Fermented bean curd

Fermented tofu (also called fermented bean curd, white bean-curd cheese, tofu cheese, soy cheese, preserved tofu or sufu) is a Chinese condiment consisting of a form of processed, preserved tofu used in East Asian cuisine. The ingredients typically are soybeans, salt, rice wine and sesame oil or vinegar. In mainland China the product is often freshly distributed. In overseas Chinese communities living in Southeast Asia, commercially packaged versions are often sold in jars containing blocks 2- to 4-cm square by 1 to 2 cm thick soaked in brine with select flavorings.^[3]

Wangzhihe rose red fermented bean curd (玫瑰腐乳)

Fermented bean curd
Fermented tofu
Chinese name
Chinese	豆腐乳
Literal meaning	bean curd cream
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin dòufurǔ Wade–Giles tou4-fu0-ju3 Hakka Romanization teu fu nen Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization dauh fuh yúh Jyutping dau6 fu6 jyu5
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese	腐乳
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin fǔrǔ Hakka Romanization fu nen Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization fuh yúh Jyutping fu6 jyu5
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese	乳腐
Transcriptions Wu Romanization zy vu
Third alternative Chinese name
Chinese	豆乳
Transcriptions Southern Min Hokkien POJ tāu-jú/tāu-lú
Fourth alternative Chinese name
Chinese	豆鹹
Transcriptions Southern Min Hokkien POJ tāu-kiâm[1] / tāu-tāⁿ[2]
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese	chao

History

According to the 1596 Compendium of Materia Medica written by the Chinese polymath Li Shizhen during the Ming dynasty, the creation of tofu is attributed to the Han dynasty Prince Liu An (179 – 122 BC), prince of Huainan. Manufacturing began during the Han dynasty in China after it was created.^[4] It is disputed whether Li Shizhen mentioned fermentation of tofu, however. A clear reference to fermented tofu appeared in the 1610 Penglong Yehua (蓬櫳夜話), under the name haifu (醢腐).^[5]: 18

In 1818, Englishman Basil Hall wrote about a red, cheese-like substance served in Ryukyu; he might be referring to fermented tofu. In 1855, Frenchman Baron de Montgaudry described the making of tofu and fermented tofu in writing.^{[5]: 5, 23–4}

Names

In Mandarin, the product is generally known as dòufǔrǔ (豆腐乳), "dòurǔ" (豆乳) or fǔrǔ (腐乳) — though in southwest China it is often known as lǔfǔ (卤腐). In English it is sometimes referred to as "soy cheese".

Nutrition

Typical glass bottle of fermented chili bean curd

Nutritional value

Fermented bean curd contains organic acids, alcohol, esters and other flavor primitives. It contains a large amount of hydrolyzed protein, free amino acids, fat, carbohydrates, thiamine, riboflavin, oxalic acid, calcium, phosphorus and other nutritional ingredients. It contains no cholesterol. The amount of protein in fermented tofu is about 12–22%.^[6]

Ho et al. (1989) compared the volatile flavor compounds of red fermented bean curd and white fermented bean curd. Red fermented bean curd contains much larger amounts of alcohols, esters, and acids than the white variety. This may be due to the fermentation of red rice by Monascus spp.^[7] The differences in nutritional properties and fermentation between the two varieties are accompanied by differences in flavor and colour.

Health effects

The Food Encyclopedia, written by Wang Su-Hsiung (1861) of the Qing dynasty, made reference to preserved bean curd as superior to difficult-to-digest, hardened tofu especially for the elderly, children, and ill persons.^[4] Fermented bean curd is reportedly easier to digest than unfermented bean curd, because it is made through the fermentation process of mold, making the protein more digestible, absorbable, and richer in vitamins. And the microorganisms decompose the phytic acid in the beans, making minerals such as iron and zinc, which are initially poorly absorbed in soybeans, more easily absorbed by the body.^[8] So it may be easier for patients, elderly, or children to eat and absorb the nutrients.^[9]

It has been suggested that fermented bean curd may have certain health benefits, although there is insufficient data to confirm these claims. One report claims that the fermentation process generates isoflavones, and that fermented bean curd could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, lower blood pressure, and prevent osteoporosis.^[10]

Characteristics

Fermented bean curd has a special mouthfeel similar to certain dairy products due to the breakdown of its proteins which takes place during the air drying and fermentation. Lacking strong flavor prior to fermentation, fermented bean curd takes on the aroma and flavor of its marinade. The flavor is salty with mild sweetness.^[11] The texture and taste of fermented bean curd resembles a firm, smooth paste not unlike creamy blue cheese. (Indeed, this kind of tofu is sometimes called "Chinese cheese" in English.)^[12] Refrigerated, it can be kept for several years, during which time its flavor is believed to improve.

Culinary use

Wonton noodles with pig trotters braised with nam yu (fermented bean curd)

Fermented tofu is commonly used as a condiment, combined into sauces to accompany hot pot, or consumed at breakfast to flavor rice, porridge, gruel, congee, or erkuai. Usually^{[citation needed]} either several bricks are placed in a small bowl covered in the flavored brine or one to one half bricks are placed into a bowl. Then, chunks are broken off the brick and consumed with a mouthful of porridge or gruel. The brine may also be used for flavoring. Fermented bean curd can also be added in small amounts, together with its brine, to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables such as water spinach). In the Chaoshan region of China, fermented tofu is the main ingredient used to make a stuffed biscuit known as furu bing.

Comparison with cheese

Both tofu and cheese are made from curds obtained from the coagulation of soy milk and dairy milk respectively. However, soybean curds are formed from the chemical destabilization of the micelles (using calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, etc.) allowing protein bonding while cheese curds are created from the enzymatic (rennet) hydrolysis of casein into para-casein. The bean curds are then simply pressed to produce tofu and are thus bland and highly perishable, like unaged cheese, while fermented bean curd, like aged cheese, is ripened with microorganisms and thus flavorful and long-lasting.^[13]

Varieties

Stinky tofu.

White preserved bean curd is the most common type and can be described without the white adjective. The flavor, color and aroma can be altered using various combinations of spices and seasoning in the brine with alterations in the commonly used combination of 10% rice wine and 12% salt.^[14] Those with no alcohol produces "small cheese cubes" (hih-fang) while those with double the alcohol content produces "drunken cheese" (tsui-fang).^[14] This variety is also available with chili and/or sesame oil. Seasonings can include anise, cinnamon, lemon juice, lemon zest, dried shrimp, and ham. In addition, one can also obtain the curd dried, and without brine, which are then sold in paper cartons.

Red fermented bean curd (紅腐乳; hóngfǔrǔ, or 南乳; nánrǔ) incorporates red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) with the brining liquor for a deep-red color and distinctively thickened flavor and aroma. A popular derivative of this variety has an appearance of ketchup and is seasoned with rose wine, caramel and natural sugar.

Stinky fermented bean curd is fermented for over six months and is also popular due to its strong creamy flavor. However, due to its strong acrid smell, this variety is an acquired taste.^[15] Note that stinky sufu differs from stinky tofu in appearance, consistency and salt content. Stinky sufu are made in the same cube-like shapes and has a similar smooth soft creamy texture as regular white sufu. In Taiwan, a green version is popular and made with sake lees, crushed leaves and a green mucor mold. It is then fermented for 12 hours and sold on the streets.^[14]

Chiang fermented bean curd (Chiang-doufu) is made with cubes of tofu soaked in either Chinese-style miso (Chiang) or soy sauce for several days. Usually reddish-brown in color and salty, it may be dried and fermented further and may also be mixed with sake lees. In Japan, miso is used.^[14]

Production

Differences and similarities in the manufacturing of the low-salt Sufu paste (a novel Sufu product) and the Sufu (produced by the normal manufacturing method)

In order to produce fermented bean curd, cubes of dried tofu are allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria and fungal spores. Commercially available fermented bean curd is made by using dry firm tofu that has been inoculated with the fungal spores of Actinomucor elegans, Mucor sufu, Mucor rouxanus, Mucor wutuongkiao, Mucor racemosus, or Rhizopus spp.. This freshly fermented tofu is known as 'mold tofu' (霉豆腐).

The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in brine, typically enhanced with Chinese rice wine, vinegar, chili peppers or sesame oil, or a paste made of rice and soybeans. In the case of red fermented bean curd, red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color.^[a] Fermented bean curd is generally sold in small glass jars.

See also

• Food portal

• List of fermented soy products
• List of tofu dishes
• Lufu (food) – Type of fermented bean curd
• Stinky tofu – Chinese fermented tofu with a strong odor

References

1. The Hwang Ryh Shang Company of Taiwan, a major producer of fermented bean curd, mislabels this ingredient as "red date" (jujube) on the English-language list of ingredients on its product labels , although the Chinese list of ingredients on the same product lists 紅糟 (literally "red lees", i.e. red yeast rice).

1. "Entry #3530 (豆鹹)". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
2. Iûⁿ, Ún-giân (2006). "Tai-gi Hôa-gí Sòaⁿ-téng Sû-tián" 台文/華文線頂辭典 [On-line Taiwanese/Mandarin Dictionary] (in Chinese and Minnan).
3. "Chao/Doufu Ru (Fermented Bean Curd)". 19 April 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
4. Steinkraus, Keith H. (2008). Handbook of indigenous fermented foods. CRC Press. pp. 633–641. ISBN 978-0-8247-9352-4.
5. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2011). History of Fermented Tofu - A Healthy Nondairy / Vegan Cheese (1610-2011). Soyinfo Center. ISBN 9781928914402.
6. Li, Y.J. (2006). "Modern research on Chinese sufu". China Brewing. 1: 4–7.
7. Hwan, Chou, C.H, C.C. Volatile components of the Chinese fermented soya bean curd as affected by the addition of ethanol in ageing solution. J. Sci. Food Agric. pp. 243–248.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Liu, Xu; Liang, Jingjing; Ma, Yanli; Sun, Jianfeng; Liu, Yaqiong; Gu, Xiaodong; Wang, Yinzhuang (October 2022). "The impact of protein hydrolysis on biogenic amines production during sufu fermentation". Food Control. 140: 109105. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109105. S2CID 248802396.
9. Shurtleff, William (2011). History of Fermented Black Soybeans (165 B. C. To 2011). Soyinfo Center. p. 238. ISBN 9781928914419.
10. Lao, W.X. (2012). "The production and nutrition value of "fuyu"". Biology Teaching Chinese. 37: 19–20.
11. "Fermented bean-curd". Retrieved 2009-11-21.
12. "China's 'vegetarian cheese' has health benefits". Retrieved September 29, 2019.
13. Needham, Joseph (2000). Science and civilisation in China, Volume 6, Part 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-521-65270-4.
14. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2008). The book of tofu: protein source of the future-- now!. Ten Speed Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-58008-013-2.
15. "Stinky Tofu". Retrieved 2009-11-21.

External links

• Li, X.; He, Y.; Yang, W.; Mu, D.; Zhang, M.; Dai, Y.; Zheng, Z.; Jiang, S.; Wu, X. (2021). "Comparative analysis of the microbial community and nutritional quality of sufu". Food Science & Nutrition. 9 (8): 4117–4126. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2372. PMC 8358361. PMID 34401063.
• Jang, C. H.; Oh, J.; Lim, J. S.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, J. S. (2021). "Fermented Soy Products: Beneficial Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases". Foods. 10 (3): 636. doi:10.3390/foods10030636. PMC 8003083. PMID 33803607.
• Guide to making fermented bean curd (archived 16 December 2006) (in Chinese)
• Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2011-01-01). History of Fermented Tofu – A Healthy Nondairy / Vegan Cheese (1610–2011). Soyinfo Center. ISBN 9781928914402. The history of fermented bean curd is provided in this book as well as recipes for dishes that it can be used in. There is also a brief section on the production and how it is made.
• Mintz, Sidney W.; Tan, Chee Beng (2001-01-01). "Bean-Curd Consumption in Hong Kong". Ethnology. 40 (2): 113–128. doi:10.2307/3773926. JSTOR 3773926. The consumption of fermented bean curd in China is examined in this article. It shows the ways that both the consumption and market has changed over time.