TACK

For other uses, see tack (disambiguation).

TACK is a group of archaea, its name an acronym for Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota), Aigarchaeota, Crenarchaeota (now Thermoproteota), and Korarchaeota, the first groups discovered. They are found in different environments ranging from acidophilic thermophiles to mesophiles and psychrophiles and with different types of metabolism, predominantly anaerobic and chemosynthetic.^[4] TACK is a clade that is sister to the Asgard branch that gave rise to the eukaryotes. It has been proposed that the TACK clade be classified as Crenarchaeota and that the traditional "Crenarchaeota" (Thermoproteota) be classified as a class called "Sulfolobia", along with the other phyla with class rank or order.^[5] After including the kingdom category into ICNP, the only validly published name of this group is kingdom Thermoproteati (Guy and Ettema 2024).^[6]

TACK
Sulfolobus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	Proteoarchaeota
Superphylum:	TACK group Guy & Ettema 2011
Phyla[1]
"Aigarchaeota" "Bathyarchaeota" "Culexarchaeota" "Gearchaeota" "Geothermarchaeota" "Korarchaeota" "Marsarchaeota" "Nezhaarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota Thermoproteota "Verstraetearchaeota"
Synonyms
Crenarchaeota Garrity & Holt 2002 "Eocyta" Lake et al. 1984[2][3] "Filarchaeota" Cavalier-Smith 2014 Thermoproteati Guy and Ettema 2024 – the only validly published name

Classification

• Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). It is the best known edge and the most abundant archaea in the marine ecosystem. They were previously called sulfobacteria because of their dependence on sulfur and are important as carbon fixers. There are hyperthermophiles in hydrothermal vents and other groups are the most abundant at depths of less than 100 m.
• "Aigarchaeota". It is a phylum proposed from the genome of the candidate species Caldiarchaeum subterraneum found deep within a gold mine in Japan. Genomic sequences of this group have also been found in geothermal environments, both terrestrial and marine.
• "Geoarchaeota". It includes thermophilic organisms that live in acidic environments reducing ferric iron. Alternatively it has been proposed that this and earlier group actually belong to the phylum Nitrososphaerota.
• Nitrososphaerota (formerly Thaumarchaeota). It includes mesophilic or psychrophilic organisms (medium and low temperatures), of ammonia-oxidant chemolytoautotrophic metabolism (nitrifying) and that can play an important role in biochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
• "Bathyarchaeota". It is abundant in the sediments of the seabed with a shortage of nutrients. At least some lineages develop through homoacetogenesis, a type of metabolism hitherto thought unique to bacteria.
• "Korarchaeota". They have only been found in hydrothermal environments and in low abundance. They seem diversified at different phylogenetic levels according to temperature, salinity (fresh or marine water) and geography.

Phylogeny

The relationships are roughly as follows:

McKay et al. 2019[7]	16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022[8][9][10]	53 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220 (24 April 2024)[11][12][13]
"TACK" "Korarchaeota" "Bathyarchaeota" "Aigarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Verstraetearchaeota" Thermoproteota "Geoarchaeota" "Marsarchaeota"	"TACK" Nitrososphaerota Conexivisphaeria Conexivisphaerales Nitrososphaeria Nitrososphaerales Nitrosopumilales Thermoproteota Thermoproteia Thermoproteales Fervidicoccales Desulfurococcales 2 Desulfurococcales Sulfolobales	"TACK" "JANJXX01" "Panguiarchaeales" "Korarchaeia" "Korarchaeales" "BAT" "Bathyarchaeia" "Bifangarchaeales" [B24] "Hecatellales" [B25] "Xuanwuarculales" [RBG-16-48-13] "Houtuarculales" [40CM-2-53-6] "Wuzhiqiibiales" [TCS64] "Zhuquarculales" [EX4484-135] "Bathyarchaeales" [B26-1] (MCG) Nitrososphaeria_A "Caldarchaeales" Nitrososphaeria "Geothermarchaeales" Conexivisphaerales Nitrososphaerales "Sulfobacteria" "Methanomethylicia" "Nezhaarchaeales" "Culexarchaeles" "Methanomethylicales" ("Verstraetearchaeota") "Thermoproteia" "Gearchaeales" Thermofilales Thermoproteales "Sulfolobia" "Marsarchaeales" Sulfolobales Thermoproteota

Eocyte hypothesis^[14]

Eocyte hypothesis

The eocyte hypothesis proposed in the 1980s by James Lake suggests that eukaryotes emerged within the prokaryotic eocytes.^[15]

One piece of evidence supporting a close relationship between TACK and eukaryotes is the presence of a homolog of the RNA polymerase subunit Rbp-8 in Thermoproteota but not in Euryarchaea.^[16]

See also

• List of Archaea genera

References

1. Castelle, C.J.; Banfield, J.F. (2018). "Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life". Cell. 172 (6): 1181–1197. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016. PMID 29522741.
2. Lake, J.A.; Henderson, E.; Oakes, M. (Clark, M.W.) (1984). "Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes". PNAS. 81 (12): 3786–3790. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.3786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786. PMC 345305. PMID 6587394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. Lake, J.A. (2015). "Eukaryotic origins". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 370 (1678): 20140321. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0321. PMC 4571561. PMID 26323753.
4. Guy, Lionel; Ettema, Thijs J.G. (2011). "The archaeal 'TACK' superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes". Trends in Microbiology. 19 (12): 580–587. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002. PMID 22018741.
5. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Yung (2020). "Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (Eukaryotes, archaebacteria)". Protoplasma. 257 (3): 621–753. doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7. PMC 7203096. PMID 31900730.
6. Göker, Markus; Oren, Aharon (22 January 2024). "Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (1). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006242. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 38252124.
7. McKay, L.J., Dlakić, M., Fields, M.W. et al. Co-occurring genomic capacity for anaerobic methane and dissimilatory sulfur metabolisms discovered in the Korarchaeota. Nat Microbiol 4, 614–622 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0362-4
8. "The LTP". The All-Species Living Tree Project. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
9. "LTP_all tree in newick format". The All-Species Living Tree Project. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
10. "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). The All-Species Living Tree Project. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
11. "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
12. "ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
13. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
14. Cox, C. J.; Foster, P. G.; Hirt, R. P.; Harris, S. R.; Embley, T. M. (2008). "The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105 (51): 20356–61. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520356C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810647105. PMC 2629343. PMID 19073919.
15. (UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life Archived 2003-02-07 at archive.today
16. Kwapisz, M.; Beckouët, F.; Thuriaux, P. (2008). "Early evolution of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases". Trends Genet. 24 (5): 211–5. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.02.002. PMID 18384908.