Characterized domaines of PALB2Recombinational repair of DNA double-strand damage - some key steps.ATM (ATM) is a protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. DNA double-strand damages also activate the Fanconi anemia core complex (FANCA/B/C/E/F/G/L/M).[8] The FA core complex monoubiquitinates the downstream targets FANCD2 and FANCI.[9] ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2[10] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1.[11] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51.[12] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub,[13] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2 (BCDX2). The BCDX2 complex is responsible for RAD51 recruitment or stabilization at damage sites.[14]RAD51 plays a major role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA during double strand break repair. In this process, an ATP dependent DNA strand exchange takes place in which a single strand invades base-paired strands of homologous DNA molecules. RAD51 is involved in the search for homology and strand pairing stages of the process.
This gene encodes a protein that functions in genome maintenance (double strand break repair). This protein binds to and colocalizes with the breast cancer 2 early onset protein (BRCA2) in nuclear foci and likely permits the stable intranuclear localization and accumulation of BRCA2.[5] PALB2 binds the single strand DNA and directly interacts with the recombinase RAD51 to stimulate strand invasion, a vital step of homologous recombination,[15] PALB2 can function synergistically with a BRCA2 chimera (termed piccolo, or piBRCA2) to further promote strand invasion.[15]
Variants in the PALB2 gene are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer [16] of magnitude similar to that associated with BRCA2 mutations [17] and PALB2-deficient cells are sensitive to PARP inhibitors.[15]
PALB2 was recently identified as a susceptibility gene for familial pancreatic cancer by scientists at the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center at Johns Hopkins. This has paved for the way for developing a new gene test for families where pancreatic cancer occurs in multiple family members.[18] Tests for PALB2 have been developed by Ambry Genetics [19] and Myriad Genetics[20] that are now available.
Prophylactic mastectomy should be considered for women that had breast cancer and a PALB2 mutation.[21][22]
Biallelic mutations in PALB2 (also known as FANCN), similar to biallelic BRCA2 mutations, cause Fanconi anemia.[7]
Mutations in this gene have been associated with an increased risk of ovarian, breast and pancreatic cancer.[23]
PALB2 mutant male mice have reduced fertility.[24] This reduced fertility appears to be due to germ cell attrition resulting from a combination of unrepaired DNA breaks during meiosis and defective synapsis of the X and Y chromosomes. The function of homologous recombination during meiosis appears to be repair of DNA damages, particularly double-strand breaks (also see Origin and function of meiosis).[citation needed] The PALB2-BRCA1 interaction is likely important for repairing such damages during male meiosis.
Xia B, Dorsman JC, Ameziane N, de Vries Y, Rooimans MA, Sheng Q, etal. (February 2007). "Fanconi anemia is associated with a defect in the BRCA2 partner PALB2". Nature Genetics. 39 (2): 159–61. doi:10.1038/ng1942. PMID17200672. S2CID36491877.
Castillo P, Bogliolo M, Surralles J (May 2011). "Coordinated action of the Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia pathways in response to oxidative damage". DNA Repair. 10 (5): 518–25. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.02.007. PMID21466974.
Taniguchi T, Garcia-Higuera I, Andreassen PR, Gregory RC, Grompe M, D'Andrea AD (October 2002). "S-phase-specific interaction of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCD2, with BRCA1 and RAD51". Blood. 100 (7): 2414–20. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-01-0278. PMID12239151. S2CID11001855.
Chen P, Liang J, Wang Z, Zhou X, Chen L, Li M, etal. (September 2008). "Association of common PALB2 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk: a case-control study". Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (18): 5931–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0429. PMID18794107. S2CID18701211.
Reid S, Schindler D, Hanenberg H, Barker K, Hanks S, Kalb R, etal. (February 2007). "Biallelic mutations in PALB2 cause Fanconi anemia subtype FA-N and predispose to childhood cancer". Nature Genetics. 39 (2): 162–4. doi:10.1038/ng1947. PMID17200671. S2CID10326242.
Xia B, Dorsman JC, Ameziane N, de Vries Y, Rooimans MA, Sheng Q, etal. (February 2007). "Fanconi anemia is associated with a defect in the BRCA2 partner PALB2". Nature Genetics. 39 (2): 159–61. doi:10.1038/ng1942. PMID17200672. S2CID36491877.
