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Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ghil'ad Zuckermann (Hebrew: גלעד צוקרמן, pronounced [ɡiˈlad ˈt͜sukeʁman]; 1 June 1971) is an Israeli-born language revivalist[9] and linguist who works in contact linguistics, lexicology and the study of language, culture and identity.[10]
Ghil'ad Zuckermann | |
|---|---|
Zuckermann in 2011 | |
| Born | 1 June 1971 Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford (D.Phil.) University of Cambridge (Ph.D.) Tel Aviv University (M.A.) United World College of the Adriatic |
| Known for | Hybridic theory of Israeli Hebrew, Classification of camouflaged borrowing, Phono-semantic matching, Revivalistics, Language reclamation and mental health |
| Awards | President of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies (since 2017) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Linguistics, Revivalistics |
| Institutions | Churchill College, Cambridge[1][2] Shanghai Jiao Tong University[3] Weizmann Institute of Science[3] National University of Singapore University of Texas at Austin Middlebury College Shanghai International Studies University[4] The University of Adelaide[5] Flinders University[6] La Trobe University[7][8] East China Normal University[4] |
Zuckermann was awarded the Rubinlicht Prize (2023) "for his research on the profound influence of Yiddish on modern Hebrew",[11][12] and listed among Australia's top 30 "living legends of research" (2024) by The Australian.[13]
He was born in Tel Aviv in 1971, was raised in Eilat, and attended the United World College (UWC) of the Adriatic in 1987–1989.[14][15] In 1997 he received an M.A. in Linguistics from the Adi Lautman Program at Tel Aviv University. In 1997–2000 he was Scatcherd European Scholar of the University of Oxford and Denise Skinner Graduate Scholar at St Hugh's College, receiving a DPhil (Oxon.) in 2000.[16][17][18] While at Oxford, he served as president of the Jewish student group L'Chaim Society. As Gulbenkian research fellow at Churchill College (2000–2004), he was affiliated with the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Modern and Medieval Studies, University of Cambridge. He received a titular Ph.D. (Cantab.) in 2003.[16] Zuckermann is a hyperpolyglot,[19] with his past professorships ranging across universities in England, China, Australia, Singapore, Slovakia, Israel, and the United States.[14] In 2010–2015 he was China's Ivy League Project 211 "Distinguished Visiting Professor", and "Shanghai Oriental Scholar" professorial fellow, at Shanghai International Studies University.[4]
He was Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Fellow in 2007–2011, and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grant holder in 2017–2021, studying the effects of Indigenous language reclamation on wellbeing.[20][21][22] He was awarded a British Academy Research Grant, Memorial Foundation of Jewish Culture Postdoctoral Fellowship, Harold Hyam Wingate Scholarship[23] and Chevening Scholarship.[24][14]
He is elected member of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) and the Foundation for Endangered Languages.[25] He serves as editorial board member of the Journal of Language Contact (Brill),[26] International Academic Board Advisor of the Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy,[27] board member of the Online Museum of Jewish Theatre,[28] and expert witness in trademarks[29] and forensic linguistics.[30][25]
Since February 2011 Zuckermann has been Professor of Linguistics and Chair of Endangered Languages at the University of Adelaide[14] and since February 2017 he has been President of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies (AAJS).[31] In 2013–2015 he was President of the Australasian Association of Lexicography (AustraLex).[32]
Zuckermann applies insights from the Hebrew revival to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages in Australia.[33][34][35] According to Yuval Rotem, the Israeli Ambassador to Australia, Zuckermann's "passion for the reclamation, maintenance and empowerment of Aboriginal languages and culture inspired [him] and was indeed the driving motivator of" the establishment of the Allira Aboriginal Knowledge IT Centre in Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia, on 2 September 2010.[36]
He proposes Native Tongue Title, compensation for language loss, because "linguicide"[37][38] results in "loss of cultural autonomy, loss of spiritual and intellectual sovereignty,[39] loss of soul".[40] He uses the term sleeping beauty to refer to a no-longer spoken language[19][41] and urges Australia "to define the 330 Aboriginal languages, most of them sleeping beauties, as the official languages of their region", and to introduce bilingual signs and thus change the linguistic landscape of the country. "So, for example, Port Lincoln should also be referred to as Galinyala, which is its original Barngarla name."[42]
Zuckermann proposes a controversial hybrid theory of the emergence of Israeli Hebrew according to which Hebrew and Yiddish "acted equally" as the "primary contributors" to Modern Hebrew.[43][44] Scholars including Yiddish linguist Dovid Katz (who refers to Zuckermann as a "fresh-thinking Israeli scholar"), adopt Zuckermann's term "Israeli" and accept his notion of hybridity.[45] Others, for example author and translator Hillel Halkin, oppose Zuckermann's model. In an article published on 24 December 2004 in The Jewish Daily Forward, pseudonymous column "Philologos", Halkin accused Zuckermann of a political agenda.[43] Zuckermann's response was published on 28 December 2004 in The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language.[46]
In 2012[19] Zuckermann started working with the Barngarla community to reclaim the Barngarla language,[47][48] based on the work of a German Lutheran pastor Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann, who had worked at a mission in 1844 and created a Barngarla dictionary.[49] This led to ongoing language revival workshops being held in Port Augusta, Whyalla, and Port Lincoln several times each year, with funding from the federal government's Indigenous Languages Support program.[19][50][51]
Zuckermann co-authored a Barngarla trilogy:[52] Barngarlidhi Manoo ("Speaking Barngarla Together": Barngarla Alphabet & Picture Book; with the Barngarla community, 2019); Mangiri Yarda ("Healthy Country": Barngarla Wellbeing and Nature; with Barngarla woman Emmalene Richards, 2021); and Wardlada Mardinidhi ("Bush Healing": Barngarla Plant Medicines; with Barngarla woman Evelyn Walker, 2023).[53][54]
He has been involved in the revival of other Aboriginal languages such as Bayoongoo,[55] and has been the founder and convener of the Adelaide Language Festival.[56][57]
Zuckermann's research focuses on contact linguistics, lexicology, revivalistics, Jewish languages, and the study of language, culture and identity.
Zuckermann argues that Israeli Hebrew, which he calls "Israeli", is a hybrid language that is genetically both Indo-European (Germanic, Slavic and Romance) and Afro-Asiatic (Semitic). He suggests that "Israeli" is the continuation not only of literary Hebrew(s) but also of Yiddish, as well as Polish, Russian, German, English, Ladino, Arabic and other languages spoken by Hebrew revivalists.[58]
His hybridic synthesis is in contrast to both the traditional revival thesis (i.e. that "Israeli" is Hebrew) and the relexification antithesis (i.e. that "Israeli" is Yiddish with Hebrew words). While both the thesis and the antithesis are mono-parental, Zuckermann's synthesis is multi-parental.[44][59]
Zuckermann introduces revivalistics as a new transdisciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation (e.g. Barngarla), revitalization (e.g. Adnyamathanha) and reinvigoration (e.g. Irish).
Complementing documentary linguistics, revivalistics aims to provide a systematic analysis especially of attempts to resurrect no-longer spoken languages (reclamation) but also of initiatives to reverse language shift (revitalization and reinvigoration).[35]
His analysis of multisourced neologization (the coinage of words deriving from two or more sources at the same time)[60] challenges Einar Haugen's classic typology of lexical borrowing.[61] Whereas Haugen categorizes borrowing into either substitution or importation, Zuckermann explores cases of "simultaneous substitution and importation" in the form of camouflaged borrowing. He proposes a new classification of multisourced neologisms such as phono-semantic matching.
Zuckermann's exploration of phono-semantic matching in Standard Mandarin and Meiji period Japanese concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional: pleremic ("full" of meaning, e.g. logographic), cenemic ("empty" of meaning, e.g. phonographic – like a syllabary) and simultaneously cenemic and pleremic (phono-logographic). He argues that Leonard Bloomfield's assertion that "a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used"[62] is inaccurate. "If Chinese had been written using roman letters, thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined, or would have been coined with completely different forms".[60]
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