Duke of Newcastle

This article is about the peerage title. For the British prime minister, see Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle.

Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne was a title that was created three times, once in the Peerage of England and twice in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first grant of the title was made in 1665 to William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne.^[1] He was a prominent Royalist commander during the Civil War.

Dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne
Arms of Pelham-Holles (third creation): Quarterly: 1st and 4th azure, three pelicans vulning themselves argent; 2nd and 3rd ermine, two piles in point sable
Creation date	1665 (first creation) 1694 (second creation) 1715 (third creation)
Created by	Charles II (first creation) William III and Mary II (second creation) George I (third creation)
Peerage	Peerage of England (first creation) Peerage of Great Britain (second and third creation)
Remainder to	the 1st Duke's heirs male of the body lawfully begotten Special remainder for the third creation
Extinction date	1691 (first creation) 1711 (second creation) 1768 (third creation)

Dukedom of Newcastle-under-Lyne
Arms of Pelham-Clinton: Quarterly: 1st and 4th argent, six cross crosslets, three, two and one, sable, on a chief azure two mullets pierced gules, Clinton; 2nd and 3rd, quarterly, 1st and 4th azure, three pelicans vulning themselves argent; and 2nd and 3rd gules, two pieces of belts with buckles erect in pale, the buckles upwards argent.
Creation date	1756
Created by	George II
Peerage	Peerage of Great Britain
First holder	Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne
Last holder	Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne
Remainder to	Special remainder
Extinction date	1988
Seat(s)	Clumber Park

The related title of Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne [sic]^[2] was created once in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was conferred in 1756 on Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (of the third creation), to provide a slightly more remote special remainder. The title became extinct in 1988, a year that saw the deaths of the distantly related ninth and tenth Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne.

Creations

First creation (1665)

Arms of Cavendish, Sable three bucks' heads cabossed argent, a crescent for different.^[3]

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was a son of Charles Cavendish, himself the third son of Sir William Cavendish and his wife Bess of Hardwick. One of Charles Cavendish's elder brothers became the 1st Earl of Devonshire (see Duke of Devonshire for further history about this branch of the family).

The first duke, William Cavendish, was the son of Charles Cavendish and his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th Baron Ogle. William Cavendish became Viscount Mansfield in 1620, and in 1621, he was created Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne and Baron Cavendish of Bolsover. He succeeded his mother as ninth Baron Ogle in 1629, and he became Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1643. He was elevated to the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1665. He also was granted the title of Earl of Ogle as a subsidiary title for the dukedom, to be used as a courtesy title by his heir apparent. Upon his death in 1676, he was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, who was a politician. However, the second Duke's only son and heir apparent (Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle) predeceased him. Therefore, upon the second Duke's death in 1691, all of these many titles became extinct, except the barony of Ogle, which fell into abeyance between the second duke's four daughters (one of whom was Lady Elizabeth Cavendish).

Second creation (1694)

Arms of Holles, Ermine, two piles in point sable.^[4]

The second Duke's third daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish (1661-1717), married John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare, who was incidentally her first cousin, her mother's sister's son. In 1694, the dukedom was revived when he was created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. The Holles family descended from John Holles, who was created Baron Haughton, of Haughton in Nottinghamshire, in 1616 and Earl of Clare in 1624. His second son was a politician, Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented East Retford, Nottinghamshire, in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. His son, the third Earl, was briefly MP for Nottinghamshire in 1660. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl of Clare, who married a daughter of the second Duke of Newcastle. In 1694, three years after the title became extinct, the Dukedom of Newcastle was revived and granted to the late Duke's son-in-law. The new duke of Newcastle and his wife, Lady Margaret, had only one daughter and no sons. Therefore, on his death in 1711, all his titles became extinct.

Third creation (1715) and Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756)

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle and Prime Minister of Great Britain

The Duke's sister, Lady Grace Holles (died 1700), married Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham (see Earl of Chichester for earlier history of the Pelham family). Their elder son Thomas, upon his uncle's death in 1711, succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname and arms of Holles. In 1714, the earldom of Clare was revived when he was created Viscount Haughton and Earl of Clare, with remainder to his younger brother Henry Pelham. The following year, the dukedom was revived when he was made Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, with like special remainder. These titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain. In 1756, when his brother died without male issue and it was evident that the Duke would have no children, the Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne was additionally created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne [sic] with a different special remainder: to his nephew-by-marriage Henry Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln, who rapidly took on the additional surname Pelham. (For the history of this title from the 1768 inheritance upon the 1st Duke's death, see Earl of Lincoln.) The 1st Duke's other titles became extinct, except for the Pelham baronetcy (of Laughton) and the barony of Pelham (of Stanmer), which devolved to his first cousin once-removed, Thomas Pelham. (For the history of these titles, see Earl of Chichester.)

Extensive personal, transaction and estate papers of the dukes are held in the Portland (Welbeck) and Newcastle (Clumber) collections at the University of Nottingham's Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections.

Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, first creation (1665)

also Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne (1643), Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne (1628), Viscount Mansfield (1620) and Baron Ogle (1461)

• William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1592–1676), was a Cavalier commander in the English Civil War
• Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle (1630–1691), only surviving son of the 1st Duke, died without surviving male issue
  • daughter married 4th Earl of Clare (see below)

Earls of Clare (1624)

also Baron Haughton (1616)

• John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare (1564–1637), was Comptroller of the Household to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
• John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare (1595–1666), eldest son of the 1st Earl
• Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare (1633–1689), second (eldest adult) son of the 2nd Earl
• John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare (1662–1711), eldest son of the 3rd Earl; created Duke in 1694 (see section below)
  • married Lady Margaret Cavendish, daughter of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of the first creation

Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, second creation (1694)

also Earl of Clare (1624) and Baron Haughton (1616)

• John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1662–1711), died without male issue and his titles became extinct

Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, third creation (1715)

also Earl of Clare (1714), Baron Pelham of Laughton (1706), Baron Pelham of Stanmer (1762) and Pelham Baronet, of Laughton (1611)

• Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1693–1768), Prime Minister twice, a nephew of John Holles (above). He died without male issue. At this point, his father's baronetcy and barony of 1706, his own earldom and the dukedom of 1715 became extinct.

Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756)

1st Duke: also Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1715), Earl of Clare (1714), Baron Pelham of Laughton (1706), Baron Pelham of Stanmer (1762) and Pelham Baronet, of Laughton (1611)

• Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1693–1768), same as above, was granted this second Newcastle dukedom, with remainder to his nephew
• Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1720–1794), nephew of the 1st Duke
  • George Pelham-Clinton, Lord Clinton (1745–1752), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died young
  • Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln (1750–1778), second son of the 2nd Duke
    • Henry Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln (1777–1779; styled Lord Clinton until 1778), only son of Lord Lincoln, died young
• Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1752–1795), third son of the 2nd Duke
• Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1785–1851), eldest son of the 3rd Duke
• Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1811–1864), eldest son of the 4th Duke
• Henry Pelham Alexander Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1834–1879), eldest son of the 5th Duke
• Henry Pelham Archibald Douglas Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1864–1928), eldest son of the 6th Duke, died without issue
• Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1866–1941), second and youngest son of the 6th Duke
• Henry Edward Hugh Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1907–1988), only son of the 8th Duke, died without male issue
• Edward Charles Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1920–1988), great-grandson of Lord Charles Pelham Pelham-Clinton, second son of the 4th Duke. On his death in 1988, the dukedom ceased to have patrilineal heirs and thus became extinct.

see also Earl of Lincoln

Principal seats and abodes

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Gentleman's Magazine:
Map of London & Environs, 1764

England

Clumber Park

• Clumber Park, also known as Clumber Park Lodge, spanning Clumber and Worksop, Nottinghamshire, from 1709 until 1938, when the house was demolished.
• Boyton Manor, Wiltshire, bought in the 1950s and sold about 1980.
• Newcastle House, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, briefly in the 18th century.^[5]
• Claremont, Esher, north Surrey, from 1714 to 1768.
• A house on part of the site of the dismantled Nottingham Castle, which was on the rejection of "the Reform Bill" by the Lords set on fire by a mob, at which time it had for many years been divided into separate dwellings.^[6]
• The 6th Duke inherited the Hope mansion of Deepdene House, Dorking, Surrey, which was sold by the 8th Duke.

Wales

Hafod Uchtryd

• One duke bought the retreat of Cwm Elain, Dyfryn-Elain, Cwm-Toyddwr, Radnorshire, from Sir Robert Peel. It had been sold off by 1849.^[7]
• The heirs of Thomas Johnes (died 1816) sold Hafod Uchtryd, in Cardiganshire, together with its estate on the Ystwith, to the 4th Duke. The process of sale took from 1831 until 1833, and the price was £70,000. The Duke spent £20,000 on the property, including adding the Havod Arms Inn, four miles from the house in Llanfihangel y Creuddyn. In 1846, he sold the estate for £95,000 to Henry Hoghton.^[8][9][10]

Ireland

• The 6th Duke inherited the Hope mansion of Castleblayney, County Monaghan, Ireland; this was sold by the 8th Duke.

Family tree

v t e Family Tree: Dukes of Newcastle, Earls of Lincoln (8th creation) and Earls of Clare

Baron Clinton (8th creation), 1298 John Clinton (d. 1315) 1st Baron Clinton Baron de Clyton, 1330 John Clinton (d. c. 1335) 2nd Baron Clinton William de Clinton (c. 1304–1354) Earl of Huntingdon, Baron de Clynton Barony Clynton extinct, 1354 John Clinton (d. 1398) 3rd Baron Clinton William Clinton (D.V.P. 1383) William Clinton (1378–1431) 4th Baron Clinton John Clinton (1410–1464) 5th Baron Clinton Attainted, 1459; restored, 1461 John Clinton (c. 1429–1488) 6th Baron Clinton John Clinton (c. 1470–1514) 7th Baron Clinton Thomas Clinton (1490–1517) 8th Baron Clinton Earl of Lincoln (8th creation), 1572 Edward Clinton (1512–1585) 1st Earl of Lincoln, 9th Baron Clinton William Cavendish (c. 1505–1557) Bess of Hardwick (c. 1527–1608) Henry Clinton (1539–1616) 2nd Earl of Lincoln, 10th Baron Clinton Charles Cavendish (1553–1617) Frances Cavendish (1548–1632) Henry Pierrepont (1546–1615) Earls & Dukes of Devonshire Duke of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (1st creation), 1665 Earl of Clare (1st creation, 1624) Thomas Clinton (1568–1619) 3rd Earl of Lincoln, 11th Baron Clinton Edward Clinton (?) Henry Clinton (1587–1641) William Cavendish (1592–1676) 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Robert Pierrepont (1584–1643) 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull John Holles (1564–1637) 1st Earl of Clare Theophilus Clinton (1600–1667) 4th Earl of Lincoln, 12th Baron Clinton Francis Clinton (d. c. 1681) William Pierrepont (c. 1607–1678) John Holles (1595–1666) 2nd Earl of Clare Edward Clinton Lord Clinton (1624–1657) Francis Clinton (1635–1693) 6th Earl of Lincoln Norreys Fynes (d. 1693) Henry Cavendish (1630–1691) 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Frances Pierrepont (1630–1695) Grace Pierrepont (1633–1702) Gilbert Holles (1633–1689) 3rd Earl of Clare Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1st creation) extinct, 1691 Duke of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (2nd creation), 1694 Edward Clinton (d. 1692) 5th Earl of Lincoln, 13th Baron Clinton Norreys Fynes (1651–1736) Margaret Cavendish (1661–1716) John Holles (1662–1711) Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 4th Earl of Clare Grace Holles (c. 1668–1700) Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham (1653–1712) Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (2nd creation) extinct, 1711 Earldom of Clare extinct, 1711 Earl of Clare (2nd creation, 1714) Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (3rd creation), 1715 Duke of Newcastle-Under-Lyne, 1756 Kendal Fynes (1692–1740) Henry Clinton (1684–1728) 7th Earl of Lincoln Lucy Pelham (1695–1736) Henry Pelham (1694–1754) Thomas Pelham-Holles (1693–1768) Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, Marquess of Clare, Earl of Clare Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (3rd creation) and Marquessate of Clare extinct, 1768 Earldom of Clare extinct, 1768 Duke of Newcastle-Under-Lyne, 1756 (succeeded by special remainder, 1768) Norreys Fynes (1720–1764) George Clinton (1718–1730) 8th Earl of Lincoln, Lord Fynes Henry Pelham-Clinton (1720–1794) 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 9th Earl of Lincoln Catherine Pelham (1727–1760) Earl of Clare (3rd creation), 1795 John FitzGibbon (1748–1802) 1st Earl of Clare The FitzGibbon Earls of Clare are seemingly unrelated to the Holles family, the previous Earls of Clare. Charles Fynes (later Fynes-Clinton) (1748–1827) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1750–1778) styled Earl of Lincoln Thomas Pelham-Clinton (1752–1795) 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 10th Earl of Lincoln John FitzGibbon (1792–1851) 2nd Earl of Clare Richard Hobart FitzGibbon (1793–1864) 3rd Earl of Clare Clinton James Fynes-Clinton (later Fiennes-Clinton) (1792–1833) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1785–1851) 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 11th Earl of Lincoln Earldom of Clare extinct, 1864 Henry Fiennes-Clinton (1826–1911) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1811–1864) 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 12th Earl of Lincoln Charles Pelham-Clinton (1813–1894) Charles Edward Fiennes-Clinton (1855–1888) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1834–1879) 6th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 13th Earl of Lincoln Charles Pelham-Clinton (1857–1911) Edward Henry Fiennes-Clinton (1886–1916) Henry Pelham-Clinton (1864–1928) 7th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 14th Earl of Lincoln Francis Pelham-Clinton-Hope (1866–1941) 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 15th Earl of Lincoln Guy Pelham-Clinton (1894–1934) Edward Horace Fiennes-Clinton (1913–2001) 18th Earl of Lincoln Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope (1907–1988) 9th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 16th Earl of Lincoln Edward Pelham-Clinton (1920–1988) 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 17th Earl of Lincoln Dukedom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne extinct, 1988 Edward Gordon Fiennes-Clinton (1943–1999) Lord Fynes Robert Edward Fiennes-Clinton (b. 1972) 19th Earl of Lincoln William James Howson (b. 1980) Heir presumptive to the Earldom of Lincoln

Other notable descendants (last creation)

• Camilla Long is a grand-daughter of Marjorie Pelham-Clinton (1910–2005),^{[citation needed]} a first cousin of the 10th Duke and a great-granddaughter of the 4th Duke.^[11]

See also

• Duke of Devonshire
• Earl of Portland, which inherited most of the dukedom's estates from 2nd Duke of Portland^{[clarification needed]}
• Cavendish-Bentinck
• Duchess of Newcastle (disambiguation)
• Earl of Chichester
• Earl of Lincoln
• Earl of Newcastle
• Baron Clinton
• Baron Holles
• Baron Ogle

References

1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Newcastle, Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 470–471.
2. Despite the name of the town being Newcastle-under-Lyme with an "m", the dukedom was created as Lyne with an "n". There is no known satisfactory explanation for the discrepancy, which may have been an error. If it was an error, however, that error has perpetuated itself in numerous sources, including peerage catalogues.
3. Burke, Bernard (1884). The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. London: Harrison & sons. p. 178.
4. Burke, Bernard (1884). The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. London: Harrison & sons. p. 500.
5. 'London', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, ed. Samuel Lewis (London, 1848), pp. 129-170^{[permanent dead link‍]}, at British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.
6. 'Nottingham', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, ed. Samuel Lewis (London, 1848), pp. 446-461^{[permanent dead link‍]}, British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.
7. Samuel Lewis, 'Dyfryn-Elain', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), pp. 317-320^{[permanent dead link‍]}, British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.
8. Samuel Lewis, 'Cardiganshire', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), pp. 158-180^{[permanent dead link‍]}, British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.
9. Samuel Lewis, 'Edern - Eidda', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), pp. 320-328^{[permanent dead link‍]}, British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.
10. Samuel Lewis, 'Llanvihangel', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), pp. 129-147^{[permanent dead link‍]}, British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.
11. Burke's Peerage, vol. 2 (2003), p. 2337