Dmitry Bortniansky

Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky^{[1][2][n 1]} (28 October 1751 – 10 October [O.S. 28 September] 1825) was a Russian Imperial composer^[3] of Ukrainian Cossack origin.^[4] He was also a harpsichordist and conductor who served at the court of Catherine the Great. Bortniansky was critical to the musical history of both Russia and Ukraine, with both nations claiming him as their own.^[5][6]

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Stepanovich and the family name is Bortniansky.

Dmitry Bortniansky
Дмитрий Бортнянский
Portrait by Mikhail Belsky (1788)
Born	Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky (1751-10-28)28 October 1751 Glukhov, Cossack Hetmanate, Russian Empire (present-day Hlukhiv, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine)
Died	10 October 1825(1825-10-10) (aged 73) Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Era	Classical

Bortniansky, who has been compared to Palestrina,^[7] is known today for his liturgical works and prolific contributions to the genre of choral concertos.^[8] He was one of the "Golden Three" of his era, alongside Artemy Vedel and Maxim Berezovsky.^[9][6] Bortniansky was so popular in the Russian Empire that his figure was represented in 1862 in the bronze monument of the Millennium of Russia in the Novgorod Kremlin. He composed in many different musical styles, including choral compositions in French, Italian, Latin, German, and Church Slavonic.

Biography

Early years

Dmitry Bortniansky was born on 28 October 1751 in the city of Glukhov,^[10][11][12] Cossack Hetmanate, Russian Empire (present-day Hlukhiv, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine). His father was Stefan Skurat (or Shkurat), a Lemko-Rusyn Orthodox religious refugee from the village of Bartne in the Małopolska region of Poland. Skurat served as a Cossack under Kirill Razumovski; he was entered in the Cossack register in 1755.^[13] Dmitry's mother was of Cossack origin; her name after her first marriage was Marina Dmitrievna Tolstaya, as a widow of a Russian landlord Tolstoy, who lived in Glukhov.

At age seven, Dmitry's prodigious talent at the local church choir opened him the opportunity to move to Saint Petersburg, the capital of the empire, and join the Imperial Chapel Choir. Dmitry's half-brother Ivan Tolstoy also sang with the Imperial Chapel Choir.^[14] Dmitry studied music and composition under the guidance of the Imperial Chapel Choir director Baldassare Galuppi. In 1769 Galuppi left for Italy and took the boy with him.

Rise to fame

In Italy Bortniansky gained considerable success composing operas: Creonte (1776) and Alcide (1778) in Venice, and Quinto Fabio (1779) at Modena. He also composed sacred works in Latin and German, both a cappella and with orchestral accompaniment, including an Ave Maria for two voices and orchestra.

Bortniansky returned to the Saint Petersburg Court Capella in 1779. He composed at least four more operas in French, with libretti by Franz-Hermann Lafermière: Le Faucon (1786), La fête du seigneur (1786), Don Carlos (1786) ^{[citation needed]}, and Le fils-rival ou La moderne Stratonice (1787). Bortniansky wrote a number of instrumental works at this time, including piano sonatas, a piano quintet with a harp, and a cycle of French songs. He also composed liturgical music for the Eastern Orthodox Church, combining the Eastern and Western European styles of sacred music, incorporating the polyphony he learned in Italy; some works were polychoral, using a style descended from the Venetian polychoral technique of Gabrieli.

In 1796 Bortniansky was appointed as a director of the Imperial Chapel Choir, the first director from the Russian Empire. With such a great instrument at his disposal, he produced scores upon scores of compositions, including over 100 religious works, sacred concertos (35 for a four-part mixed choir, 10 for double choruses), cantatas, and hymns.

Death

Bortniansky died in St. Petersburg on 10 October 1825, and was interred at the Smolensky Cemetery in St. Petersburg. His remains were transferred to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in the 20th century.^[15]

Legacy

In 1882, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky edited Bortniansky's liturgical works, which were published in ten volumes. Bortniansky wrote operas and instrumental compositions, but his sacred choral works are performed most often today. This vast body of work remains central not only to understanding 18th-century Orthodox sacred music, but also subsequently influenced Russian and Ukrainian composers in the 19th century.^{[citation needed]}

The tune he wrote for the Latin hymn Tantum Ergo eventually became known in Slavic lands as Коль славен (Kol Slaven), in which form it is still sung as a church hymn today. The tune was also popular with Freemasons. It travelled to English-speaking countries and came to be known by the names Russia, St. Petersburg or Wells. In Germany, the song was paired with a text by Gerhard Tersteegen and became a well-known chorale and traditional part of the military ceremony Großer Zapfenstreich (the Grand Tattoo), the highest ceremonial act of the German army, rendered as an honor for distinguished persons on special occasions. Before the October Revolution in 1917, the tune was played by the Kremlin carillon every day at midday.^{[citation needed]}

James Blish, who novelized many episodes of the original series of Star Trek, noted in one story, "Whom Gods Destroy", that Bortniansky's Ich bete an die Macht der Liebe was the theme "to which all Starfleet Academy classes marched to their graduation."^{[citation needed]}

Bortniansky composed "The Angel Greeted the Gracious One" (hymn to the Mother of God used at Pascha) as a trio used by many Orthodox churches in the Easter season.^{[citation needed]}

Influence

The Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod featuring Bortniansky

Bortniansky's work had a significant impact on the development of Russian and Ukrainian music.^[5][6]

Almost half a century of Bortniansky's life was associated with music education, with the most important processes of the formation of musical culture in Russian Empire^[16] According to Russian musicologist Boris Asafyev, "Bortniansky developed a style with characteristic inversions, which retained its influence for several following generations. These typical appeals not only reached Mikhail Glinka, but also Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Alexander Borodin".^[17]

At the same time, beginning in the 1920s, Bortniansky's work became the subject of special attention from Ukrainian musicians. Stanyslav Lyudkevych's article "D. Bortniansky and Contemporary Ukrainian Music" (1925) called on Ukrainian musicians to develop the traditions established by Bortniansky, "to dive deeper and more thoroughly into the great cultural treasury concentrated in Bortniansky's works, to find the sources in it and foundations of our revival".

Traditionally, Ukrainian musicologists emphasize the use of intonations of Ukrainian folk songs in choral work, since the composer's first musical impressions were obtained in Ukraine. Most of Bortniansky's friends in the choir were Ukrainian, as was his teacher Mark Poltoratsky.^{[citation needed]} In particular, Lydia Korniy notes:^[18]

• typical for Ukrainian songs descending lyrical sixth V - VII # - I degree (on the example of choral concerts: № 13, end of the II part, and № 28, finale)
• typical inversions with a reduced fourth between III and VII # degrees in minor,
• typical for lyrical songs mournful intonations with an increased second between III and IV # degrees in minor.

Lyudkevych also notes Ukrainian intonations in Bortniansky's works:

although he adopted the manners of the Italian style and became a reformer of church singing in St. Petersburg, nevertheless, all his works (even with such disgusting to our spirit "fugues") hid so much typically Ukrainian melody that because of it he just now became unpopular Muscovites, and every foreigner from the first time hears in them something unknown to himself, original^{[clarification needed][19]}

The influence of Bortniansky's work is noted in the works of Ukrainian composers Mykola Lysenko, Kyrylo Stetsenko, Mykhailo Verbytskyi, Mykola Leontovych, M. Dremlyuga, Levko Revutsky, K. Dominchen, Borys Lyatoshynsky, and others.

Works

Operas

• Creonte (1776 Venice in Italian)
• Alcide (1778 Venice in Italian)
• Quinto Fabio (1779 Modena in Italian)
• Le faucon (1786 Gatchina in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)
• La Fête du seigneur^[20] (1786 Pavlovsk in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)
• Don Carlos (1786 St Petersburg in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)^{[citation needed]}
• Le Fils-Rival ou La Moderne Stratonice (1787 Pavlovsk in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)

Choruses (in Church Slavonic)

• Da ispravitsia molitva moja ("Let My Prayer Arise") no. 2.
• Kjeruvimskije pjesni (Cherubic Hymns) nos. 1-7
• Concerto No. 1: Vospoitje Gospodjevi ("Sing unto the Lord")
• Concerto No. 6: Slava vo vyshnikh Bogu, y na zemli mir ("Glory to God in the highest, and peace on earth")
• Concerto No. 7: Priiditje, vozradujemsja Gospodjevi ("Come Let Us Rejoice")
• Concerto No. 9: Sei djen', jego zhe Gospodi, konchinu moju
• Concerto No. 11: Blagoslovjen Gospod' ("Blessed is the Lord")
• Concerto No. 15: Priiditje, vospoim, ljudije
• Concerto No. 18: Blago jest ispovjedatsja ("It Is Good To Praise the Lord", Psalm 92)
• Concerto No. 19: Rjechje Gospod' Gospodjevi mojemu ("The Lord Said unto My Lord", Psalm 110)
• Concerto No. 21: Zhyvyi v pomoshshi Vyshnjago ("He That Dwelleth", Psalm 91)
• Concerto No. 24: Vozvjedokh ochi moi v gory ("I Lift Up My Eyes to the Mountains")
• Concerto No. 27: Glasom moim ko Gospodu vozzvakh ("With My Voice I Cried Out to the Lord")
• Concerto No. 32: Skazhy mi, Gospodi, konchinu moju ("Lord, Make Me Know My End")
• Concerto No. 33: Vskuju priskorbna jesi dusha moja ("Why Are You Downcast, O My Soul?", Psalm 42:5)

Concerto-Symphony

• Concerto-Symphony for Piano, Harp, Two Violins, Viola da gamba, Cello and Bassoon in B Flat Major (1790).

Quintet

• Quintet for Piano, Harp, Violin, Viola da gamba and Cello (1787).

Notes

1. Russian: Дмитрий Степанович Бортнянский, romanized: Dmitriy Stepanovich Bortnyanskiy listen^ⓘ; Ukrainian: Дмитро Степанович Бортнянський, romanized: Dmytro Stepanovych Bortnyans'kyy; alternative transcriptions of names are Dmitri Bortnianskii, and Bortnyansky

References

1. Ritzarev, Marina: Eighteenth-Century Russian Music. London and New York: Routledge, 2016. P. 105.
2. The Cambridge History of Music
3. • Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky (The Columbia Encyclopedia)
   • The Cambridge History of Music
   • Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky (Great Russian Encyclopedia) Archived 24 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
   • The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
   • Rzhevsky, Nicholas: The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture. Cambridge 1998. P. 239.
   • Erren, Lorenz: Musik am russischen Hof: Vor, während und nach Peter dem Großen (1650-1750). Oldenbourg: De Gruyter, 2017. S. 236.
4. • Katchanovski, Ivan; Zenon E., Kohut; Bohdan Y., Nebesio; Myroslav, Yurkevich (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. p. 386. ISBN 9780810878471.
   • Subtelny, Orest (2009). Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition (PDF). University of Toronto Press. p. 197. ISBN 9781442697287.
   • George Grove (1980), Sadie, Stanley (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 3, Macmillan Publishers, p. 70, ISBN 9780333231111
   • Gordichuk, M.M. (1978). "Bortniansky Dmytro Stepanovych". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Kyiv. p. 8.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
   • Rouček, Joseph Slabey, ed. (1949), Slavonic Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, Philosophical Library, p. 110, ISBN 9780804605373
   • Thompson, Oscar (1985), Bohle, Bruce (ed.), The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians, Dodd, Mead, p. 260, ISBN 9780396084129
   • Strohm, Reinhard (2001). The Eighteenth-century Diaspora of Italian Music and Musicians. Brepols. p. 227. ISBN 9782503510200.
   • Rzhevsky, Nicholas (1998). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780521477994. Dmitry Bortniansky Ukrainian.
   • Unger, Melvin P. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Scarecrow Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780810873926.
   • Kuzma, Marika (1996). "Bortniansky à la Bortniansky: An Examination of the Sources of Dmitry Bortniansky's Choral Concertos". The Journal of Musicology. 14 (2): 183–212. doi:10.2307/763922. ISSN 0277-9269. JSTOR 763922.
5. Kuzma, Marika (1996). "Bortniansky à la Bortniansky: An Examination of the Sources of Dmitry Bortniansky's Choral Concertos". The Journal of Musicology. 14 (2): 183–212. doi:10.2307/763922. ISSN 0277-9269. JSTOR 763922.
6. Ukraine's and Russia's tangled history leads to musical conundrum hourclassical.org 2022
7. Rzhevsky, Nicholas: The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture. Cambridge 1998. P. 239. books.google.com
8. Morozan, Vladimir (2013). "Russian Choral Repertoire". In Di Grazia, Donna M (ed.). Nineteenth-Century Choral Music. Routledge. p. 437. ISBN 9781136294099.
9. The Golden Three BBC 21 August 2011
10. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music www.encyclopedia.com
11. Ritzarev, Marina: Eighteenth-Century Russian Music. London and New York: Routledge, 2016. P. 105.
12. History of Russian Church Music, 988-1917. Brill, 1982. P. 94.
13. "Дмитро Бортнянський - син лемка з Бортного" [Dmytro Bortnyansky is the son of a Lemko from Bortny]. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
14. Kovalev, Konstantin: Bortniansky. Moscow 1998. P. 34. books.google.de
15. "HymnTime". Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
16. Проблемы «украинизации» творчества и имени композитора Д. С. Бортнянского (tr. "Problems of "Ukrainization" of creativity and the name of the composer D.S.Bortnyansky")
17. Asafiev. Complete collection of works. Vol.1 — М. 1954. — p. 125 [in Russian]
18. Korniy L. History of Ukrainian music. Vol.2 .Kyiv; Kharkiv, New-York: M. P. Kotz, 1998. — p.244 [in Ukrainian]
19. Ludkewicz S. (1905)Nationalism іn music In S. Liudkevych. Doslidzhennia, statti, retsenzii, vystupy [S. Lyudkevich. Research, articles, reviews, speeches] (1999): Vol. 1, p.39
20. (in Russian) "Бортнянский, Дмитрий Степанович" ("Bortnyansky, Dmitry Stepanovich"). Krugosvet Encyclopedia

Bibliography

• Ritzarev, Marina (2006). Eighteenth-Century Russian Music. (Ashgate). ISBN 978-0-7546-3466-9.
• Bortniansky, D. S. (2020). Chuvashov, A. V. (ed.). Светские произведения [Secular Works] (in Russian) (2 ed.). ISBN 978-5-8114-3498-5.
• Мотеты. Motets. Chuvashov, A. V. (ed.). Публикация, исследования и комментарии А. В. Чувашова. СПб.: Планета музыки, 2023. 248 с.
• Chuvashov, A. V. (2020). Shcheglova, E. P. (ed.). Из фондов Кабинета рукописей Российского института истории искусств: Статьи и Сообщения [From the Cabinet of Manuscripts of the Russian Institute of Art History: Articles and Communications] (PDF) (in Russian). Российский ин-т истории искусств. pp. 21–119. ISBN 978-5-86845-254-3.
• Chuvashov, A. V. (2021). "Неизвестная оратория Д. С. Бортнянского на текст П. Метастазио" [Unknown oratorio by D. S. Bortnyansky on the text by P. Metastasio.] (PDF). Временник Зубовского Института [Annals of the Zubov Institute] (in Russian). 1 (32): 60–67. ISSN 2221-8130.
• Чувашов А. В. Д. С. Бортнянский. Духовные концерты с оркестром (кантаты на основе духовных концертов). Временник Зубовского института. 2022. № 3 (38). С. 48–74.
• Чувашов А. В. Нотные копиисты Д. С. Бортнянского в Италии и России. Научный вестник Московской консерватории. Том 13. Выпуск 4 (декабрь 2022). С. 656–677.
• Чувашов А. В. Бортнянский Д. С. «Песнословие на Прибытие Е. И. В. Павла Первого в Москву 1797–го году». Неизвестные подробности первого исполнения. История отечественной культуры в архивных документах : сборник статей / сост. и отв. ред. Е. А. Михайлова, ред. Л. Н. Сухоруков. СПб, 2022. Вып. 3. С. 115–122. Электронная копия: https://vivaldi.nlr.ru/bx000041617/view/?#page=116
• Smirnov, Askold (2014). Д. С. Бортнянский в мировом изобразительном искусстве XVIII–XXI веков: альбом иконографических материалов [D. S. Bortniansky in Art] (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-7793-0280-7.

External links

• Bortniansky, Dmitri Stepanovich in Columbia Encyclopedia
• Bortniansky: Main biography in Russian by Konstantin Kovalev (Константин Ковалев) - eng. and All about Dmitry Bortniansky + Usual mistakes in the biography of the composer (present time) - eng.
• Bortniansky, Dmytro in Encyclopedia of Ukraine
• Bortniansky, Dmitri Stepanovich in The Cyber Hymnal
• Bortniansky, Dmitri Stepanovich in Karadar Classical Music
• Musicus Bortnianskii, a chamber choir from Toronto which specializes in Bortniansky performance and research
• Free scores by Dmitry Bortniansky in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Free scores by Dmytro Bortniansky at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
• The Mutopia Project has compositions by Dmitry Bortniansky
• Choral Concerti performed by The Bortniansky Chamber Choir, Chernihiv (VIDEO)