Frodo Baggins

"Frodo" redirects here. For other uses, see Frodo (disambiguation).

Frodo Baggins (Westron: Maura Labingi) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings and one of the protagonists in The Lord of the Rings. Frodo is a hobbit of the Shire who inherits the One Ring from his cousin Bilbo Baggins, described familiarly as "uncle", and undertakes the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor. He is mentioned in Tolkien's posthumously published works, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales.

Frodo Baggins
First appearance	The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
Last appearance	Bilbo's Last Song (1974)
In-universe information
Aliases	Mr. Underhill
Race	Hobbit
Gender	Male
Affiliation	Company of the Ring
Family	Bilbo Baggins
Home	The Shire

Frodo is repeatedly wounded during the quest and becomes increasingly burdened by the Ring as it nears Mordor. He changes, too, growing in understanding and compassion, and avoiding violence. On his return to the Shire, he is unable to settle back into ordinary life; two years after the Ring's destruction, he is allowed to take ship to the earthly paradise of Valinor.

Frodo's name comes from the Old English name Fróda, meaning "wise by experience". Commentators have written that he combines courage, selflessness, and fidelity and that as a good^[1] character, he seems unexciting but grows through his quest, an unheroic person who reaches heroic stature.

Internal history

Sketch map of the Shire. Frodo lived at Bag End, in Hobbiton, near the centre of the map.

Background

Frodo is introduced in The Lord of the Rings as Bilbo Baggins's cousin^{[lower-alpha 1]} and adoptive heir.^{[T 1]} Frodo's parents, Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck, had been killed in a boating accident when Frodo was twelve; Frodo spends the next nine years living with his maternal family, the Brandybucks, in Brandy Hall. At the age of twenty-one, he is adopted by Bilbo, who brings him to live at his home, Bag End in the Shire. He and Bilbo share the same birthday, the 22nd of September. Bilbo introduces Frodo to the Elvish languages, and they often go on long walking trips together.^{[T 1]}

The Fellowship of the Ring

Frodo comes of age as Bilbo leaves the Shire. Frodo inherits Bag End and Bilbo's ring. Gandalf, uncertain about the origin of the ring, warns Frodo to avoid using it and to keep it secret.^{[T 1]} Frodo keeps it hidden for the next seventeen years, and it gives him the same longevity it had given Bilbo. Gandalf returns to tell him that it is the One Ring of the Dark Lord Sauron, who is seeking to recover and use it to conquer Middle-earth.^{[T 2]}

Realising that he is a danger to the Shire as long as he remains there, Frodo decides to take the Ring to Rivendell, home of Elrond, a mighty Elf-lord. He leaves with three companions: his gardener Samwise Gamgee and his cousins Merry Brandybuck and Pippin Took. They are just in time, for Sauron's most powerful servants, the Nine Nazgûl, have entered the Shire as Black Riders, looking for the Ring. They follow Frodo's trail, nearly intercepting him.^{[T 3][T 4][T 5]}

The hobbits escape into the Old Forest. They are waylaid by the magic of Old Man Willow, but rescued by Tom Bombadil,^{[T 6]} who gives them shelter and guidance.^{[T 7]} They are caught in fog on the Barrow Downs by a barrow-wight and put under a spell. Frodo breaks free, attacks the barrow-wight, and summons Bombadil, who again rescues the hobbits and sets them on their way.^{[T 8]}

At the Prancing Pony inn, Frodo receives a delayed letter from Gandalf and meets a man calling himself Strider, a Ranger; his real name is Aragorn. The One Ring slips onto Frodo's finger in the inn's common room, turning him invisible. This attracts the Nazgûl, who ransack the hobbits' empty rooms in the night.^{[T 9]} Strider leads the group through the marshes.^{[T 10]}

While encamped on Weathertop, they are attacked by five Nazgûl. The leader, the Witch-king of Angmar, stabs Frodo with a Morgul blade, the wound threatening to turn him into a wraith under the Nazgûl's control.^{[T 11]} Reaching Rivendell,^{[T 12]} he is healed by Elrond.^{[T 13]}

The Council of Elrond resolves to destroy the Ring by casting it into Mount Doom in Mordor, Sauron's realm. Frodo, realizing that he is destined for this task, steps forward to be the Ring-bearer. A Fellowship of nine companions is formed to assist him: the hobbits, Gandalf, Aragorn, the dwarf Gimli, the elf Legolas, and Boromir, a man of Gondor. Bilbo, living in Rivendell, gives Frodo his sword Sting and a coat of Dwarf mail made of mithril.^{[T 14]} The company, unable to cross the Misty Mountains by a pass, enters the mines of Moria.^{[T 15]} Frodo is stabbed by an Orc with a spear, but his mithril mail-shirt saves his life.^{[T 16]} Gandalf was killed battling a Balrog.^{[T 17]} Aragorn leads them out to Lothlórien.^{[T 18]} There Galadriel gives Frodo an Elven cloak and a phial, which carries the Light of Eärendil to aid him on his quest.^{[T 19]}

The Fellowship travels by boat down the Anduin River and reaches the lawn of Parth Galen, just above the impassable falls of Rauros.^{[T 20]} There, Boromir, succumbing to the lure of the Ring, tries to take it by force. Frodo escapes by putting it on. This breaks the Fellowship; the company is scattered by invading Orcs. Frodo chooses to continue the quest alone, but Sam follows him.^{[T 21]}

The Two Towers

Frodo and Sam make their way through the wilds, followed by the monster Gollum, who has been tracking them, seeking to reclaim the Ring, which he had lost to Bilbo (as portrayed in The Hobbit). Gollum attacks the hobbits, but Frodo subdues him with Sting. He takes pity on Gollum and spares his life, making him promise to guide them through the dead marshes to the Black Gate.^{[T 22][T 23]} They find the gate impassable; Gollum tells them of "another way" into Mordor,^{[T 24]} and Frodo, over Sam's objections, lets him lead them south into Ithilien.^{[T 25]} There they meet Faramir, younger brother of Boromir, who takes them to a hidden cave.^{[T 26]} Frodo allows Gollum to be captured by Faramir, saving Gollum's life but leaving him feeling betrayed. Faramir provisions the hobbits and sends them on their way, warning Frodo to beware of Gollum's treachery.^{[T 27][T 28]}

They pass Minas Morgul, where the pull of the Ring becomes overwhelming, and climb the Endless Stair to cross into Mordor.^{[T 29]} At the top they enter a tunnel, not knowing it is the home of the giant spider Shelob. Gollum hopes to deliver the hobbits to her and retake the Ring after she had killed them. Shelob stings Frodo, rendering him unconscious, but Sam drives her off with Sting and the Phial of Galadriel.^{[T 30]} Believing that Frodo is dead, Sam takes the Ring and continues the quest. Soon, however, he overhears Orcs taking Frodo for questioning, saying that he is still alive.^{[T 31]}

The Return of the King

Sam rescues Frodo and returns the Ring.^{[T 32]} Dressed in scavenged Orc-armour, they set off, trailed by Gollum.^{[T 33]} At Mount Doom, Frodo enters the chasm where Sauron had forged the Ring. Here Frodo loses the will to destroy the Ring, and puts it on, claiming it for himself. Gollum attacks the invisible Frodo, biting off his finger and reclaiming the Ring. As he dances in elation, Gollum falls with the Ring into the fiery Cracks of Doom. The Ring is destroyed, and with it Sauron's power. Frodo and Sam are rescued by Great Eagles as Mount Doom erupts, destroying Mordor.^{[T 34]}

After Aragorn's coronation, the four hobbits return home.^{[T 35]} They find that the fallen wizard Saruman and his agents have taken over the Shire and started to industrialize it. Frodo and his companions lead a rebellion and defeat the intruders. Even after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo, Frodo lets him go, only for Saruman to be killed by his henchman Gríma Wormtongue.^{[T 36]} The hobbits restore the Shire to its prior state of peace and goodwill. While successful in his quest, Frodo never recovers from the physical and emotional wounds he suffered on the quest. After two years, Frodo and Bilbo as Ring-bearers are granted passage to Valinor.^{[T 37]}

Other works

"The Sea-Bell" was published in Tolkien's 1962 collection of verse The Adventures of Tom Bombadil with the sub-title Frodos Dreme. Tolkien suggests that this enigmatic narrative poem represents the despairing dreams that visited Frodo in the Shire in the years following the destruction of the Ring. It relates the unnamed speaker's journey to a mysterious land across the sea, where he tries but fails to make contact with the people who dwell there. He descends into despair and near-madness, eventually returning to his own country, to find himself utterly alienated from those he once knew.^[2]

"Frodo the halfling" is mentioned briefly at the end of The Silmarillion, as "alone with his servant he passed through peril and darkness" and "cast the Great Ring of Power" into the fire.^{[T 38]}

In the poem Bilbo's Last Song, Frodo is at the Grey Havens at the farthest west of Middle-earth, about to leave the mortal world on an elven-ship to Valinor.^[3]

"The Hunt for the Ring" in Unfinished Tales describes how the Black Riders travelled to Isengard and the Shire in search of the One Ring, purportedly "according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo".^{[lower-alpha 2]} It is one of several mentions of Frodo in the book.^{[T 39]}

Family tree

Further information: Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees and Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium

The Tolkien scholar Jason Fisher notes that Tolkien stated that hobbits were extremely "clannish" and had a strong "predilections for genealogy".^[4] Accordingly, Tolkien's decision to include Frodo's family tree in Lord of the Rings gives the book, in Fisher's view, a strongly "hobbitish perspective".^[4] The tree also, he notes, serves to show Frodo's and Bilbo's connections and familial characteristics.^[4] Frodo's family tree is as follows:^{[T 40]}

Baggins family tree[T 40]

Balbo Baggins Berylla Boffin Laura Grubb Mungo Pansy Fastolph Bolger Ponto Mimosa Bunce Lily Togo Goodbody Largo Tanta Hornblower Bungo Belladonna Took Belba Rudigar Bolger Longo Camellia Sackville Linda Bodo Proudfoot Bingo Chica Chubb Fosco Ruby Bolger Bilbo Otho Sackville-Baggins Lobelia Bracegirdle Falco Chubb-Baggins ? Dora Drogo Primula Brandybuck Dudo ? Lotho Poppy Filibert Bolger Frodo Daisy Griffo Boffin

Concept and creation

Frodo did not appear until the third draft of A Long-Expected Party (the first chapter of The Lord of the Rings), when he was named Bingo, son of Bilbo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck.^{[T 41]} In the fourth draft, he was renamed Bingo Bolger-Baggins, son of Rollo Bolger and Primula Brandybuck.^{[T 42]} Tolkien did not change the name to Frodo until the third phase of writing, when much of the narrative, as far as the hobbits' arrival in Rivendell, had already taken shape.^{[T 43]} Prior to this, the name "Frodo" had been used for the character who eventually became Pippin Took.^{[T 44]} In drafts of the final chapters, published as Sauron Defeated, Gandalf names Frodo Bronwe athan Harthad ("Endurance Beyond Hope"), after the destruction of the Ring. Tolkien states that Frodo's name in Westron was Maura Labingi.^{[T 45]}

Interpretations

Name and origins

Frodo is the only prominent hobbit whose name is not explained in Tolkien's Appendices to The Lord of the Rings. In a letter Tolkien states that it is the Old English name Fróda, connected to fród, "wise by experience".^{[T 46]} The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey suggests that the choice of name is significant: not, in Tolkien's phrase, one of the many "names that had no meaning at all in [the hobbits'] daily language". Instead, he notes, the Old Norse name Fróði is mentioned in Beowulf as the minor character Fróda. Fróði was, he writes, said by Saxo Grammaticus and Snorri Sturluson to be a peaceful ruler at the time of Christ, his time being named the Fróða-frið, the peace of Fróði. This was created by his magic mill, worked by two female giants, that could churn out peace and gold. He makes the giants work all day long at this task, until they rebel and grind out an army instead, which kills him and takes over, making the giants grind salt until the sea is full of it. The name Fróði is forgotten. Clearly, Shippey observes, evil is impossible to cure; and Frodo too is a "peacemaker, indeed in the end a pacifist". And, he writes, as Frodo gains experience through the quest, he also gains wisdom, matching the meaning of his name.^[5]

Character

Michael Stanton, writing in the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, describes Frodo's character as combining "courage, selflessness, and fidelity",^[1] attributes that make Frodo ideal as a Ring-bearer. He lacks Sam's simple sturdiness, Merry and Pippin's clowning, and the psychopathology of Gollum, writes Stanton, bearing out the saying that good is less exciting than evil; but Frodo grows through his quest, becoming "ennobled" by it, to the extent that returning to the Shire feels in Frodo's words "like falling asleep again".^[1]

Christ figure

Further information: Christianity in Middle-earth

Tolkien was a devout Catholic, and wrote in his private letters that his Middle-earth stories were Christian.^{[T 47]} Scholars including Peter Kreeft,^[6] Paul E. Kerry,^[7] and Joseph Pearce^[8] state that there is no one complete, concrete, visible Christ figure in The Lord of the Rings, but Frodo serves as the priestly aspect of Christ, alongside Gandalf as prophet and Aragorn as King, together making up the threefold office of the Messiah.^[9][10]

Tragic hero

Further information: Heroism in The Lord of the Rings

The Tolkien scholar Jane Chance quotes Randel Helms's view that in both The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings, "a most unheroic hobbit [Bilbo, Frodo] achieves heroic stature" in a quest romance.^[11] Chance writes that Frodo grows from seeing the threat as external, such as from the Black Riders, to internal, whether within the Fellowship, as shown by Boromir's attempt on the Ring, or within himself, as he struggles against the controlling power of the Ring.^[12]

Verlyn Flieger, a scholar of literature and of Tolkien's works, summarizes Frodo's role in Lord of the Rings: "The greatest hero of all, Frodo Baggins, is also the most tragic. He comes to the end of his story bereft of the Ring, denied in his home Shire the recognition he deserves, and unable to continue his life as it was before his terrible adventure."^[13]

Both medical and Tolkien scholars have suggested that Frodo, returning "irreparably wounded" from his quest, could be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, making him one of several characters in The Lord of the Rings with mental illnesses.^[14][15]

Providence

Further information: Luck and fate in Middle-earth

The Tolkien critic Paul H. Kocher discusses the role of providence, in the form of the intentions of the angel-like Valar or of the creator Eru Ilúvatar, in Bilbo's finding of the Ring and Frodo's bearing of it; as Gandalf says, Frodo was "meant" to have it, though it remains his choice to co-operate with this purpose.^[16]

Adaptations

Frodo in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version

Frodo appears in adaptations of The Lord of the Rings for radio, cinema, and stage. In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version, Frodo was voiced by Christopher Guard.^[17] In the 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of The Return of the King, made for television, the character was voiced by Orson Bean, who had previously played Bilbo in the same company's adaptation of The Hobbit.^[18] In the "massive"^[19] 1981 BBC radio serial of The Lord of the Rings, Frodo is played by Ian Holm, who later played Bilbo in Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.^[20] In Leningrad Television's two-part 1991 teleplay Khraniteli (Keepers [of the Ring]), Frodo was played by Valery Dyachenko,^[21] while in the Finnish broadcaster Yle's 1993 television miniseries Hobitit, the role is played by Taneli Mäkelä.^[22]

Elijah Wood as Frodo in Peter Jackson's film trilogy

In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003), Frodo is played by the American actor Elijah Wood. Dan Timmons writes in Janet Brennan Croft's 2004 Tolkien on Film that the themes and internal logic of the Jackson films are undermined by the portrayal of Frodo, which he considers a weakening of Tolkien's original.^[23] The film critic Roger Ebert writes that he missed the depth of characterisation he felt in the book, Frodo doing little but watching other characters decide his fate "and occasionally gazing significantly upon the Ring".^[24] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, however, wrote that Wood played the role with "soulful conviction", and that his portrayal matured as the story progressed.^[25] Wood reprised the role in a brief appearance in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.^[26]

On stage, Frodo was portrayed by James Loye in the three-hour stage production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in Toronto in 2006, and was brought to London in 2007.^[27][28] Frodo was portrayed by Joe Sofranko in the Cincinnati productions of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003) for Clear Stage Cincinnati.^[29][30][31]

See also

• Rings of Power – Fictional magical rings in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium

Notes

1. Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his "uncle", they were in fact first and second cousins, once removed either way (his paternal great-great-uncle's son's son and his maternal great-aunt's son).
2. In the fiction, the account survives as Frodo wrote it in the Red Book of Westmarch.

References

Primary

1. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 1, "A Long-Expected Party"
2. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 2, "The Shadow of the Past"
3. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 3, "Three is Company"
4. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 4, "A Short Cut to Mushrooms"
5. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 5, "A Conspiracy Unmasked"
6. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 6, "The Old Forest"
7. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 7, "In the House of Tom Bombadil"
8. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 8, "Fog on the Barrow-Downs"
9. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 9, "At the Sign of the Prancing Pony"
10. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 10, "Strider"
11. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 11, "A Knife in the Dark"
12. Tolkien 1954a book 1, ch. 12, "Flight to the Ford"
13. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 1, "Many Meetings"
14. Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 2, "The Council of Elrond"
15. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 3, "The Ring Goes South"
16. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 4, "A Journey in the Dark"
17. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 5, "The Bridge of Khazad-Dum"
18. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 6, "Lothlórien"
19. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 8, "Farewell to Lórien"
20. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 9, "The Great River"
21. Tolkien 1954a book 2, ch. 10, "The Breaking of the Fellowship"
22. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 1, "The Taming of Sméagol"
23. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 2, "The Passage of the Marshes"
24. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 3, "The Black Gate is Closed"
25. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 4, "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit"
26. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 5, "The Window on the West"
27. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 6, "The Forbidden Pool"
28. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 7, "Journey to the Cross-Roads"
29. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 8, "The Stairs of Cirith Ungol"
30. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 9, "Shelob's Lair"
31. Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 10, "The Choices of Master Samwise"
32. Tolkien 1955 book 6, ch. 1, "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"
33. Tolkien 1955 book 6, ch. 2, "The Land of Shadow"
34. Tolkien 1955 book 6, ch. 3, "Mount Doom"
35. Tolkien 1955 book 6, ch. 7, "Homeward Bound"
36. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 8, "The Scouring of the Shire"
37. Tolkien 1955 book 6, ch. 9, "The Grey Havens"
38. Tolkien 1977, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
39. Tolkien 1980, part 3, ch. 4 "The Hunt for the Ring"
40. Tolkien 1955, Appendix C, "Family Trees"
41. Tolkien 1988, pp. 28–29.
42. Tolkien 1988, pp. 36–37.
43. Tolkien 1988, p. 309.
44. Tolkien 1988, p. 267.
45. Tolkien 1996, "The Appendix on Languages"
46. Carpenter 2023, Letters #168 to Richard Jeffrey, 7 September 1955
47. Carpenter 2023, Letters #213 to Deborah Webster, 25 October 1958

Secondary

1. Stanton, Michael N. (2013) [2007]. "Frodo". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 223–225. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
2. Flieger, Verlyn (2001). A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie. Kent State University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-87338-699-9.
3. Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (2017). The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). New York City: HarperCollins. p. 158.
4. Fisher, Jason (2007). "Family Trees". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
5. Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 231–237. ISBN 978-0261102750.
6. Kreeft, Peter J. (November 2005). "The Presence of Christ in The Lord of the Rings". Ignatius Insight. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
7. Kerry, Paul E. (2010). "Introduction: Christian References". In Kerry, Paul E. (ed.). The Ring and the Cross: Christianity and the Lord of the Rings. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-1-61147-065-9.
8. Pearce, Joseph (2013) [2007]. "Christ". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
9. Schultz, Forrest W. (1 December 2002). "Christian Typologies in The Lord of the Rings". Chalcedon. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
10. Ryken, Philip (2017). The Messiah Comes to Middle-Earth: Images of Christ's Threefold Office in 'The Lord of the Rings'. IVP Academic, an imprint of InterVarsity Press. chapter 2 "Frodo, Sam, and the Priesthood of All Believers". ISBN 978-0-8308-5372-4. OCLC 1000050834.
11. Helms, Randel (1974). Tolkien's World. Houghton Mifflin. p. 21.
12. Nitzsche, Jane Chance (1980) [1979]. Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'. Papermac. pp. 97–99. ISBN 0-333-29034-8.
13. Flieger, Verlyn (2008). "An Unfinished Symphony". In Harold Bloom (ed.). J. R. R. Tolkien (PDF). Bloom's Modern Critical Views. Bloom's Literary Criticism, an imprint of Infobase Publishing. pp. 121–127. ISBN 978-1-60413-146-8.
14. Milos, Karyn (1998). "Too Deeply Hurt: Understanding Frodo's Decision to Depart". Mallorn (36): 17–23. JSTOR 45320550.
15. Leonard, Bruce D. (2023). "The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder of Frodo Baggins". Mythlore. 42 (1). article2.
16. Kocher, Paul (1974) [1972]. Master of Middle-earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien. Penguin Books. p. 37. ISBN 0140038779.
17. "Actor and musician Christopher Guard appoints Palamedes PR". SWNS. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2020. He is perhaps best-known for voicing Frodo Baggins in the animated version of The Lord of the Rings
18. Hoffman, Jordan (8 February 2020). "Orson Bean, Legendary Character Actor, Killed in Accident at 91". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
19. "Obituary: Ian Holm". BBC. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020. he took the part of Frodo Baggins in BBC Radio 4's massive adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, which featured Holm alongside a host of other stars including Michael Hordern and Robert Stephens.
20. "The Tolkien Library review of the Lord of the Rings Radio Adaptation". Retrieved 19 June 2020.
21. Vasilieva, Anna (31 March 2021). ""Хранители" и "Властелин Колец": кто исполнил роли в культовых экранизациях РФ и США" ["Keepers" and "The Lord of the Rings": who played the roles in the cult film adaptations of the Russian Federation and the USA] (in Russian). 5 TV. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
22. Kajava, Jukka (29 March 1993). "Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa" [Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to live in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). (subscription required)
23. Timmons, Dan (2005). "Frodo on Film: Peter Jackson's Problematic Portrayal". In Croft, Janet Brennan (ed.). Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings. Altadena: Mythopoeic Press. ISBN 978-1-887726-09-2. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
24. Ebert, Roger (18 December 2002). "Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 1 August 2020 – via RogerEbert.com.
25. Travers, Peter (19 December 2001). "Movie Reviews: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
26. Grossberg, Josh (18 October 2012). "New Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Pics: Elijah Wood Returns as Frodo; Martin Freeman's Bilbo Gets His Sword". E!. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
27. Brantley, Ben (24 March 2006). "Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings,' Staged by Matthew Warchus in Toronto". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
28. ""LOTR" In London". www.cbsnews.com. 19 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
29. Jones, Chris (18 October 2001). "Lifeline wraps up Tolkien trilogy in jaunty style". The Chicago Tribune.
30. "J.R.R. Tolkien's The Return of the King". Clear Stage Cincinnati. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
31. Hetrick, Adam (11 November 2013). "Lord of the Rings Musical Will Embark On 2015 World Tour". Playbill. Retrieved 5 April 2020.

Sources

• Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1042159111.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1988). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Return of the Shadow. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-49863-7.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Peoples of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4.