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Essad Toptani (1863/1875 – 13 June 1920) was an Albanian politician who served as the third prime minister of Albania from 1914 to 1916. He previously established the Republic of Central Albania based in Durrës. An Ottoman army officer, he served as the Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament and later cooperated with the Balkan League after the Balkan Wars.[2][3]
Essad Pasha Toptani | |
|---|---|
 Autochrome portrait by Auguste Léon, c. 1913 | |
| 3rd Prime Minister of Albania | |
| In office 5 October 1914 – 27 January 1916[1] | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm |
| Preceded by | Turhan Përmeti |
| Succeeded by | Turhan Përmeti |
| 2nd Minister of Internal Affairs | |
| In office 14 March 1914 – 20 June 1914 | |
| Monarch | Prince Wilhelm |
| Prime Minister | Turhan Përmeti |
| Preceded by | Mufid Libohova |
| Succeeded by | Hasan Prishtina |
| 2nd Minister of War | |
| In office 14 March 1914 – 20 June 1914 | |
| Monarch | Prince Wilhelm |
| Prime Minister | Turhan Përmeti |
| Preceded by | Mehmet Deralla |
| Succeeded by | Kara Seit Pasha |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1863/1875 Tirana, Ottoman Empire (modern day Albania) |
| Died | 13 June 1920 (aged 44-57) Paris, France |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
| Relations | Gani Toptani (brother), Nejre Toptani (sister), Sabushe Toptani (sister), Merushe Toptani (sister), Shefikat Hanëm Alizoti (aunt), Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu (first cousin), Ibrahim Biçakçiu (son of first cousin), Sadije Toptani (cousin), Zog I of Albania (cousin), Toptani family, Thopia family (possibly) |
| Parent(s) | Ali Toptani (father), Vasfije Alizoti (mother) |
| Signature | .svg){kind=small} |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | Greco-Turkish War (1897) Albanian revolt of 1912 First Balkan War Siege of Scutari (1912–1913) World War I in Albania Austro-Hungarian invasion of Albania |
Early life
Essad Toptani was born in 1863 in Tirana, Ottoman Empire (modern Republic of Albania), the son of Ali Toptani and Vasfije Alizoti.[4] He was a member of the Toptani family, a prominent landowning Albanian noble family who helped found the current city of Tirana.[5] From his mothers side of the family he was first cousins with Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu and his family as both their mothers were sisters. During Ottoman rule, Toptani served as a kaymakam and had command of the gendarmerie in Tirana.[6] In 1908 Janina, he joined the Young Turks and the Ottoman parliament.[4][7] In the aftermath of the 31 March incident, on 27 April 1909 four CUP members went to inform Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) of his dethronement, with Toptani being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you".[6] As a result, the focus of the sultan's rage was toward Toptani whom Abdul Hamid II felt had betrayed him.[6] The sultan referred to him as a "wicked man", given that the extended Toptani family had benefited from royal patronage in gaining privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government.[6]
First Balkan War
In 1912 during the Albanian revolt and aftermath of the Ottoman parliamentary elections, parliamentarians Toptani and Syrja Vlora represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the Young Turks.[8] Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands.[9] Amidst the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Toptani obliged himself to organize the uprising in Central Albania and Mirdita.[10] On 30 January 1913, Hasan Riza Pasha, commander of Shkodër, was ambushed and killed by unknown men disguised as women,[11] thought to be Osman Bali and Mehmet Kavaja,[12] two Albanian officers of Toptani.[11] Riza Pasha wanted to keep up the defense of the besieged city, and after his death Toptani continued his resistance until April 1913. He turned the fortress of Shkodër over to Montenegro, only in April 1913 after a prolonged war and great heroism of Albanian and Turkish soldiers.
In July 1913, he was persuaded by the Vlora family to accept a position of minister of the interior in the provisional government.
Peasant Revolt
Toptani led a faction of his own in the Peasant Revolt against Prince Wilhem.
On 19 May 1914, when Toptani refused to lay down his weapons, armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer Johan Sluys surrounded and shelled his house in Durrës, forcing him to surrender. He was arrested for conspiracy, though after consultations with Wilhelm, he was not court-martialled but sent to Bari in southern Italy and banned from returning to Albania.[13][14]
Exile and the Treaty of Niš
After the outbreak of the First World War, Toptani travelled to Niš, Kingdom of Serbia, where he and Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić signed the secret Treaty of Niš on 17 September 1914.[15] With Italian and Serbian financial backing, he established armed forces, Toptani invaded Dibër on 20 September, and by 3 October 1914 he had taken Durrës without a fight. Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ordered that his followers be aided with money and arms.[2]
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Toptani's rule was not stable because of the First World War. At the end of 1914, Essad secretly agreed with the Greek government to support the annexation of the southern provinces, known to Greeks as Northern Epirus, to the Kingdom of Greece.[16] During the Serbian army’s retreat through Albania in 1915, troops under Toptani's command gave support and protection to the Serbian column where possible.[17]
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On 13 June 1920, Avni Rustemi shot and killed Toptani in Paris when he left the Hotel Continental. Toptani was buried in the Serbian Military section of the Thiais cemetery in Paris,[18][3] after staying for a long time unburied in the mortuary.[19]
Awards
For his service in the Greco-Turkish War (1897), the High Porte awarded him with the Order of Osmanieh of 2nd Class and afterwards he was ranked Miralay.[20] Furthermore, for his contribution in the Macedonian front as an ally of the Entente, he was awarded with the title Officier of the Legion of Honour and with the Croix de Guerre.[18] He was awarded Order of the White Eagle.[21]
Historical
Edith Durham described Toptani as "a strange relic of the middle ages ... one with the handsome swashbucklers who sold themselves and their services to the rival monarchs, princelings and dukes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and cheerfully transferred themselves to the enemy if he offered better pay – men in whom the sense of nationality was not developed at all, and whose sense of honor was, to put it mildly, deficient."
Perception
Toptani is remembered among Albanians as one of the most negative historical figures and the symbol of treason.[22][23][24]
In 2014, the Serbian Minister of Labor, Aleksandar Vulin paid homage at his grave, for his contributions to Serbia.[25]
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Two Shots In Paris (sq:Dy krisma në Paris) is a drama by Sheri Mita, Pëllumb Kulla with the subject of Essad Toptani murder in Paris and trial of Avni Rustemi.[26]
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