Erotes

In Ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Erotes (/əˈroʊtiːz/; Ancient Greek: ἔρωτες, érōtes) are a collective of winged gods associated with love and sexual intercourse. They are part of Aphrodite's retinue. Erotes is the plural of Eros ("Love, Desire"), who as a singular deity has a more complex mythology.

Thumb — *Anteros*, popularly called *Eros*, by Alfred Gilbert, 1885; from the Shaftesbury Memorial in Piccadilly Circus

Other named Erotes are Anteros ("Love Returned"),^[1] Hedylogos ("Sweet-talk"), Hermaphroditus ("Hermaphrodite" or "Effeminate")^{[citation needed]}, Himeros ("Impetuous Love" or "Pressing Desire"), Hymenaios ("Bridal-Hymn"), and Pothos ("Desire, Longing", especially for one who is absent).^[2]

Hermaphroditus and the Erotes, onyx cameo from Alexandria, 1st century BCE

Detailed engraving of the above cameo image

The Erotes became a motif of Hellenistic art, and may appear in Roman art in the alternate form of multiple Cupids or Cupids and Psyches. In the later tradition of Western art, Erotes become indistinguishable from figures also known as Cupids, amorini, or amoretti.^[3]^[4]

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The Erotes are a group of winged gods in Classical mythology. They are associated with love and sexual desire, and form part of Aphrodite's retinue. The individual Erotes are sometimes linked to particular aspects of love, and are often associated with same-sex desire.^[6] Sometimes the Erotes are regarded as manifestations of a singular god, Eros.^[7]^: 45

Stories of the Erotes' mischief or pranks were a popular theme in Hellenistic culture, particularly in the 2nd century BCE.^[8] Spells to attract or repel Erotes were used, in order to induce love or the opposite.^[9] Different Erotes represented various facets of love or desire, such as unrequited love (Himeros), mutual love (Anteros) or longing (Pothos).^[5]^: 133

The Erotes were usually portrayed as nude, handsome, winged youths.^[5]^: 133 The earliest known sculptured friezes depicting a group of Erotes and winged maidens driving chariots pulled by goats, were created to decorate theatres in ancient Greece in the 2nd century BCE.^[10]^{: 124–125} The representation of Erotes in such friezes became common, including Erotes in hunting scenes.^[10]^: 126 Due to their role in the classical mythological pantheon, the Erotes' representation is sometimes purely symbolic (indicating some form of love) or they may be portrayed as individual characters.^[11] The presence of Erotes in otherwise non-sexual images, such as of two women, has been interpreted to indicate a homoerotic subtext.^[11] In the cult of Aphrodite in Anatolia, iconographic images of the goddess with three Erotes symbolized the three realms over which she had dominion: the Earth, sky, and water.^[12]

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Groups of numerous Erotes are portrayed in ancient Greek and Roman art. In addition, a number of named gods have been regarded as Erotes, sometimes being assigned particular associations with aspects of love.

Anteros

Anteros (Greek: Ἀντέρως, Antérōs) was the god of requited love, literally "love returned" or "counterpart love". He punished those who scorned love and the advances of others, and was the avenger of unrequited love.^[13] Anteros was the son of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology, and given to his brother Eros as a playmate because Eros was lonely. In another version, Anteros arose from mutual feelings between Poseidon and Nerites.^[14] Physically, Anteros was depicted as similar to Eros in every way, though sometimes with longer hair and butterfly wings.^{[citation needed]} He has been described as armed with either a golden club or arrows of lead.^{[citation needed]}

Eros

Eros was the original, primordial god of love and intercourse; he was also worshiped as a fertility deity. His Roman counterpart was Cupid (desire).^{[citation needed]}

In later myths, he was the son of the deities Aphrodite and Ares: It is the Eros of these later myths who is one of the erotes. Eros was associated with athleticism, with statues erected in gymnasia,^[5]^: 132 and "was often regarded as the protector of homosexual love between men."^[5]^: 132 Eros was depicted as often carrying a lyre or bow and arrow. He was also depicted accompanied by dolphins, flutes, roosters, roses, and torches.^[15] ^[5]^: 132

Hedylogos

Hedylogos or Hedylogus (Ancient Greek: Ἡδυλόγος) was the god of sweet-talk and flattery. He is not mentioned in any surviving literature, but he is depicted on ancient Greek vase paintings.

Hermaphroditus

Hermaphroditus was the god of hermaphrodites, effeminacy and androgyny. He was the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. Born a remarkably handsome boy but after the water nymph Salmacis fell in love with him and she prayed to be united forever, their two forms merged into one.

Himeros

Himeros (Greek: Ἵμερος "uncontrollable desire", Latin: Himerus) represented desire and unrequited love.^[7]^: 40 Himeros was identified by his carrying a taenia, a colourful headband worn by athletes.^[5]^: 178 Hesiod's Theogony says that he accompanied Aphrodite to the Gods, alongside Eros.^[16]

Hymenaeus / Hymen

Hymenaeus (Greek: Ὑμέναιος) or Hymen (Greek: Ὑμήν) was the god of weddings and marriage.

Pothos

Pothos (Greek: Πόθος, "yearning", "desire") was one of Aphrodite's erotes and brother to Himeros and Eros. In some versions of myth, Pothos is the son of Eros, or is portrayed as an independent aspect of him.^[5]^: 270 Yet others called him son of Zephyrus and Iris.^[17] He was part of Aphrodite's retinue, and carried a vine, indicating a connection to wine or the god Dionysus. Pothos represents longing or yearning. ^[7]^: 40 In the temple of Aphrodite at Megara, there was a sculpture that represented Pothos together with Eros and Himeros which has been credited to Scopas.^[18]

Phthonus

Sometime counted among the Erotes or at least among Aphrodite's retinue, Phthonus was the personification of jealousy and envy,^[19] most prominently in matters of romance.

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[1]
Stafford, Emma (2013). "From the gymnasium to the wedding: Eros in Athenian art and cult". Erôs in Ancient Greece. Oxford University Press. p. 196.
[2]
Calame, Claude (1999) [1992]. The Poetics of Eros in Ancient Greece. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. Original in Italian
[3]
Ferguson, John (1970). The Religions of the Roman Empire. Cornell University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780801405679.
[4]
Barkan, Leonard (1999). Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and aesthetics in the making of Renaissance culture. Yale University Press. p. 138.
[5]
Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield; Sparks, Mariya (1998). Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit. UK: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-70423-7.
[6]
see Conner, Sparks, & Sparks (1998)^[5] chapters "Aphrodite",^: 64 "Erotes",^: 133 "Eros",^: 132 and "Pothos".^: 270
[7]
^{[full citation needed]}Original citations were <<Younger, p. 45, "Eros/Cupid">> and <<Younger, p. 40, "Desire">> with no other reference to an author or title containing Younger.
[8]
Strong (1911). Roman sculpture from Augustus to Constantine. Vol. 2. Duckworth and Co. p. 265.
[9]
Collins, Derek (2008). Magic in the Ancient Greek World. Blackwell. pp. 100, 167. ISBN 978-1-4051-3238-1.
[10]
Sturgeon, Mary Carol (1977). Sculpture: The reliefs from the theater. ASCSA. ISBN 978-0-87661-092-3.
[11]
Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin; Auanger, Lisa (2002). Among Women: From the homosocial to the homoerotic in the ancient world. University of Texas Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-292-77113-0.
[12]
Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo (2002). Hellenistic Sculpture: The styles of ca. 100-31 B.C.. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-299-17710-2.
[13]
Evans, Bergen (1970). Dictionary of Mythology, Mainly Classical. Centennial Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-299-17710-2.
[14]
Claudius Aelianus. On Animals. 14.28.
[15]
Smith, William (1873). "Eros". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London, UK.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
[16]
Hesiod, Theogony, 201.
[17]
Nonnus. Dionysiaca. 47.340.
[18]
Pausanias. Description of Greece. 1.43.6.
[19]
Accorinti, Domenico (11 March 2016). Brill's Companion to Nonnus of Panopolis. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004310698_009. ISBN 9789004310698. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

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"Pothos". livius.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2002. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
"Erotes". Theoi Project.

[1] [1]
Stafford, Emma (2013). "From the gymnasium to the wedding: Eros in Athenian art and cult". Erôs in Ancient Greece. Oxford University Press. p. 196.

[2] [2]
Calame, Claude (1999) [1992]. The Poetics of Eros in Ancient Greece. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. Original in Italian

[3] [3]
Ferguson, John (1970). The Religions of the Roman Empire. Cornell University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780801405679.

[4] [4]
Barkan, Leonard (1999). Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and aesthetics in the making of Renaissance culture. Yale University Press. p. 138.

[ConnerSparks1998-5] [5]
Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield; Sparks, Mariya (1998). Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit. UK: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-70423-7.

[conner-6] [6]
see Conner, Sparks, & Sparks (1998)^[5] chapters "Aphrodite",^: 64 "Erotes",^: 133 "Eros",^: 132 and "Pothos".^: 270

[Younger-7] [7]
^{[full citation needed]}Original citations were <<Younger, p. 45, "Eros/Cupid">> and <<Younger, p. 40, "Desire">> with no other reference to an author or title containing Younger.

[8] [8]
Strong (1911). Roman sculpture from Augustus to Constantine. Vol. 2. Duckworth and Co. p. 265.

[Collins2008-9] [9]
Collins, Derek (2008). Magic in the Ancient Greek World. Blackwell. pp. 100, 167. ISBN 978-1-4051-3238-1.

[Sturgeon1977-10] [10]
Sturgeon, Mary Carol (1977). Sculpture: The reliefs from the theater. ASCSA. ISBN 978-0-87661-092-3.

[RabinowitzAuanger2002-11] [11]
Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin; Auanger, Lisa (2002). Among Women: From the homosocial to the homoerotic in the ancient world. University of Texas Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-292-77113-0.

[Ridgway2002-12] [12]
Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo (2002). Hellenistic Sculpture: The styles of ca. 100-31 B.C.. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-299-17710-2.

[Evans1970-13] [13]
Evans, Bergen (1970). Dictionary of Mythology, Mainly Classical. Centennial Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-299-17710-2.

[14] [14]
Claudius Aelianus. On Animals. 14.28.

[Smith1873-15] [15]
Smith, William (1873). "Eros". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London, UK.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Theogony-16] [16]
Hesiod, Theogony, 201.

[17] [17]
Nonnus. Dionysiaca. 47.340.

[18] [18]
Pausanias. Description of Greece. 1.43.6.

[19] [19]
Accorinti, Domenico (11 March 2016). Brill's Companion to Nonnus of Panopolis. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004310698_009. ISBN 9789004310698. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

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