("turkified", from po-tur, literally not Turk but, "turkified", used for Islamized Slavs).[18]
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Some of the local Gorani people have over time also self declared themselves as Serbs,[19][20][21] Albanians, Macedonians, Bosniaks, Muslim Bulgarians, Turks, or just as Muslims, due to geopolitical circumstances and in censuses.[22][14]
In Kosovo, the Gorani number 10,265 inhabitants,[2] which is drastically lower than before the Kosovo War. In 1998, it was estimated that their total population number was at least 50,000.[23]
Settlements
In Albania, there are nine [13] Gorani-inhabited villages: Zapod, Pakisht, Orçikël, Kosharisht, Cernalevë, Orgjost, Oreshkë, Borje and Shishtavec.[24][25]
In Kosovo, there are 18[13] Gorani-inhabited villages: Baćka, Brod, Vranište, Globočice, Gornja Rapča, Gornji Krstac, Dikance, Donja Rapča, Donji Krstac, Zli Potok, Kruševo, Kukaljane, Lještane, Ljubošta, Mlike, Orčuša, Radeša, and Restelica, plus the town of Dragash.[26][27]
Following 1999, Dragash has a mixed population of Gorani, who live in the lower neighbourhood, and Albanians in the upper neighbourhood constituting the majority of inhabitants.[27]
In North Macedonia, there are two Gorani-inhabited villages located in the Polog region: Jelovjane and Urvič.[28][29][30][31]
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Contemporary
The Gora municipality and Opoja region remained separated during the Milošević period.[27] After the war, the Gorani-majority Gora municipality was merged with the Albanian inhabited Opoja region to form the municipality of Dragash by the United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the new administrative unit has an Albanian majority.[27][13][32]
In 2007 the Kosovar provisional institutions opened a school in Gora to teach the Bosnian language, which sparked minor consternation amongst the Gorani population. Many Gorani refuse to send their children to school due to societal prejudices, and threats of assimilation to Bosniaks or Albanians. Consequently, Gorani organized education per Serbia's curriculum.
Gorani activists in Serbia's proper stated they want Gora (a former municipality) to join the Association of Serb Municipalities, causing added pressure on the Gorani Community in Kosovo.[33]
In 2018 Bulgarian activists among Gorani have filed a petition in the country's parliament demanding their official recognition as a separate minority.[34]
Most Gorani state that the unstable situation and economic issues drive them to leave Kosovo. There is also some mention of threats and discrimination by ethnic Albanians.[35]
Apart from the multiethnic town of Dragash, the Gorani of Kosovo continue to live in villages primarily inhabited by their community and relations with Albanians remain tense.[27] Mixed marriage between both communities do not occur with the exception of a few Gorani families that have migrated to Prizren.[27]
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Religion
In the 18th century, a wave of Islamization began in Gora.[12] The Ottoman abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1766/1767 is thought to have prompted the Islamization of Gora as was the trend of many Balkan communities.[36] The last Christian Gorani, Božana, died in the 19th century – she has received a cult, signifying the Gorani's Christian heritage, collected by Russian consuls Anastasiev and Yastrebov in the second half of the 19th century.[12]
Traditions
The Gorani are known for being "the best confectioners and bakers" in former Yugoslavia.[37]
The Slavs of Gora were Christianized after 864 when Bulgaria adopted Christianity. The Ottomans conquered the region in the 14th century, which started the process of Islamization of the Gorani and neighbouring Albanians. However, the Gorani still tangentially observe some Orthodox Christian traditions, such as Slavas and Đurđevdan, and like Serbs they know their Onomastik or saint's days.
Gorani are Sunni Muslims and Sufism and in particular the Halveti and Bektashi Sufi orders are widespread.
Traditional Gorani folk music includes a two-beat dance called "oro" ('circle'), which is a circle dance focused on the foot movements: it always starts on the right foot and moves in an anti-clockwise direction. The Oro is usually accompanied by instruments such as curlje, kaval, čiftelija or tapan, and singing is used less frequently in the dances than in those of the Albanians and Serbs.
The "national" sport of Pelivona is a form of oil wrestling popular among Gorani with regular tournaments being held in the outdoors to the accompaniment of curlje and tapan with associated ritualized hand gestures and dances, with origins in the Middle East through the Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Balkans.
Another popular drink is Turkish coffee which is drunk in small cups accompanied by a glass of water. Tasseography is popular among all Gorani using the residue of Turkish coffee.
Gorani boy in folk costume
Gorani girls in folk costume
Elderly Gorani woman in traditional clothing
Young Gorani dancing at village festival
Language
The Gorani people speak a local South Slavic dialect known as "Našinski"[24] or "Goranski", which forms part of a wider Torlakian dialect,[38] spoken in Southern Serbia, Western Bulgaria and part of North Macedonia. The Slavic dialect of the Gorani community is known as Gorançe by Albanians.[24] Within the Gorani community there is a recognition of their dialects being closer to the Macedonian language than to Serbian.[39] The Torlakian dialect is a transitional dialect of Serbian and Bulgarian whilst also sharing features with Macedonian. The Gorani speech is classified[citation needed] as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian, the Prizren-Timok dialect.
Bulgarian linguists classify the Gorani dialect as part of a Bulgarian dialectal area.[40][41] The Gorani have been used as a lever of Bulgarian irredentism, on the premise that if the Gora dialect is Bulgarian, then all Macedonian dialects are Bulgarian.[42] Illustrating the Bulgarian interest is the first Gorani–Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) published in 2007 by Albanian-Gorani scholar Nazif Dokle, sponsored and printed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.[43] In this dictionary, Dokle defined the language as related to "the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the northwest" North Macedonia.[43][44][45]
Within scholarship, the Goran dialects previously classified as belonging to Serbian have been reassigned[citation needed] to Macedonian in the 21st century.[39]
Gorani speech has numerous loan-words, being greatly influenced by Turkish and Arabic due to the influence of Islam, as well as Albanian areally. It is similar to the Bosnian language because of the numerous Turkish loanwords. Gorani speak Serbo-Croatian in school.[14]
According to the 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while the remainder had called it Serbian.[46] Some linguists, including Vidoeski, Brozovic and Ivic, identify the Slavic-dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian.[47] There are assertions that Macedonian is spoken in 50 to 75 villages in the Gora region (Albania and Kosovo).[48] According to some unverified sources, in 2003 the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani schools.[49]
In 2008 the first issue of a Macedonian-language newspaper, Гороцвет (Gorocvet) was published.[50]
Example of a traditional Gorani song
- Verno libe
- Gledaj me gledaj libe, abe verno libe,
- nagledaj mi se dur ti som ovde.
- Utre ke odim abe verno libe dalek-dalek
- na pusti Gurbet.
- Racaj poracaj libe šo da ti kupim.
- Ti da mi kupiš
- abe gledaniku cerna šamija, ja da ga nosim
- abe gledaniku i da ga želam.
- Racaj poracaj abe verno
- libe šo da ti pratim
- Ti da mi pratiš abe
- gledaniku šarena knjiga
- Ja da ga pujem abe
gledaniku i da ga želam
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- Fahrudin Jusufi, former Yugoslav footballer, born in Zli Potok.[51]
- Sascha Jusufi, retired footballer, son of Fahrudin Jusufi.
- Miralem Sulejmani, Serbian footballer, of Gorani descent[52]
- Almen Abdi, Swiss footballer, of Gorani descent
- Zeli Ismail, English footballer born in Shishtavec[52]
- Zufer Avdija, former Israeli-Serbian basketball player, of Gorani descent
- Deni Avdija, Israeli NBA basketball player, of Gorani descent
- Danel Sinani, Luxembourg footballer, of Gorani descent.
- Dejvid Sinani, Luxembourg footballer, of Gorani descent, brother of Daniel Sinani.
- Veldin Hodža, Croatian footballer.
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