Mammalian protein found in humans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1, also known as GRM1, is a human gene which encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) protein.[5][6][7]
L-Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropicglutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I, which includes GRM1 alongside GRM5, have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of the GRM1 gene have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.[5]
A possible connection has been suggested between mGluRs and neuromodulators, as mGluR1 antagonists block adrenergic receptor activation in neurons.[8]
Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were reported in 1994. By homologous recombination mediated gene targeting those mice became deficient in mGlu receptor 1 protein. The mice did not show any basic anatomical changes in the brain but had impaired cerebellar long-term depression and hippocampal long-term potentiation. In addition they had impaired motor functions, characterized by impaired balance. In the Morris watermaze test, an assay for learning abilities, those mice needed significantly more time to successfully complete the task.[9]
Mutations in the GRM1 gene may contribute to melanoma susceptibility.[10] Antibodies against mGluR1 receptors cause cerebellar ataxia and impair long-term depression (LTDpathies) in the cerebellum.[11]
In addition to the orthosteric site (the site where the endogenous ligand glutamate binds) at least two distinct allostericbinding sites exist on the mGluR1.[12] A respectable number of potent and specific allosteric ligands – predominantly antagonists/inhibitors – has been developed in recent years, although no orthosteric subtype-selective ligands have yet been discovered (2008).[13]
Hemstapat K, de Paulis T, Chen Y, Brady AE, Grover VK, Alagille D, etal. (August 2006). "A novel class of positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 interact with a site distinct from that of negative allosteric modulators". Molecular Pharmacology. 70 (2): 616–626. doi:10.1124/mol.105.021857. PMID16645124. S2CID2719603.
Lavreysen H, Janssen C, Bischoff F, Langlois X, Leysen JE, Lesage AS (May 2003). "[3H]R214127: a novel high-affinity radioligand for the mGlu1 receptor reveals a common binding site shared by multiple allosteric antagonists". Molecular Pharmacology. 63 (5): 1082–1093. doi:10.1124/mol.63.5.1082. PMID12695537.
Kohara A, Takahashi M, Yatsugi S, Tamura S, Shitaka Y, Hayashibe S, etal. (January 2008). "Neuroprotective effects of the selective type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist YM-202074 in rat stroke models". Brain Research. 1191: 168–179. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.035. PMID18164695. S2CID3236484.
Kohara A, Toya T, Tamura S, Watabiki T, Nagakura Y, Shitaka Y, etal. (October 2005). "Radioligand binding properties and pharmacological characterization of 6-amino-N-cyclohexyl-N,3-dimethylthiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole-2-carboxamide (YM-298198), a high-affinity, selective, and noncompetitive antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 315 (1): 163–169. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.087171. PMID15976016. S2CID15291494.
Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, etal. (June 2007). "Pharmacological characterization of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC)". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 321 (3): 1144–1153. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.116574. PMID17360958. S2CID10065500.
Lemieszek MK, Stepulak A, Sawa-Wejksza K, Czerwonka A, Ikonomidou C, Rzeski W (2018). "Riluzole Inhibits Proliferation, Migration and Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells of Various Origins". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (4): 565–572. doi:10.2174/1871520618666180228152713. PMID29493465. S2CID3605151.
Nagasawa K, Aoki H, Yasuda E, Nagai K, Shimohama S, Fujimoto S (July 2004). "Possible involvement of group I mGluRs in neuroprotective effect of theanine". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 320 (1): 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.143. PMID15207710.
Desai MA, Burnett JP, Mayne NG, Schoepp DD (October 1995). "Cloning and expression of a human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 alpha: enhanced coupling on co-transfection with a glutamate transporter". Molecular Pharmacology. 48 (4): 648–657. PMID7476890.
Mody N, Hermans E, Nahorski SR, Challiss RA (October 1999). "Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation of the human type 1alpha metabotropic glutamate receptor by tunicamycin: effects on cell-surface receptor expression and function". Neuropharmacology. 38 (10): 1485–1492. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00099-4. PMID10530810. S2CID31175440.
Ganesh S, Amano K, Yamakawa K (2000). "Assignment of the gene GRM1 coding for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 to human chromosome band 6q24 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 88 (3–4): 314–315. doi:10.1159/000015517. PMID10828618. S2CID26499807.
