Gardner–Salinas braille codes
Tactile system for encoding mathematical and scientific notation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tactile system for encoding mathematical and scientific notation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6.[1]
The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting.[citation needed]
The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille.[1]
Symbol | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembourgish Braille.
GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added.
Compare Luxembourgish Braille.
Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:
Symbol | Parentheses | Brackets | single quote | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
open | close | open | close | open | close | ? | |
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | • | © | † | ‡ | £ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | ~ | ≈ | ≡ | ∝ | |x| (abs. value) | ∞ | ∫ | line ∫ | closed ∫ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | 〈 | 〉 | ∇ | ∂ | ... | → | ← | ○ | ℵ | ∈ | ⇌ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | Superscript | Subscript | Left-superscript | Left-subscript | Begin fraction | Denominator | End fraction | Over * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator.
Symbol | √ | complex radicand * | displayed equation ** | math expressions ** | hyperlink ** | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Open | Close | Open | Close | Open | Close | Open | Close | ||
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
* Used for any > 1 digit radicand.
** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.
Symbol | Array | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Begin | End | End element | End line | vert. stack | horiz. combo | superposition | |
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | Misc. Symbol * | Modifiers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Begin | End | Quantity | Markup indicator | Inverted | Stroke/Not | Variant | Large | |
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | Script | Bold | Italic | Underline | Definable font 1 | Fractur | Roman | Underline |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Symbol | ⊥ | ∥ | ∠ | Open Square | ⊿ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() |
Symbol | ∪ | ∩ | ⊂ | ⊃ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Braille | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() |
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